| 词条 | Tipping point (sociology) |
| 释义 |
In sociology, a tipping point is a point in time when a group—or a large number of group members—rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice. History{{Refimprove section|date=March 2018}}The phrase was first used in sociology by Morton Grodzins when he adopted the phrase from physics where it referred to the adding a small amount of weight to a balanced object until the additional weight caused the object to suddenly and completely topple, or tip. Grodzins studied integrating American neighborhoods in the early 1960s. He discovered that most of the white families remained in the neighborhood as long as the comparative number of black families remained very small. But, at a certain point, when "one too many" black families arrived, the remaining white families would move out en masse in a process known as white flight. He called that moment the "tipping point". The idea was expanded and built upon by Nobel Prize-winner Thomas Schelling in 1972. A similar idea underlies Mark Granovetter's threshold model of collective behavior. 10% of a PopulationScientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[1] have found that when just 10 percent of the population holds an unshakable belief, their belief will always be adopted by the majority of people who simply change their beliefs if their last two social interactions agreed with a new one. Other usesThe phrase has extended beyond its original meaning and been applied to any process in which, beyond a certain point, the rate of the process increases dramatically. It has been applied in many fields, from economics to human ecology[2] to epidemiology. It can also be compared to phase transition in physics or the propagation of populations in an unbalanced ecosystem. Journalists and academics have applied the phrase to dramatic changes in governments, such as during the Arab Spring.[3] The concept of a tipping point is described in an article in an academic journal, the Journal of Democracy, titled "China at the Tipping Point?: Foreseeing the unForeseeable": Regime transitions belong to that paradoxical class of events which are inevitable but not predictable. Other examples are bank runs, currency inflations, strikes, migrations, riots, and revolutions. In retrospect, such events are explainable, even overdetermined. In prospect, however, their timing and character are impossible to anticipate. Such events American journalists at NPR have used it to describe an influx of sexual assault allegations, saying that a tipping point has been passed regarding societal tolerance of sexual harassment and feminism.[5] Mathematically, the angle of repose may be seen as a bifurcation. In control theory, the concept of positive feedback describes the same phenomenon, with the problem of balancing an inverted pendulum being the classic embodiment. The concept has also been applied to the popular acceptance of new technologies, for example being used to explain the success of VHS over Betamax.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}} In popular cultureThe term was popularized in application to daily life by Malcolm Gladwell's 2000 bestselling book The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. See also{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.rpi.edu/luwakkey/2902#sthash.wuHag3ob.dpuf|title=Minority Rules: Scientists Discover Tipping Point for the Spread of Ideas {{!}} News & Events|website=news.rpi.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-03-30}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Eco Tipping Points Project|url=http://ecotippingpoints.org}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Leila, and Matt Flannes|first=Hudson|title=The Arab Spring: Anatomy of a tipping point|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/201183081433165611.html|accessdate=29 March 2013|newspaper=Aljazeera|date=1 Sep 2011}} 4. ^{{cite news|last=Nathan|first=Andrew J.|title=China at the Tipping Point?: Foreseeing the unForeseeable' |url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/china-tipping-point-foreseeing-unforeseeable|accessdate=29 March 2013|newspaper=Journal of Democracy|date=January 2013}} 5. ^{{Cite web |last1=King |first1=Noel |title=Why 'The Weinstein Effect' Seems Like A Tipping Point |work=NPR.org |date=November 4, 2017 |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/11/04/562137110/why-the-weinstein-effect-seems-like-a-tipping-point |accessdate=November 11, 2017 |df=mdy-all}} External links
4 : Group processes|Sociological terminology|Behavior modification|Attitude change |
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