“Timișoara”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Timișoara ({{IPAc-ro|lang|pron|audio=Timisoara.ogg|t|I|m|I|ˈ|ș|oa|r|a}}; {{lang-de|Temeswar}}, also formerly Temeschburg or Temeschwar; {{lang-hu|Temesvár}}, {{IPAc-hu|AUD|temesvár.ogg|ˈ|t|e|m|e|s|v|á|r}}; {{lang-yi|טעמשוואר}}; {{lang-sr|Темишвар}} / Temišvar; Banat Bulgarian: Timišvár; {{lang-tr|Temeşvar}}; {{lang-sk|Temešvár}}) is the capital city of Timiș County, the 3rd largest city in Romania and the main social, economic and cultural centre in western Romania.

The third most populous city in the country, with 319,279 inhabitants as of the 2011 census,^[3] Timișoara is the informal capital city of the historical region of Banat. In September 2016, Timișoara was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2021.^[5]

Etymology

All names of the city are derived from its Hungarian name Temesvár meaning "Castle on Temes river".

History

Antiquity

Archaeological discoveries prove that the area where Timișoara is located today has been inhabited since ancient times. The first identifiable civilization in this area were the Dacians who left traces of their past. From coin finds, it is known that the settlement was inhabited during Roman Dacia. While no record of the settlement is known from those times, it is generally agreed that the site was inhabited through the Middle Ages when the city was mentioned for the first time.

Middle Ages

Timișoara was first officially mentioned as a place in either 1212 or 1266 as the Roman^[6] fort of Castrum Temesiensis or Castrum regium Themes.^[7] The territory later known as Banat was conquered during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (895-896). The town was destroyed by the Tatars in the 13th century but Timișoara was rebuilt and grew considerably during the reign of Charles I, who, upon his visit there in 1307, ordered the fortress to be fortified with stone walls and to build a royal palace.^[8]^[9] Timișoara's importance also grew due to its strategic location, which facilitated control over the Banat plain. By the middle of the 14th century, Timișoara was at the forefront of Western Christendom's battle against the Muslim Ottoman Turks. French and Hungarian Crusaders met at the city before engaging in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Beginning in 1443, John Hunyadi used Timișoara as a military stronghold against the Turks, having built a powerful fortress. The city was repeatedly besieged by the Ottomans in 1462, 1476, 1491, and 1522.

16th–19th centuries

In 1552, a 16,000-strong Ottoman army led by Kara Ahmed Pasha conquered the city and transformed it into a capital city in the region (Temeşvar Eyalet). The local military commander, István Losonczy, and other Christians were massacred on 27 July 1552 while escaping the city through the Azapilor Gate.^[10]

Timișoara remained under Ottoman rule for nearly 160 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region such as Budapest and Belgrade. During this period, Timișoara was home to a large Islamic community and produced famous historical figures such as Osman Aga of Temesvar, until Prince Eugene of Savoy conquered it in 1716 during the Ottoman-Habsburg war. Subsequently, the city came under Habsburg rule, and it remained so until the early 20th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, except for the Ottoman occupation between 1788–1789 during the 1787–91 Austro-Turkish War.^[11] The city was defortified starting in 1892 up until 1910,^[12] and several major road arteries were built to connect the suburbs with the city centre, paving the way for further expansion of the city.{{citation needed|date=September 2010}}

It was the 1st mainland European city and 2nd in the world after New York to be lit by electric street lamps in 1884.^[13]^[14] It was also the second European and the first city in what is now Romania with horse-drawn trams in 1869.^[15] It is said that Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, drew the projects of one of Timișoara's footbridges over the Bega, the "Metal Bridge", however, it was actually planned by Róbert Tóth, the head of the Bridge Department, at the Reșița rail factory.^[16]

20th century

On 31 October 1918, local military and political elites established the "Banat National Council", together with representatives of the region's main ethnic groups: Germans, Hungarians, Serbs and Romanians. On 1 November they proclaimed the short-lived Banat Republic. In the aftermath of World War I, the Banat region was divided between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Timișoara came under Romanian administration after Serbian occupation between 1918–1919. The city was ceded from Hungary to Romania by the Treaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920. In 1920, King Ferdinand I awarded Timișoara the status of a University Centre, and the interwar years saw continuous economic and cultural development. A number of anti-fascist and anti-revisionist demonstrations also took place during this time.

During World War II, Timișoara suffered damage from both Allied and Axis bombing raids, especially during the second half of 1944. On 23 August 1944, Romania, which until then was a member of the Axis, declared war on Nazi Germany and joined the Allies. Surprised, the local Wehrmacht garrison surrendered without a fight,{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} and German and Hungarian troops attempted to take the city by force throughout September, without success.

After the war, the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed, and Timișoara underwent Sovietization and later, Systematization. The city's population tripled between 1948 and 1992. In December 1989, Timișoara witnessed a series of mass street protests in what was to become the Romanian Revolution.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} On 20 December, three days after bloodshed began there, Timișoara was declared the first city free of Communism in Romania.^[17]

Geography

Timișoara lies at an altitude of {{convert|90|m|abbr=off}} on the southeast edge of the Banat plain, part of the Pannonian Plain near the divergence of the Timiș and Bega rivers. The waters of the two rivers form a swampy and frequently flooded land. Timișoara developed on one of few places where the swamps could be crossed. These constituted a natural protection around the fortress for a very long time, however, they also favoured a wet and insalubrious climate, as well as the proliferation of the plague and cholera, which kept the number of inhabitants at a relatively low number and significantly prevented the development of the city. With time, however, the rivers of the area were drained, dammed and diverted. Due to these hydrographical projects undertaken in the 18th century, the city no longer lies on the Timiș River, but on the Bega canal. This improvement of the land was made irreversible by building the Bega canal (started in 1728) and by the complete draining of the surrounding marshes. However, the land across the city lies above a water table at a depth of only {{convert|0.5|to(-)|5|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}, a factor which does not allow the construction of tall buildings. The rich black soil and relatively high water table make this a fertile agricultural region.

This is a relatively active seismic area, and earthquakes up to 6 on the Richter scale have been recorded.

Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (oceanic climate).^[18]

The climate which defines Timișoara city is the temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) and can be regarded as humid continental (Dfb) when using an isotherm of {{convert|0|°C}}. The city characterises the South-Eastern part of The Pannonian Basin.

Climatic general features consist of various and irregular weather conditions. The dominating temperate air masses during spring and summer are of oceanic origin and come with great precipitations. Frequently, even during winter period, the Atlantic humid air masses bring rainy and snowy weather, rarely cold weather.

From September until February, frequent continental polar air masses coming from the East invade the area. In spite of all that, the Banat climate is also influenced by the presence of cyclones and warm air masses which come from the Mediterranean. Their characteristic feature is that of complete snow thaw during the winter period and stifling heat during the summer period.

Freak measurable snowfalls have occurred as early as late October and as late as early April, but snow in those months is rare, and significant falls do not usually occur until first of November. The median date for the first freeze is 22 October, while that of the last freeze is 15 April. {{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Demographics

As of 2011 census data, Timișoara has a population of 319,279,^[3] while the proposed Timișoara metropolitan area would have a population of 418,415. As defined by Eurostat, the Timișoara functional urban area has a population of 359,443 residents ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}).^[2]

Of this population, 86.79% were ethnic Romanians, while 5.12% were Hungarians, 1.37% Germans, 1.3% Serbs, 0.69% Romani, 0.18% Ukrainians, 0.17% Slovaks, 0.11% Jews and 0.76% others.^[22] 14.2% of the population are under 15 years of age, 4.0% are over 75.

Since 1990, Timișoara saw a slight population decline owing to migration and a drop in birthrates. Notably, the Hungarian and German communities experienced significant decline, with the latter being reduced by half between 1992 and 2002.^[23] On the other hand, the Ukrainian community has grown, partly due to the presence of Ukrainian language educational facilities. In recent years, local investment by Italian companies has spurred the creation of an Italian community,^[24] even leading to calls for an Italian Cultural Center.^[25]

Historical populations

In 1910, according to the Austro-Hungarian census (based on the first language in daily use), Timișoara had 72,555 inhabitants. Of these, 31,644 (43.6%) used German language, 28,552 (39.4%) used Hungarian language, 7,566 (10.4%) used Romanian language, 3,482 (4.8%) used Serbian language, and 1,311 (1.8%) used other languages as everyday language.^[26]

Economy

The economy of Timișoara has historic tradition in manufacturing, commerce, transport, education, communications and tourism.

Timișoara has been an important economic centre since the 18th century when the Habsburg administration was installed. Due to Austrian colonisation, ethnic and religious diversity and innovative laws, the economy began to develop. The technicians and craftsmen that settled in the city established guilds and helped develop the city's economy. In 1717, Timișoara became host to the first beer factory in Banat.^[27]

During the Industrial Revolution, numerous modern innovations were introduced. It was the first city in Austria-Hungary with street lighting, and the first city in mainland Europe illuminated by electric light. The Bega river was also channelled during this time. It was the first navigable canal on current Romanian territory. This way, Timișoara had contact with Europe, and even with the rest of the world through the Black Sea, leading to the local development of commercialism.^[28]^[29]^[30] In the 19th century, the railway system of the Hungarian Kingdom reached Timișoara.

Timișoara was the first city in the country with international routes economic boom as the amount of foreign investment, especially in high-tech sectors, has risen. In an article in late 2005, French magazine L'Expansion called Timișoara Romania's economic showcase, and referred to the increased number of foreign investments as a "second revolution". In 2016, Timișoara was awarded by Forbes as the most dynamic city and the best city for business in Romania.^[31]

Apart from domestic local investment, there has been significant foreign investment from the European Union, particularly from Germany and Italy. Continental AG has produced tires since opening a plant in 1998.^[32] In the years that followed, Continental also established an automotive software engineering division in Timișoara. All in all, {{As of|2015|lc=y}} Continental AG employed about 8000 people in Timișoara, and the company keeps expanding.^[33] The Linde Group produces technical gases, and a part of the wiring moulds for BMW and Audi vehicles are produced by the company Dräxlmaier Group. Wiring for Volkswagen and other vehicles are produced at the German company Kromberg & Schubert. Also, Swiss company FM Logistic, already present in Timiș County for Alcatel-Lucent, Nestlé, P&G, Smithfield and in Bucharest for Cora, L'Oréal, Sanofi Aventis and Yves Rocher, and for companies like PROFI Rom Foods, BIC, Kraft Foods or SCA Packaging—offering them domestic transport services and international transport services for Bricostore, Arctic, Danone, Unilever or Contitech, the growth of FM Logistic in Romania and in Dudești through its first warehouse in Romania (Dudeștii Noi gives FM the opportunity). Nestlé produces waffles here. {{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The city has two shopping malls: Iulius Mall Timișoara^[34] and Shopping City Timișoara.^[35] A third one will be completed in 2018, Timișoara Centrum.^[36] A fourth is planned to be built, Timișoara Plaza.^[37]

The USA company Flextronics maintains a workplace in the west of the city for the production of mobile telephony and government inspection department devices. In 2009, the company laid off 640 workers.^[38] The American company Procter & Gamble manufactures washing and cleaning agents in Timișoara. Smithfield Foods—the world's largest pork processor and hog producer—has two subsidiaries in Timișoara and Timiș County: Smithfield Ferme and Smithfield Prod.

Transport

Timișoara has a complex system of regional transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe.

Mass transit

Timișoara's public transport network consists of 9 tram lines, 9 trolleybus lines and 21 bus lines and it is operated by STPT (Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara), a company owned by the City Hall. The system covers all the important areas of the city and it also connects Timișoara with some of the communes of the metropolitan area.

In 2015, Timișoara became the first city in Romania to offer public transport by bike. The bicycle-sharing system has 25 stations and 300 bikes which can be used by locals and tourists for free.^[39] Starting from October 4, 2018, STPT also offers vaporetto public transport on the Bega canal, resulting in Timișoara being the only city in Romania with 5 types of public transportation.^[40]^[41]

Road

Timișoara is on two European routes (E70 and E671) in the European road network. At a national level, Timișoara is located on four different national roads: DN6, DN69, DN59 and DN59A. The Romanian Motorway A1, under construction on some sections, will link the city with Bucharest and the eastern part of the country. The A1 is currently the only Romanian motorway that crosses a border, linking Timișoara with Hungarian motorway M43. The Timișoara Coach Station (Autogara) is used by several private transport companies to provide coach connections from Timișoara to a large number of locations from all over the country.^[42]

Air

The city is served by Romania's third busiest airport, Traian Vuia International Airport, located {{convert|12.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast away from the city centre. It used to be the hub of Romanian airline Carpatair, and it serves now as an operating base for low-cost airlineWizz Air.

Railway

Timișoara is a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national CFR network. Timișoara is directly linked by train service with Budapest, Belgrade and Vienna.

The main railway station of the city is Timișoara North railway station. More than 130 trains use this station daily. The other three railway stations of the city are mainly used by commuter trains.

Cityscape

Currently, the tallest building is the Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral, at {{convert|91|m|ft|abbr=off}} and the tallest office building is the Fructus Tower, at {{convert|65|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Other tall buildings, over {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=off}}, include: Asirom Financial Centre, Bosch Center, Continental Hotel and United Business Center 2. Another proposed building, the United Business Center 0, should be completed by the end of 2017 {{citation needed|date=August 2017}} and will be part of the mixed use urban regeneration project: Openville. When completed, the building will have a height of {{convert|155|m|ft|abbr=off}} becoming the tallest building in Romania.

Government

The first free local elections in post-communist Timișoara took place in 1992. The winner was Viorel Oancea, of the Civic Alliance Party (PAC), which later merged with the Liberal Party. He was the first officer who spoke to the crowd of revolutionaries gathered in Opera Square. The 1996 elections were won by Gheorghe Ciuhandu, of the Christian Democrats. He had four terms, also winning elections in 2000, 2004 and 2008. Meanwhile, Ciuhandu took over the Christian Democratic Party and ran for president of Romania in 2004. Timișoara's mayor, elected in 2012 and again in 2016, is Nicolae Robu. Deputy mayors are Dan Diaconu (PNL) and Farkas Imre (UDMR).

Like all other local councils in Romania, the Timișoara local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local council (consiliu local) made up of 27 elected councillors.^[43] Local council composition after 2016 local elections:^[44]

Additionally, as Timișoara is the capital of Timiș County, the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council (consiliu județean) and the prefect, who is appointed by Romania's central government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level. County council composition after 2016 local elections:^[45]

Currently, the city is the largest in the West development region, which is equivalent to NUTS-II regions in the European Union and is used by the European Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development. The West development region is not, however, an administrative entity.^[43]

Districts

Timișoara city traditionally divided into ten parts, but now they have no administrative function.

Culture and contemporary life

The city centre largely consists of buildings from the Austrian Empire era. The old city consists of several historic areas. These are: Cetate (Belváros in Hungarian, Innere Stadt in German), Iosefin (Józsefváros, Josephstadt), Elisabetin (Erzsébetváros, Elisabethstadt), Fabric (Gyárváros, Fabrikstadt). Numerous bars, clubs and restaurants have opened in the old Baroque square (Unirii Square).

Religious buildings

Cultural buildings and sites

Performing arts

Festivals and Conferences

European Capital of Culture

On 16 September 2016, Timișoara was selected as Romanian host city of European Capital of Culture in 2021.^[54] The city will co-host the event with

Shopping and commerce

Due to high demand for business space, new commercial buildings have been built. The commercial sector is developing very quickly. Timișoara has two large shopping centres:

Education

Timișoara is the main educational and academic centre in west of Romania. Timișoara has four public universities and four private universities. The number of students of higher education institutions reached 60,000 in 2015.

Sport

Association soccer

Basketball

Handball

Rugby union

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Consulates

Gallery

Panorama

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/rudolfstrutz/docs/ro03-en-temeschwarpark_8756eae930dc33|title=Timisoara – City of Roses|first=Rudolf|last=Strutz|date=|work=issuu.com}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/data/database | title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas | accessdate=29 October 2017 | publisher=Eurostat}}
3. ^¹²{{cite web | url = http://www.timis.insse.ro/cmstimis/rw/resource/comunicat-date_provizorii_rpl_2011_timis.pdf | title = Timiș County at the 2011 census | date = 2 February 2012 | accessdate = 16 February 2012 | publisher = INSSE | language = Romanian | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120719024943/http://www.timis.insse.ro/cmstimis/rw/resource/comunicat-date_provizorii_rpl_2011_timis.pdf | archivedate = 19 July 2012 | df = dmy-all }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/ro/content/popula%C5%A3ia-rom%C3%A2niei-pe-localitati-la-1-ianuarie-2016|title=Populaţia României pe localitati la 1 ianuarie 2016|date=6 June 2016|accessdate = 27 October 2017|publisher = INSSE|language=Romanian}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timisoara2021.ro/en/|title=Asociatia Timisoara Capitala Culturala Europeana|author=|date=|work=timisoara2021.ro}}
6. ^[https://www.britannica.com/place/Timisoara Timișoara on Britannica]
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.primariatm.ro/timisoara/index.php?meniuId=15&viewCat=136|title=Primaria Timisoara – City Presentation – Historical background|first=QCT|last=Connect|date=|work=primariatm.ro}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Szentkláray |first=Jenő |year=1911 |title=Temes vármegye története – Temesvár története |language=Hungarian |location=Budapest |publisher=Országos Monografia Társaság |url=https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Borovszky-borovszky-samu-magyarorszag-varmegyei-es-varosai-1/temesvar-1A7E9/temesvar-tortenete-irta-szentklaray-jeno-dr-apatkanonok-1A86F/}}
9. ^{{cite book |last1=Hațegan |first1=Ioan |last2=Boldea |first2=Ligia |last3=Țeicu |first3=Dumitru |year=2006 |title=Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552 |language=Romanian |location=Timișoara |publisher=Editura Banatul |isbn=973-7836-56-1 |url= http://www.bjt.ro/bv/ScritoriBanateni/HATEGAN_Ioan/Hategan%20Banatul%20934-1552.pdf |access-date=July 6, 2018}}
10. ^Gate Azapa Citeste mai mult: adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/aniversare-trista-timisoara-1552-s-a-lasat-intunericul-dominatiei-otomane-banat-1_50aef2737c42d5a663a1d771/index.html
11. ^http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37222.pdf
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.primariatm.ro/timisoara/index.php?meniuId=15&viewCat=134&viewItem=363|title=History of Timisoara – Primaria Timisoara – City Presentation – Timisoara Municipality|first=QCT|last=Connect|date=|work=primariatm.ro}}
13. ^Ilieșiu 2006, op. cit. p. 330
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://romaniatourism.com/timisoara.html|title=TIMISOARA, Romania – Travel and Tourism Information|author=|date=|work=romaniatourism.com}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timisoara-info.ro/en/component/content/article/44-obiectiveturistice/263-premiere-timisoara.html|title=Info Centrul Turistic Timisoara - Timisoara's Firsts|first=Info|last=Centru|website=www.timisoara-info.ro}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.welcometoromania.ro/Timisoara/Timisoara_Podul_Metalic_e.htm|title=Metal Bridge, Timișoara·|first=|last=WR|date=|work=welcometoromania.ro}}
17. ^{{Cite web|title = 20 decembrie 1989: Timişoara, primul oraş liber de comunism|url = http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Regional/Digi24+Timisoara/Stiri/20+decembrie+1989+Timisoara+primul+oras+liber|website = www.digi24.ro|accessdate = 8 January 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74251&cityname=Timisoara,%20Romania&units=|title=Timisoara, Romania Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|author=|date=|work=weatherbase.com}}
19. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/RO/15247.TXT| title = Timișoara Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = 21 March 2015}}
20. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_152470_kt.pdf| title = Klimatafel von Temeschburg (Temesvar, Timisoara), Banat / Rumänien| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst| language = German| accessdate = 23 November 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |title=Air Temperature (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum) |work=Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment |publisher=Romanian National Statistic Institute |year=2007 |accessdate=21 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210503/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}
22. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&judet_id=2057&localitate_id=2058 | title = Ethno-demographic Structure of Romania | accessdate = 15 April 2011 | publisher = The Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&judet_id=2057&localitate_id=2058 |title=Centrul de resurse pentru diversitate etnoculturală |publisher=Edrc.ro |date=30 May 2010 |accessdate=18 June 2010}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/Business/942/Timisoara-mina-de-aur-pentru-investitorii-italieni.html |title=Timișoara, mina de aur pentru investitorii italieni |publisher=9am.ro |date= |accessdate=18 June 2010}}
25. ^{{cite web |author=QCT Connect |url=http://www.primariatimisoara.ro/monitorul/index.php?meniuId=2&viewCat=23&viewItem=1503 |title="Timișoara este floarea de la butonieră a relațiilor româno-italiene" | Primaria Timișoara | Secțiuni suplimentare | Cooperare internațională și dezvoltare economică |publisher=Primariatimisoara.ro |date=19 August 1992 |accessdate=18 June 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
26. ^Historical ethnicity of the Timiș County
27. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/premierele-timisoarei-primul-oras-strazi-iluminate-electric-cea-mai-vec |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150952/http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/premierele-timisoarei-primul-oras-strazi-iluminate-electric-cea-mai-vec |archive-date=14 July 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
28. ^"Timișoara, monografie Istorică", dr.Nicolae Ilieșu
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.agenda.ro/2002/49-02-c.htm |title=Agenda |publisher=Agenda.ro |date= |accessdate=18 June 2010}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.agenda.ro/2003/44-03-a.htm |title=Agenda |publisher=Agenda.ro |date= |accessdate=18 June 2010}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://swisspointgroup.ro/en/timisoara-the-best-city-for-business-in-romania-in-forbes-top-2016/|title=Timisoara, the best city for business in Romania, in Forbes top 2016 – swisspointgroup|author=|date=|work=swisspointgroup.ro|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223130/http://swisspointgroup.ro/en/timisoara-the-best-city-for-business-in-romania-in-forbes-top-2016/|archive-date=18 October 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.continental-corporation.com/www/portal_ro_ro/tema/continental_romania/continental_history_ro.html|title=Continental Corporation -Istoric Continental|author=|date=|work=continental-corporation.com}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zf.ro/auto/grupul-continental-vrea-sa-recruteze-3-000-de-noi-ingineri-in-urmatorii-doi-ani-14060814|title=Grupul Continental vrea să recruteze 3.000 de noi ingineri în următorii doi ani – Ziarul Financiar|author=|date=|work=zf.ro}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.iuliusmall.com/en/timisoara|title=Iulius Mall|author=|date=|work=iuliusmall.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019211538/https://www.iuliusmall.com/en/timisoara|archivedate=19 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://shoppingcitytm.ro/|title=Shopping City Timişoara|author=|date=|work=shoppingcitytm.ro}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/new-shopping-center-to-be-opened-in-romanias-timisoara-in-2017/161468/ |title=New shopping center to be opened in Romania’s Timișoara in 2017 |publisher=Romania-Insider}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://europaproperty.com/news/2016/08/plaza-centers-partners-with-auchan-for-mall-in-romanias-timisoara-2760|title=Plaza Centers partners with Auchan for mall in Romania’s Timisoara|first=|last=globalvanet.com|date=|work=europaproperty.com}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.evertiq.com/news/14398|title=Flextronics Romania to cut an additional 140|author=|date=|work=evertiq.com}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://alexandru.garboni.eu/velo-tm-timisoara-has-the-first-romanian-bike-sharing-system/|title=Velo TM – Timișoara Has The First Romanian Bike-Sharing System |publisher=Alexandru Garboni Blog}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-timisoara-will-provide-free-public-transport-by-boat-on-the-canal-crossing-the-city/162468/|title=Romania’s Timișoara will provide free public transport by boat on the canal crossing the city |publisher=Romania-Insider}}
41. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.administratie.ro/timisoara-a-devenit-primul-oras-din-romania-cu-transport-public-in-comun-pe-apa/|title=Timişoara a devenit primul oraş din România cu transport public în comun pe apă|last=|first=|date=2018-10-04|work=AGERPRESS|access-date=2019-01-11}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.autogari.ro/Timisoara/Autogara_Timisoara_-_Gara/Autogara47.aspx|title=Timisoara – Gara (Timisoara, Timis, Romania) – Transport persoane cu autocare, autobuze sau microbuze la AUTOGARI.RO|author=|date=|work=autogari.ro}}
43. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123|title=LEGE nr.215 din 23 aprilie 2001 Legea administraţiei publice locale|author=|date=|work=cdep.ro}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/noul-consiliu-local-timisoara-inainte-de-rezultatele-oficiale-finale-cine-va-lua-decizii-pentru-timisoara-de-la-fiecare-partid/06/06/2016|title=Noul Consiliu Local Timișoara|publisher=Opinia Timișoarei}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/avem-rezultate-finale-oficiale-vezi-clasamentul-partidelor-si-harta-votului-in-timis-la-alegerile-locale-2016/06/06/2016|title=Avem rezultate finale oficiale! Vezi clasamentul partidelor și harta votului în Timiș, la Alegerile Locale 2016!|publisher=Opinia Timișoarei}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timisoara-info.ro/en/sightseeing/historical-quarters/cetate/places/199-bastionul.html|title=Info Centrul Turistic Timisoara - The Theresia Bastion|first=Info|last=Centru|website=www.timisoara-info.ro}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ort.ro/ |title=Romanian Opera House |publisher=ort.ro |date= |accessdate=18 June 2010}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tion.ro/blazzaj-va-invita-la-ceau-cinema-patru-zile-pentru-cinefili-in-iulie/1652066 |title=Ceau, Cinema! Patru zile pentru cinefili, în iulie}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tion.ro/studentfest-se-apropie-de-final-nu-ratati-ultimele-evenimente/914769 |title=Article about StudentFest in TION}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tedxtimisoara.com/ |title=TEDxTimișoara}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ted.com/tedx/groups/109 |title=TEDxTimișoara events on TED.com}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ziuadevest.ro/actualitate/16782-bill-gates-va-putea-fi-vzut-la-tedx-timioara-.html |title=Article about TEDxTimișoara in Ziua de Vest |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001171050/http://www.ziuadevest.ro/actualitate/16782-bill-gates-va-putea-fi-vzut-la-tedx-timioara-.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
53. ^{{cite web|last=Nani|first=Corina|title=Festivalul International Graffiti Timișoara 2011|url=http://fig2011.enduromania.net|work=Street Art Album|publisher=ArtPress Timișoara}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/news/20160916%20-romania-european-capital-of-culture-2021_en|title=Timișoara to be the European Capital of Culture in Romania in 2021 – Creative Europe – European Commission|author=|date=|work=europa.eu}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iuliusmall.com/en/timisoara|title=Iulius Mall|author=|date=|work=iuliusmall.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208130657/http://www.iuliusmall.com/en/timisoara|archivedate=8 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.primariatm.ro/timisoara/index.php?meniuId=2&viewCat=82|title=Primaria Timisoara – Prezentarea oraşului – Oraşe înfrăţite|first=QCT|last=Connect|date=|work=primariatm.ro}}
57. ^友好城市 (Friendly cities) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719025116/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm |date=19 July 2014 }}, 市外办 (Foreign Affairs Office), 22 March 2008. (Translation by Google Translate.)
58. ^国际友好城市一览表 (International Friendship Cities List) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092638/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/ycgy/201101/t20110120_1631663.htm |date=13 November 2013 }}, 20 January 2011. (Translation by Google Translate.)
59. ^友好交流 (Friendly exchanges) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112101846/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/yhjl/ |date=12 November 2014 }}, 13 September 2011. (Translation by Google Translate.)
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.karlsruhe.de/stadt/international/partnerstaedte.de|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724221530/http://www.karlsruhe.de/stadt/international/partnerstaedte.de|archivedate = 24 July 2010|title = Städtepartnerschaften|accessdate=5 January 2011|date=16 December 2010|publisher = Stadt Karlsruhe|language=German}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=16599 |title=European networks and city partnerships |publisher=Nottingham City Council |date=11 March |accessdate=20 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072955/http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=16599 |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df= }}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://fad.danang.gov.vn/default.aspx?id_NgonNgu=EN&id_ThucDon_Sub=177&TinChinh=0&id_TinTuc=5560&TrangThai=BanTin|title=Archived copy|access-date=7 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071021/http://fad.danang.gov.vn/default.aspx?id_NgonNgu=EN&id_ThucDon_Sub=177&TinChinh=0&id_TinTuc=5560&TrangThai=BanTin|archive-date=18 May 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mae.ro/en/foreign-missions/3609#815|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Consulate General of Federal Republic of Germany in Timisoara|author=|date=|work=mae.ro}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mae.ro/en/foreign-missions/3611#820|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Consulate General of Serbia in Timisoara|author=|date=|work=mae.ro|access-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404165148/http://mae.ro/en/foreign-missions/3611#820|archive-date=4 April 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}