词条 | Time-scale calculus |
释义 |
In mathematics, time-scale calculus is a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations, unifying integral and differential calculus with the calculus of finite differences, offering a formalism for studying hybrid discrete–continuous dynamical systems. It has applications in any field that requires simultaneous modelling of discrete and continuous data. It gives a new definition of a derivative such that if one differentiates a function which acts on the real numbers then the definition is equivalent to standard differentiation, but if one uses a function acting on the integers then it is equivalent to the forward difference operator. HistoryTime-scale calculus was introduced in 1988 by the German mathematician Stefan Hilger.[1] However, similar ideas have been used before and go back at least to the introduction of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral which unifies sums and integrals. Dynamic equationsMany results concerning differential equations carry over quite easily to corresponding results for difference equations, while other results seem to be completely different from their continuous counterparts.[2] The study of dynamic equations on time scales reveals such discrepancies, and helps avoid proving results twice — once for differential equations and once again for difference equations. The general idea is to prove a result for a dynamic equation where the domain of the unknown function is a so-called time scale (also known as a time-set), which may be an arbitrary closed subset of the reals. In this way, results apply not only to the set of real numbers or set of integers but to more general time scales such as a Cantor set. The three most popular examples of calculus on time scales are differential calculus, difference calculus, and quantum calculus. Dynamic equations on a time scale have a potential for applications, such as in population dynamics. For example, they can model insect populations that evolve continuously while in season, die out in winter while their eggs are incubating or dormant, and then hatch in a new season, giving rise to a non–overlapping population. Formal definitionsA time scale (or measure chain) is a closed subset of the real line . The common notation for a general time scale is . The two most commonly encountered examples of time scales are the real numbers and the discrete time A single point in a time scale is defined as: Operations on time scalesThe forward jump and backward jump operators represent the closest point in the time scale on the right and left of a given point , respectively. Formally: (forward shift operator / forward jump operator) (backward shift operator / backward jump operator) The graininess is the distance from a point to the closest point on the right and is given by: For a right-dense , and . For a left-dense , Classification of pointsFor any , is:
As illustrated by the figure at right:
ContinuityContinuity of a time scale is redefined as equivalent to density. A time scale is said to be right-continuous at point if it is right dense at point . Similarly, a time scale is said to be left-continuous at point if it is left dense at point . DerivativeTake a function: , (where ℝ could be any Banach space, but is set to the real line for simplicity). Definition: The delta derivative (also Hilger derivative) exists if and only if: For every there exists a neighborhood of such that: for all in . Take Then , , ; is the derivative used in standard calculus. If (the integers), , , is the forward difference operator used in difference equations. IntegrationThe delta integral is defined as the antiderivative with respect to the delta derivative. If has a continuous derivative one sets Laplace transform and z-transformA Laplace transform can be defined for functions on time scales, which uses the same table of transforms for any arbitrary time scale. This transform can be used to solve dynamic equations on time scales. If the time scale is the non-negative integers then the transform is equal[2] to a modified Z-transform: Partial differentiationPartial differential equations and partial difference equations are unified as partial dynamic equations on time scales.[3][4][5]Multiple integrationMultiple integration on time scales is treated in Bohner (2005).[6]Stochastic dynamic equations on time scalesStochastic differential equations and stochastic difference equations can be generalized to stochastic dynamic equations on time scales.[7]Measure theory on time scalesAssociated with every time scale is a natural measure[8][9] defined via where denotes Lebesgue measure and is the backward shift operator defined on . The delta integral turns out to be the usual Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral with respect to this measure and the delta derivative turns out to be the Radon–Nikodym derivative with respect to this measure[10] Distributions on time scalesThe Dirac delta and Kronecker delta are unified on time scales as the Hilger delta:[11][12] Integral equations on time scalesIntegral equations and summation equations are unified as integral equations on time scales.[13]Fractional calculus on time scalesFractional calculus on time scales is treated in Bastos, Mozyrska, and Torres.[14]See also
Notes1. ^{{cite journal| last = Hilger | first = Stefan | authorlink = Stefan Hilger |title = Ein Maßkettenkalkül mit Anwendung auf Zentrumsmannigfaltigkeiten |publisher = Universität Würzburg | year = 1998}} 2. ^1 {{cite book | author=Martin Bohner & Allan Peterson | title=Dynamic Equations on Time Scales | publisher=Birkhäuser | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-8176-4225-9 | url = https://www.springer.com/west/home/birkhauser?SGWID=4-40290-22-2117582-0 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0377-0427(01)00434-4 | volume=141 | title=Partial differential equations on time scales | year=2002 | journal=Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics | pages=35–55 | last1 = Ahlbrandt | first1 = Calvin D. | last2 = Morian | first2 = Christina| bibcode=2002JCoAM.141...35A }} 4. ^Partial dynamic equations on time scales, B Jackson – Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2006 5. ^Partial differentiation on time scales, M Bohner, GS Guseinov, Dynamic Systems and Applications 13 (2004) 351–379 6. ^{{cite journal | citeseerx = 10.1.1.79.8824 | title = Multiple integration on time scales | first = M | last1 = Bohner | first2 = GS | last2 = Guseinov | journal = Dynamic Systems and Applications | year = 2005 }} 7. ^STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC EQUATIONS, SUMAN SANYAL, 2008 8. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0022-247X(03)00361-5 | title = Integration on time scales | first = GS | last = Guseinov | journal = J. Math. Anal. Appl. | volume = 285 | year = 2003 | pages = 107–127 }} 9. ^{{cite web | url = http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/matematik/T000568.pdf | title = Measure theory on time scales | first = A | last = Deniz | year = 2007 }} 10. ^{{cite journal | arxiv = 1102.2511 | title = On the connection between the Hilger and Radon–Nikodym derivatives | first1 = J | last1 =Eckhardt | authorlink2 = Gerald Teschl | first2 = G | last2 = Teschl | journal = J. Math. Anal. Appl. | volume = 385 | year = 2012 | pages = 1184–1189 | doi=10.1016/j.jmaa.2011.07.041}} 11. ^The Laplace transform on time scales revisited, John M. Davis, Ian A. Gravagne , Billy J. Jackson ,Robert J. Marks II , Alice A. Ramos, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 332 (2007) 1291–1307 12. ^Bilateral Laplace Transforms on Time Scales: Convergence, Convolution, and the Characterization of Stationary Stochastic Time Series {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714042809/http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/short/BLaplaceOct2009.pdf |date=2011-07-14 }}, John M. Davis, Ian A. Gravagne and Robert J. Marks II 13. ^Volterra integral equations on time scales: Basic qualitative and quantitative results with applications to initial value problems on unbounded domains {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913133302/http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~cct/tis-tomasia-IJDE-rev.pdf |date=2009-09-13 }}, Tomasia Kulik and Christopher C. Tisdell, 2007 14. ^{{cite paper | arxiv = 1012.1555 | title = Fractional Derivatives and Integrals on Time Scales via the Inverse Generalized Laplace Transform | first1 = Nuno R. O. | last1 = Bastos | first2 = Dorota | last2 = Mozyrska | first3 = Delfim F. M. | last3 = Torres | bibcode = 2010arXiv1012.1555B }} References
Further reading
3 : Dynamical systems|Calculus|Recurrence relations |
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