词条 | Tisha B'Av |
释义 |
|image = Francesco Hayez 017.jpg |caption = Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem, by Francesco Hayez |holiday_name = Tisha B'Av |official_name = Hebrew: {{Hebrew|תשעה באב}} English: Ninth of Av |observedby = Jews |date = 9th day of Av (if Shabbat, then the 10th of Av) |observances = Fasting, mourning, prayer |type = Jewish religious and national |significance = Mourning the destruction of the ancient Temples and Jerusalem, and other major calamities which have befallen the Jewish people. |relatedto = The fasts of Gedalia, the Tenth of Tevet and the Seventeenth of Tammuz, the Three Weeks & the Nine Days |date{{LASTYEAR}} = {{Moveable date |holiday=Tisha B'Av |year={{LASTYEAR}} |format=infobox |cite=}} |date{{CURRENTYEAR}} = {{Moveable date |holiday=Tisha B'Av |year={{CURRENTYEAR}} |format=infobox}} |date{{NEXTYEAR}} = {{Moveable date |holiday=Tisha B'Av |year={{NEXTYEAR}} |format=infobox}} |date{{NEXTYEAR|2}} = {{Moveable date |holiday=Tisha B'Av |year={{NEXTYEAR|2}} |format=infobox}} |frequency=annual }} Tisha B'Av ({{lang-he-n|תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב}}{{efn|Also written {{Hebrew|ט׳ באב}}, using Hebrew numerals.}} {{IPA-he|tiʃʕa bəˈʔav|IPA|He-TishaBAv.ogg}}, {{lit.}} "the ninth of Av") is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem. Tisha B'Av is regarded as the saddest day in the Jewish calendar and it is thus believed to be a day which is destined for tragedy.[1][2] Tisha B'Av falls in July or August in the Gregorian calendar. The observance of the day includes five prohibitions, most notable of which is a 25-hour fast. The Book of Lamentations, which mourns the destruction of Jerusalem is read in the synagogue, followed by the recitation of kinnot, liturgical dirges that lament the loss of the Temples and Jerusalem. As the day has become associated with remembrance of other major calamities which have befallen the Jewish people, some kinnot also recall events such as the murder of the Ten Martyrs by the Romans, massacres in numerous medieval Jewish communities during the Crusades, and the Holocaust. HistoryFive calamitiesAccording to the Mishnah (Taanit 4:6), five specific events occurred on the ninth of Av that warrant fasting:
Other calamitiesOver time, Tisha B'Av has come to be a Jewish day of mourning, not only for these events, but also for later tragedies which occurred on or near the 9th of Av. References to some of these events appear in liturgy composed for Tisha B'Av (see below).
While the Holocaust spanned a number of years, most religious communities use Tisha B'Av to mourn its 6,000,000 Jewish victims, in addition to or instead of the secular Holocaust Memorial Days. On Tisha B'Av, communities which otherwise do not modify the traditional prayer liturgy have added the recitation of special kinnot related to the Holocaust. Related observancesIn connection with the fall of Jerusalem, three other fast-days were established at the same time as the Ninth Day of Av: these were the Tenth of Tevet, when the siege of Jerusalem by the Babylonians began; the Seventeenth of Tammuz, when the first breach was made in the wall by the Romans; and the Third of Tishrei, known as the Fast of Gedaliah, the day when Gedaliah was assassinated in the time of the Babylonians following the destruction of the First Temple.[14] The three weeks leading up to Tisha B'Av are known as The Three Weeks, while the nine days leading up to Tisha B'Av are known as The Nine Days. Laws and customsTisha B'Av falls in July or August in the Gregorian calendar. When Tisha B'Av falls on Shabbat (Saturday), it then is known as a nidche ("delayed") in Hebrew and the observance of Tisha B'Av then takes place on the following day that is Sunday, which was the case in 2012, 2015, 2016, and 2018. The next time is 2019. No outward signs of mourning intrude upon the normal Sabbath, although normal Sabbath eating and drinking end at sunset Saturday evening, rather than nightfall.[15]The fast lasts about 25 hours, beginning at sunset on the preceding evening lasting until nightfall the next day. In addition to fasting, other pleasurable activities are also forbidden.[16] Main prohibitionsTisha B'Av bears a similar stringent nature to that of Yom Kippur. In addition to the length of the fast which lasts about 25 hours, beginning at sunset on the eve of Tisha B'Av and ends at nightfall the following day, Tisha B'Av also shares the following five prohibitions:[17][18]
These restrictions are waived in the case of health issues but a competent Posek, a rabbi who decides Jewish Law, must be consulted. For example, those who are seriously ill will be allowed to eat and drink. On other fast days almost any medical condition may justify breaking the fast; in practice, since many cases differ, consultation with a rabbi is often necessary.[16] Ritual washing up to the knuckles is permitted. Washing to cleanse dirt or mud from one's body is also permitted.[16] Additional customsTorah study is forbidden on Tisha B'Av (as it is considered a spiritually enjoyable activity), except for the study of distressing texts such as the Book of Lamentations, the Book of Job, portions of Jeremiah and chapters of the Talmud that discuss the laws of mourning and those that discuss the destruction of the Temple.[19]In synagogue, prior to the commencement of the evening services, the parochet (which normally covers and adorns the Torah Ark) is removed or drawn aside, lasting until after the fast. According to the Rema it is customary to sit on low stools or on the floor, as is done during shiva, from the meal immediately before the fast (the seudah hamafseket) until midday (chatzot hayom) of the fast itself. It is customary to eat a hard boiled egg dipped in ashes, and a piece of bread dipped into ashes, during this pre-fast meal. The Beit Yosef rules that the custom to sit low to the ground extends past mid-day, until one prays Mincha (the afternoon prayer).[20] If possible, work is avoided during this period. Electric lighting may be turned off or dimmed, and kinnot recited by candlelight. Some sleep on the floor or modify their normal sleeping routine, by sleeping without a pillow (or with one fewer pillow than usual), for instance. People refrain from greeting each other or sending gifts on this day. Old prayer-books and Torah scrolls are often buried on this day.[16] The custom is to not put on tefillin for morning services (Shacharit) of Tisha b'Av, and not a talit, rather only wear the personal talit kattan without a blessing. At Mincha services tzitzit and tefilin are worn, with proper blessings prior to donning them.[21] End of fastAlthough the fast ends at nightfall, according to tradition the First Temple continued burning throughout the night and for most of the following day, the tenth of Av.[19] It is therefore customary to maintain all restrictions of the nine days through midday (chatzos) of the following day.[22] When Tisha B'Av falls on a Saturday, and is therefore observed on Sunday, the 10th of Av, it is not necessary to wait until midday Monday to end restrictions of the nine days. However, one refrains from involvement in activity that would be considered "joyous", such as eating meat, drinking wine, listening to music, and saying the "shehecheyonu" blessing, until Monday morning. One can wash laundry and shave immediately after the end of a delayed tisha b'av. When Tisha B'Av begins on Saturday night, the Havdalah ritual is postponed by 24 hours, as one could not drink the accompanying wine. One says Attah Chonantanu in the Saturday night Shemoneh Esrei prayer, and/or says Baruch Hamavdil, thus ending Shabbat. A blessing is made on the candle Saturday night. After Tisha B'Av ends on Sunday evening, the Havdalah ceremony is performed with wine (without candle or spices).[23] The laws of Tisha B'Av are recorded in the Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayim 552–557. Services{{Quote box| quote = "Console, O Lord, the mourners of Zion and Jerusalem and the city laid waste, despised and desolate. In mourning for she is childless, her dwellings laid waste, despised in the downfall of her glory and desolate through the loss of her inhabitants…. Legions have devoured her, worshippers of strange gods have possessed her. They have put the people of Israel to the sword… Therefore let Zion weep bitterly and Jerusalem give forth her voice… For You, O Lord, did consume her with fire and with fire will You in future restore her… Blessed are You, O Lord, Who consoles Zion and builds Jerusalem." | source = Abbreviated from the Nachem prayer. | width = 20em | align =right }} The scroll of Eicha (Lamentations) is read in synagogue during the evening services. In addition, most of the morning is spent chanting or reading Kinnot, most bewailing the loss of the Temples and the subsequent persecutions, but many others referring to post-exile disasters. These later kinnot were composed by various poets (often prominent rabbis) who had either suffered in the events mentioned or relate received reports. Important kinnot were composed by Elazar ha-Kalir and Rabbi Judah ha-Levi. After the Holocaust, kinnot were composed by the German-born Rabbi Shimon Schwab (in 1959, at the request of Rabbi Joseph Breuer) and by Rabbi Solomon Halberstam, leader of the Bobov Hasidim (in 1984). Since Israel's unilateral disengagement from Gaza, some segments of the Religious Zionist community have begun to recite kinnot to commemorate the expulsion of Jewish settlers from Gush Katif and the northern West Bank on the day after Tisha B'Av, in 2005.[24] In many Sephardic congregations the Book of Job is read on the morning of Tisha B'Av.[25][26] A paragraph that begins Nahem ("Console...") is added to the conclusion of the blessing Boneh Yerushalayim ("Who builds Jerusalem") recited during the Amidah (for Ashkenazim, only at the Mincha service). The prayer elaborates the mournful state of the Temple in Jerusalem. The concluding signature of the blessing is also extended to say "Blessed are You, O Lord, Who consoles Zion and builds Jerusalem." Various modern orthodox rabbis and Conservative rabbis have proposed amending Nachem as its wording no longer reflects the existence of a rebuilt Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty. Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren, for example, issued a revised wording of the prayer and Rabbi Hayim David HaLevi proposed putting the prayer's verbs relating to the Temple's destruction into the past tense. However, such proposals have not been widely adopted.[27] History of the observanceIn the long period which is reflected in Talmudic literature the observance of the Ninth Day of Av assumed a character of constantly growing sadness and asceticism. By the end of the 2nd century or at the beginning of the 3rd, the observance of the day had lost much of its gloom. Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi was in favor of abolishing it altogether or, according to another version, of lessening its severity when the fast had been postponed from Saturday to Sunday (Talmud, Tractate Megillah 5b). The growing strictness in the observance of mourning customs in connection with the Ninth Day of Av became pronounced in post-Talmudic times, and particularly in one of the darkest periods of Jewish history, from the 15th century to the 18th.[5] Maimonides (12th century) says that the restrictions as to the eating of meat and the drinking of wine refer only to the last meal before fasting on the Eighth Day of Av, if taken after noon, but before noon anything may be eaten.[28] Rabbi Moses of Coucy (13th century) wrote that it is the universal custom to refrain from meat and wine during the whole day preceding the Ninth of Av.[29] Rabbi Joseph Caro (16th century) says some are accustomed to abstain from meat and wine from the beginning of the week in which the Ninth Day of Av falls; and still others abstain throughout the three weeks from the Seventeenth of Tammuz.[30]A gradual extension of prohibitions can be traced in the abstention from marrying at this season and in other signs of mourning. So Rabbi Moses of Coucy says that some do not use the tefillin ("phylacteries") on the Ninth Day of Av, a custom which later was universally observed (it is now postponed until the afternoon). In this manner all customs originally designated as marks of unusual piety finally became the rule for all.[5] In IsraelIn Israel, restaurants and places of entertainment are closed on the eve of Tisha B'Av and the following day by law.[31] Establishments that break the law are subject to fines. Outside of Israel, the day is not observed by most secular Jews, as opposed to Yom Kippur, on which many secular Jews fast and go to synagogue. According to halakha, combat soldiers are absolved of fasting on Tisha B'Av on the basis that it can endanger their lives. The latest example of such a ruling was issued during Operation Protective Edge by Israel's Chief Rabbis: Rabbis David Lau and Yitzhak Yosef.[32] When Menachem Begin became Prime Minister, he wanted to unite all the memorial days and days of mourning on Tisha B'Av, so that Holocaust Remembrance Day and Memorial Day would also fall on this day but it was not accepted.[33] Contemporary opinionsA 2010 poll in Israel revealed that some 22% of Israeli Jews fast on Tisha B'Av, and 52% said they forego recreational activity on this day even though they do not fast. Another 18% of Israeli Jews responded that were recreational spots permissible to be open they would go out on the eve of the fast day, and labeled the current legal status "religious coercion". The last 8% declined to answer.[34] In relation to the creation of the State of IsraelAs the main focus of the day recalls the destruction of the two Temples in Jerusalem and the subsequent Jewish diaspora, the modern day re-establishment of a Jewish state in the Holy Land has raised various attitudes within Judaism as to whether Tisha B'Av still has significance or not among secular Israelis, while no segment of Orthodox Jews accept this point of view that they regard as "anti-religious".{{cn|date=July 2018}} Following the Six-Day War, the national religious community viewed Israel's territorial conquests with almost messianic overtones. The conquest of geographical areas with immense religious significance, including Jerusalem, the Western Wall, and the Temple Mount was seen as portentous; however only the full rebuilding of the Temple would engender enough reason to cease observing the day as one of mourning and transform it into a day of joy instead.[35] Other traditionsClassical Jewish sources[36] maintain that the Jewish Messiah will be born on Tisha B'Av, though many explain this idea metaphorically, as the hope for the Jewish Messiah was born on Tisha B'Av with the destruction of the Temple.[37] See also
References{{notelist}}1. ^{{cite book|author1=Elozor Barclay|author2=Yitzchok Jaeger|title=Guidelines: Over Four Hundred of the Most Commonly Asked Questions about the Three Weeks|year=2003|publisher=Targum Press|isbn=978-1-56871-254-3|page=65|quote=Hashem condemned this day to become destined for national disasters throughout history...}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Pinchos Yehoshua Ellis|title=Seasons in halacha|year=2005|publisher=Targum Press|isbn=978-1-56871-369-4|page=267|quote=Tisha B'Av initially became destined for tragedy...}} 3. ^See {{bibleverse||Numbers|13|HE}}; {{bibleverse||Numbers|14|HE}}. 4. ^Numbers Rabbah 16:20 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/110-ab-ninth-day-of|title=AB, NINTH DAY OF|work=Jewish Encyclopedia|accessdate=July 15, 2013}} 6. ^Ta'anit 29a 7. ^Secular chronology gives the year as 70 CE. Some versions of rabbinic chronology give the year as 68 CE. See Missing years (Jewish calendar)#Two-year difference within the Hebrew calendar for elaboration. 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://ohr.edu/1088 |title=History of Events on Tisha B'Av |last=Becher |first=Rabbi Mordechai |year=1995 |accessdate=July 19, 2010 |publisher=ohrnet}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Erbstösser|first=Martin|title=The Crusades|year=1978|publisher=Brunel House|location=UK|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Crusades.html?id=bWCbAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780876633311}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1306-king-philip-expels-all-france-s-jews-1.5413718|title=This Day In Jewish History 1306: King Philip 'The Fair' Expels All France's Jews|first=David B.|last=Green|date=July 22, 2016|publisher=|via=Haaretz}} 11. ^1 {{cite book |title=Guidelines: Over Four Hundred of the Most Commonly Asked Questions About the Three Weeks |last=Barclay |first=Rabbi Elozor |last2=Jaeger |first2=Rabbi Yitzchok |year=2003 |publisher=Targum Press |isbn=1-56871-254-5}}. Note that July 31 is the Julian calendar date; corrected for the Gregorian calendar it would be August 10. 12. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.theus.org.uk/sites/default/files/9TH%20AV%20SLIDE%20SHOW_ie_ml.pdf|title=The three weeks, Tisha B'av (9th of Av) and the month of Av in general|publisher=}} 13. ^{{cite news|last=Kreiman|first=Claudia|title=Grief and Consolation in the Month of Av (Isaiah 40:1-26)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-claudia-kreiman/grief-and-consolation-in-_b_3605073.html|date=September 15, 2013|agency=Huffington Post}} 14. ^http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6033-fasting-and-fast-days 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aish.com/h/9av/oal/48964976.html|title=When Tisha B'Av falls on Shabbat or Sunday|publisher=}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://ohr.edu/1098|title=The Laws of Tisha B'Av by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Ullman - www.rabbiullman.com|publisher=}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/holidayd.htm |title=Tisha B'Av |publisher=jewfaq.org |first=Tracey R |last=Rich}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%A7%D7%9B%D7%93#.28.D7.99.D7.91.29|title=קיצור שולחן ערוך קכד – ויקיטקסט|website=he.wikisource.org}} 19. ^1 {{cite book | last = Donin | first = Hayim Halevy | year = 1991 | title = To Be a Jew | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 0-465-08632-2 | pages = 264 }} 20. ^https://www.yeshiva.co/midrash/shiur.asp?id=6869 21. ^{{cite web|last1=Joseph ben Ephraim Karo|title=Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/555|url=https://en.wikisource.org/?curid=57353|accessdate=April 18, 2016}} 22. ^Shulchan Aruch w/Mishnah Brurah 558:1 23. ^Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 125:6 24. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.machonshilo.org/en/eng/list-articles/36-minhag-eretz/59-kina-for-gush-katif |publisher=Machon Shilo |title=Tisha B'Av: Special Gush Katif Kinna |date=December 11, 2008}} 25. ^https://www.yutorah.org/download.cfm?materialID=507764 26. ^http://pathoftorah.com/tanakh/ketuvim/iyov-job/ 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oztorah.com/2008/08/nachem-to-change-or-not-to-change-ask-the-rabbi/ |publisher=OzTorah |title="Nachem": to change or not to change? – Ask the Rabbi |date=August 2008}} 28. ^Mishneh Torah Hilchoth Ta'anith 5:8 29. ^Sefer Mitzvoth ha-Gadol, Venice ed, Laws of Tishah B'Av, 249b 30. ^Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chayim 551 31. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/146502#.T-K9ybXkCJo |title=Tisha B'Av: Mourning Destruction but Hoping for Redemption |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=August 8, 2011}} 32. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4554020,00.html |title=IDF fighters exempt from Tisha B'Av fast |first=Tali |last=Farkash |newspaper=Ynet |date=August 4, 2014}} 33. ^Dreaming of the Third Temple in a conflicted Land of Israel, Haaretz, July 20, 2010. 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3921895,00.html |title=Poll: 74% follow Tisha B'Av tradition|work= Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews|first= Rabi Levi and Rivkah Lubitch| last= Brackman |publisher=www.ynet.co.il |accessdate=July 20, 2010 }} 35. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=72 |first=Yehuda |last=Ben Meir|title=The Disengagement: An Ideological Crisis|work=Strategic Assessment |date=March 2005 |volume=7 |issue=4 |publisher=The Institute for National Security Studies|accessdate=July 20, 2010}} 36. ^Jerusalem Talmud, Berachos 2:4; 37. ^{{cite web |last=Silberberg|first= Naftali|url=http://www.askmoses.com/article.html?h=110&o=43879 |title=Is it true that the Messiah will be born (or was born) on Tisha b'Av? |accessdate=July 22, 2007 |format= |work= |publisher=AskMoses.com}} External links{{Commons category}}
5 : Book of Lamentations|Hebrew names of Jewish holy days|Av observances|Jewish fast days|Tisha B'Av |
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