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词条 Timurid dynasty
释义

  1. Origins

  2. List of Rulers

     Timurid Empire  Mughal Empire 

  3. See also

  4. References and notes

  5. Further reading

  6. External links

{{About|the royal family|the territorial states over which it ruled|Timurid Empire|and|Mughal Empire}}{{Royal house|
|surname = House of Timur
Timurid
|native_name =
|country = Timurid Empire
Mughal Empire
|parent house = Barlas
|coat of arms =
|titles =
  • Amir
  • Badshah of Hindustan
  • Emperor of India (title proclaimed during the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857)

|founded = 1370
|founder = Tamerlane
|final ruler = Bahadur Shah II
|dissolution =
|deposition = Timurid Empire
1507
Mughal Empire
1857
|ethnicity = Turco-Mongol
|image=File:Timur reconstruction03.jpg
| caption = Timir, the founder of the Timurid_dynasty
| religion = Sunni Islam
Sufi Islam
Din i Ilahi
| current_head =
}}

The Timurid dynasty ({{lang-fa|تیموریان}}), self-designated as Gurkani ({{lang-fa|گورکانیان}}, Gūrkāniyān), was a Sunni Muslim[1] dynasty or clan of Turco-Mongol lineage[2][3][4][5] descended from the warlord Timur (also known as Tamerlane). The word "Gurkani" derived from "gurkan", a Persianized form of the Mongolian word "kuragan" meaning "son-in-law",[6] as the Timurids were in-laws of the line of Genghis Khan,[7]{{full citation needed|date=April 2018}} founder of the Mongol Empire. Members of the Timurid dynasty were strongly influenced by the Persian culture[2][8] and established two significant empires in history, the Timurid Empire (1370–1507) based in Persia and Central Asia and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857) based in the Indian subcontinent.

Origins

{{main|Barlas|Mongol|Turko-Persian tradition|Persianate society}}

The origin of the Timurid dynasty goes back to the Mongol tribe known as Barlas, who were remnants of the original Mongol army of Genghis Khan,[2][9][10] founder of the Mongol Empire. After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, the Barlas settled in what is today southern Kazakhstan, from Shymkent to Taraz and Almaty, which then came to be known for a time as Moghulistan – "Land of Mongols" in Persian [reference needed] – and intermingled to a considerable degree with the local Turkic and Turkic-speaking population, so that at the time of Timur's reign the Barlas had become thoroughly Turkicized in terms of language and habits.

Additionally, by adopting Islam, the Central Asian Turks and Mongols adopted the Persian literary and high culture[11] which had dominated Central Asia since the early days of Islamic influence. Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamic courtly culture.[12]

List of Rulers

Timurid Empire

Titular namePersonal nameReign
Timur ruled over the Chagatai Khanate with Soyurghatmïsh Khan as nominal Khan followed by Sultan Mahmud Khan. He himself adopted the Muslim Arabic title of Amir. In essence the Khanate was finished and the Timurid Empire was firmly established.
Amir
{{Nastaliq| امیر}}
Timur Lang
{{Nastaliq| تیمور لنگ}} 		Timur Beg Gurkani
{{Nastaliq| تیمور بیگ گورکانی}} 		1370–1405
Amir
{{Nastaliq| امیر}} 		Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza
{{Nastaliq|پیر محمد بن جہانگیر میرزا }} 		1405–1407
Amir
{{Nastaliq| امیر}} 		Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah
{{Nastaliq| خلیل سلطان بن میران شاہ}} 		1405–1409
Amir
{{Nastaliq| امیر}} 		Shahrukh Mirza
{{Nastaliq| شاھرخ میرزا }} 		1405–1447
Amir
{{Nastaliq| امیر}}
Ulugh Beg
{{Nastaliq| الغ بیگ}} 		Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay
{{Nastaliq| میرزا محمد طارق }} 		1447–1449
Division of Timurid Empire
TransoxianaKhurasan/Herat/Fars/Iraq-e-Ajam
Abdal-Latif Mirza
{{Nastaliq|میرزا عبداللطیف }}
Padarkush
(Father Killer)
1449–1450		{{colbegin}}
  • Ala-ud-Daulah Mirza bin Baysonqor
    {{Nastaliq|علاء الدولہ میرزا بن بایسنقر}}
    ?
  • Mirza Abul-Qasim Babur bin Baysonqor
    {{Nastaliq| میرزا ابوالقاسم بابر بن بایسنقر}}
    1449–1457
  • Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor
    {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمد ابن بایسنقر }}
    1447–1451
{{colend}}
Abdallah Mirza
{{Nastaliq| میرزا عبد اللہ}}
1450–1451		Mirza Abul-Qasim Babur bin Baysonqor
{{Nastaliq| میرزا ابوالقاسم بابر بن بایسنقر}}
1451–1457
Mirza Shah Mahmud
{{Nastaliq| میرزا شاہ محمود}}
1457
Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah
{{Nastaliq| ابراھیم میرزا}}
1457–1459
Abu Sa'id Mirza
{{Nastaliq| ابو سعید میرزا}}
(Although Abu Sa'id Mirza re-united most of the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of Uzbek Chief, Abul-Khayr Khan (grandfather of Muhammad Shayabani Khan), he agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turkomen under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turkomen under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id. After Abu Sa'id's death another era of fragmentation follows.)
1451–1469
**Transoxiana is dividedSultan Husayn Mirza Bayqarah
{{Nastaliq| سلطان حسین میرزا بایقرا}}
1469 1st reign
Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
{{Nastaliq| میرزا یادگار محمد}}
1470 (6 weeks)
Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqarah
{{Nastaliq| سلطان حسین میرزا بایقرا}}
1470–1506 2nd reign
{{colbegin}}
  • Badi' al-Zaman Mirza
    {{Nastaliq| بدیع الزمان میرزا}}
    1506–1507
  • Muzaffar Husayn Mirza
    {{Nastaliq| مظفر حسین میرزا}}
    1506–1507
{{colend}}
Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan Uzbek Conquer Herat
  • Abu Sa'id's sons divided Transoxiana upon his death, into Samarkand, Bukhara, Hissar, Balkh, Kabul and Farghana.
SamarkandBukharaHissarFarghanaBalkhKabul
Sultan Ahmad Mirza
{{Nastaliq| سلطان احمد میرزا}}
1469–1494		Umar Shaikh Mirza II
{{Nastaliq| عمر شیخ میرزا ثانی}}
1469–1494		Sultan Mahmud Mirza
{{Nastaliq| سلطان محمود میرزا }}
1469–1495		Ulugh Beg Mirza II
{{Nastaliq| میرزا الغ بیگ}}
1469 – 1502
Sultan Baysonqor Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza
{{Nastaliq| بایسنقر میرزا بن محمود میرزا}}
1495–1497		Sultan Ali bin Mahmud Mirza
{{Nastaliq| سلطان علی بن محمود میرزا}}
1495–1500		Sultan Masud Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza
{{Nastaliq| سلطان مسعود بن محمود میرزا}}
1495 – ?		Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur
{{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}}
1494–1497		Khusroe Shah{{Nastaliq| خسرو شاہ}}
(Usurper)
? – 1503		Mukim Beg Arghun{{Nastaliq| مقیم ارغون }}
(Usurper)
? – 1504
Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan Uzbek
{{Nastaliq| محمد شایبک خان ازبک}}
1500–1501		Jahangir Mirza II
{{Nastaliq| جہانگیر میرزا}}
(puppet of Sultan Ahmed Tambol)
1497 – ?		Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur
{{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}}
1503–1504
Uzbeks under Muhammad Shayabak Khan Uzbek
{{Nastaliq| محمد شایبک خان ازبک}}
1503–1504		Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur
{{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}}
1504–1511
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur
{{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}}
(Never till his conquest of India were the dominions of Babur as extensive as at this period. Like his grandfather Abu Sa'id Mirza, he managed to re-unite the Timurid heartland in Central Asia with the help of Shah of Iran, Ismail I. His dominions stretched from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the farthest limits of Ghazni and comprehended Kabul and Ghazni;Kunduz and Hissar; Samarkand and Bukhara; Farghana; Tashkent and Seiram)
1511–1512
Uzbeks under Ubaydullah Sultan {{Nastaliq| عبید اللہ سلطان}} re-conquer Transoxiana and Balkh
1512		Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur
{{Nastaliq| ظہیر الدین محمد بابر}}
1512–1530
Timurid Empire in Central Asia becomes extinct under the Khanate of Bukhara of the Uzbeks. However, Timurid dynasty moves on to conquer India under the leadership of Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur in 1526 C.E. and established the Timurid dynasty of India.

Mughal Empire

{{Main|Mughal emperors}}
Emperor Birth Reign Period Death Notes
Babur 23 February 1483 1526–1530 26 December 1530 Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother and was descendant of Timur through his father. Founded the Mughal Empire after his victories at the First Battle of Panipat and the Battle of Khanwa.
Humayun 6 March 1508 1530–1540 Jan 1556 Reign interrupted by Sur Empire. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri.
Sher Shah Suri 1472 1540–1545 May 1545 Deposed Humayun and led the Sur Empire.
Islam Shah Suri c. 1500 1545–1554 1554 Second and last ruler of the Sur Empire, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminated by Humayun's restoration.
Humayun 6 March 1508 1555–1556 Jan 1556 Restored rule was more unified and effective than initial reign of 1530–1540; left unified empire for his son, Akbar.
Akbar 15 October 1542 1556–1605 27 October 1605 He and Bairam Khan defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat and later won famous victories during the Siege of Chittorgarh and the Siege of Ranthambore; He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up the empire's various institutions; he married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of his most famous construction marvels was the Lahore Fort and Agra Fort.[13]
Jahangir October 1569 1605–1627 1627 Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened first relations with the British East India Company. He conquered the Himalayan range from Kashmir to Nepal.
Shah Jahan 5 January 1592 1627–1658 1666 Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposed by his son Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb 21 October 1618 1658–1707 3 March 1707 He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured the diamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent the major part of his last 27 years in the war with the Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by Mansabdars, and faced challenges after his death. He is known to have transcribed copies of the Qur'an using his own styles of calligraphy. He died during a campaign against the ravaging Marathas in the Deccan.
Bahadur Shah I 14 October 1643 1707–1712 Feb 1712 First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts. After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualities among his immediate successors.
Jahandar Shah 1664 1712–1713 February 1713 The son of Bahadur Shah I, he was an unpopular incompetent titular figurehead; he attained the throne after his father's death by his victory in battle over his brother, who was killed.
Furrukhsiyar 1683 1713–1719 1719 His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative Syed Brothers, execution of the rebellious Banda. In 1717 he granted a Firman to the English East India Company granting them duty-free trading rights in Bengal. The Firman was repudiated by the notable Murshid Quli Khan the Mughal appointed ruler of Bengal.
Rafi Ul-Darjat Unknown 1719 1719  
Rafi Ud-Daulat Unknown 1719 1719  
Nikusiyar Unknown 1719 1743  
Muhammad Ibrahim Unknown 1720 1744  
Muhammad Shah 1702 1719–1720, 1720–1748 1748 Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Tried to counter the emergence of the Marathas but his empire disintegrated. Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in 1739.[14]
Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1725 1748–54 1775
Alamgir II 1699 1754–1759 1759 He was murdered according by the Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau.
Shah Jahan III Unknown In 1759 1772 [15]{{full citation needed>date=April 2018}}[16]
Shah Alam II 1728 1759–1806 1806 He was proclaimed as Mughal Emperor by the Marathas.[15] Later, he was again recognised as the Mughal Emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.[17] 1764 saw the defeat of the combined forces of Mughal Emperor, Nawab of Oudh and Nawab of Bengal and Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. Following this defeat, Shah Alam II left Delhi for Allahabad, ending hostilities with the Treaty of Allahabad (1765). Shah Alam II was reinstated to the throne of Delhi in 1772 by Mahadaji Shinde under the protection of the Marathas.[18] He was a de jure emperor. During his reign in 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) and took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal marking the beginning of British reign in parts of Eastern India officially.
Akbar Shah II 1760 1806–1837 1837 He became a British pensioner after the defeat of the Marathas in the third Anglo-Maratha war who were until then the protector of the Mughal throne. Under the East India company's protection, his imperial name was removed from official coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company.
Bahadur Shah II 1775 1837–1857 1862 The last Mughal emperor was deposed in 1858 by the British East India company and exiled to Burma following the War of 1857 after the fall of Delhi to the company troops. His death marks the end of the Mughal dynasty but not of the family.

See also

  • Timur
  • Timurid Empire
  • Mughal Empire
  • Turco-Mongol
  • List of Turkic dynasties and countries
  • List of Mongol states
  • Borjigin
  • List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

References and notes

1. ^Maria E. Subtelny, Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Persia, Vol. 7, (Brill, 2007), 201.
2. ^1 2 B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006
3. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, "Timurid Dynasty", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.")
4. ^{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia | title = Timurids | url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | edition = Sixth | publisher = Columbia University | location = New York City | accessdate = 2006-11-08 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | archivedate = 2006-12-05 | df = }}
5. ^Encyclopædia Britannica article: "Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", Online Edition, 2007.
6. ^A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community, by Vernon Egger, p. 193
7. ^"The Man Behind the Mosque"
8. ^Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, p. 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." p. 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture."
9. ^"Timur", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–05 Columbia University Press, (LINK)
10. ^"Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", in Encyclopædia Britannica, (LINK)
11. ^B. Spuler, "Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid periods", published in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition, 2006/7, (LINK): "... Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 [...] Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ..."
12. ^David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Klingelhofer|first=William G.|date=1988|title=The Jahangiri Mahal of the Agra Fort: Expression and Experience in Early Mughal Architecture|journal=Muqarnas|volume=5|pages=153–169|doi=10.2307/1523115|issn=0732-2992|jstor=1523115}}
14. ^{{cite book |title= History Modern India |author= S. N. Sen |publisher= New Age International |pages=11–13, 41–43 |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-81-224-1774-6 }}
15. ^1 [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=maratha+sardar+deposed+Shah+Jahan+III&source=bl&ots=HLT-i48i0f&sig=AnrgAYgghJMUtXpcqjdsKtQnZA8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H6MbVaPPLcSVuATNu4DIAg&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=maratha%20sardar%20deposed%20Shah%20Jahan%20III&f=false Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813, p. 140]
16. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&pg=PA767&dq=mirza+jawan+bakht#v=onepage&q=mirza%20jawan%20bakht&f=false |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |volume= 3|page= 765 |author= S.R. Sharma|isbn=9788171568192 |year=1999 }}
17. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&pg=PA767&dq=mirza+jawan+bakht#v=onepage&q=mirza%20jawan%20bakht&f=false |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |volume= 3|page= 767 |author= S.R. Sharma|isbn=9788171568192 |year=1999 }}
18. ^N. G. Rathod, The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia, (Sarup & Sons, 1994), 8:[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=1771+scindia&source=bl&ots=Ohxv9jrPpo&sig=gdLcPTomT2FOmazdsOmytJmiiFE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JF2_T_PEF8PYrQfPkNW2CQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=1771%20scindia&f=false]

Further reading

  • BĀYSONḠORĪ ŠĀH-NĀMA in Encyclopædia Iranica
  • Elliot, Sir H. M.; edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–77. (Online Copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] — This online copy has been posted by: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List])

External links

{{Commons category|Timurid dynasty}}
  • Timurid Dynasty
  • Virtual Art Exhibit
{{Timurid Empire}}{{Mughal Empire}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Timurid dynasty}}

5 : Timurid dynasty|Mongol dynasties|Turkic dynasties|History of Central Asia|History of South Asia
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