“Thomaskantor”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Thomaskantor

释义

Position
Known holders of the position
References
Bibliography
External links

{{Infobox official post
|post = Thomaskantor
|body = Thomanerchor
|image = Thomaskirche Leipzig (1749) Foto H.-P.Haack bearbeitet.jpg
|caption = Thomaskirche, one of four churches for which the director of music was responsible, in 1749
|incumbent = Gotthold Schwarz
|incumbentsince = 2015
|type = Director of music
|reports_to = Leipzig
|formation = {{Start date|1518}}
|first = Georg Rhau
|website =
}}

{{lang|de|Thomaskantor}} (Cantor at St. Thomas) is the common name for the musical director of the {{lang|de|Thomanerchor}}, now an internationally known boys' choir founded in Leipzig in 1212. The official historic title of the Thomaskantor in Latin, {{lang|de|Cantor et Director Musices}}, describes the two functions of cantor and director. As the cantor, he prepared the choir for service in four Lutheran churches, Thomaskirche (St. Thomas), Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas), Neue Kirche (New Church) and Peterskirche (St. Peter). As director, he organized music for city functions such as town council elections and homages. Functions related to the university took place at the Paulinerkirche.

Johann Sebastian Bach was the most famous {{lang|de|Thomaskantor}}, from 1723 to 1750.

Position

Leipzig has had a university dating back to 1409, and is a commercial center, hosting a trade fair first mentioned in 1165. It has been mostly Lutheran since the Reformation. The position of Thomaskantor at Bach's time has been described as "one of the most respected and influential musical offices of Protestant Germany.{{sfn|Wolff|1991|p=8}}

The readings and required music of the Lutheran services in Leipzig were regulated in detail. The Church Book (Complete Church / Book / Containing / The Gospels and Epistles / For Every Feast-, Sun-, and Apostle Day

Of the Entire Year ...) lists the prescribed readings, repeated every year.{{sfn|Petzoldt|2013|p=1}} The church year began with the First Sunday in Advent and was divided in feast days, fasting

periods and the feast-less time after Trinity Sunday. For music, there was mainly no concert music such as a cantata during the fasting times of Advent and Lent. Modest music was performed during the second half of the church year, and rich music with more complex instrumentation and more services per day on feast days. Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were celebrated for three days each, and many other feast days were observed.{{sfn|Petzoldt|2013|p=5–6}} The library of St. Thomas contained works in vocal polyphony from the fifteenth century onward.{{sfn|Wolff|1991|p=93}}

The Thomaskantor reported to the city council, the rector of the Thomasschule and the church superintendent.{{sfn|Wolff|1991|p=38}} He had the duty to prepare the choir for service in the city's four Lutheran churches:{{sfn|Wolff|1991|p=30}} the main churches Thomaskirche (St. Thomas) and the Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas),{{sfn|Dürr|1971|p=219}} and also the Neue Kirche (New Church) and the Peterskirche (St. Peter).{{sfn|Peter|2015}}{{sfn|Wolff|2002|p=251–252}}

As cantor, the Thomaskantor had to compose and take care of copying, rehearsals and performances.{{sfn|Wolff|1991|p=39}} He also had to teach music and general subjects.{{sfn|Wolff|1991|p=30}} He took part in the admission process for new students to the school.{{sfn|Wolff|2002|p=247}} The choir was divided in groups: the most advanced singers performed a cantata every Sunday, alternating between St. Thomas and St. Nicholas, a second group sang at the other church, beginners on feast days at the smaller churches. On high holidays, the cantata was performed in both churches, a morning service in one and a vespers service in the other. To earn additional funding, the choir performed also for weddings and funerals.{{sfn|Wolff|2002|p=246}}

As director of music, the Thomaskantor was Leipzig's "senior musician", responsible for the music on official occasions such as town council elections and homages.{{sfn|Wolff|1991|p=30}} Functions related to the university took place at the Paulinerkirche.

Today, the {{lang|de|Thomaskantor}} leads the music in services at the {{lang|de|Thomaskirche}}, including weekly afternoon services called {{lang|de|Motette}} which often contain a Bach cantata. He also conducts the choir in recordings and on tours.

Known holders of the position

The following table shows the names of the known people in the position, and their time of service, in chronological order from the Reformation to now.

No.	No. after Bach	Image	Name	Tenure	Born	Died	Notes
1		Georg Rhau	1518–1520	1488}} {{circa\|1488}} in Eisfeld	1548}} {{nowrap\|6 August 1548}} in Wittenberg
2	Johannes Galliculus	1520–1525	1490}} {{circa\|1490}} in Dresden	1550}} {{circa\|1550}} in Leipzig
3	Valerian Hüffeler	1526–1530	1500}}	1550}}
4	Johannes Hermann	1531–1536	1515}} 1515 in Zittau	1593}} 22 April 1593 in Freiberg
5	Wolfgang Jünger	1536–1539	1517}} {{circa\|1517}} in Sayda	1564}} 4 March 1564 in Großschirma
6	Johannes Bruckner	1539–1540	1501}}	1549}}
7	Ulrich Lange	1540–1549	1502}}	1549}} 1549 in Leipzig
8	Wolfgang Figulus	1549–1551	1525}} {{circa\|1525}} in Naumburg	1589}} 1589 in Meißen
9	Melchior Heger	1553–1564	1520}} in Brüx (today Most)	1564}}
10	Valentin Otto	1564–1594	1529}} 1529 in Markkleeberg	1594}} April 1594
11		Sethus Calvisius	1594–1615	1556}} {{nowrap\|21 February 1556}} in Gorsleben	1615}} 24 November 1615 in Leipzig
12		Johann Hermann Schein	1615–1630	1586}} 20 January 1586 in Grünhain	1630}} {{nowrap\|19 November 1630}} in Leipzig
13	Tobias Michael	1631–1657	1592}} 13 June 1592 in Dresden	1657}} 26 June 1657 in Leipzig
14	Sebastian Knüpfer	1657–1676	1633}} 6 September 1633 in Asch	1676}} 10 October 1676 in Leipzig
15	Johann Schelle	1677–1701	1648}} 6 September 1648 in Geising	1701}} 10 March 1701 in Leipzig
16		Johann Kuhnau	1701–1722	1660}} 6 April 1660 in Geising	1722}} 5 June 1722 in Leipzig
17		Johann Sebastian Bach	1723–1750	1685}} 21 March 1685 in Eisenach	1750}} 28 July 1750 in Leipzig
18	1	Johann Gottlob Harrer	1750–1755	1703}} 1703 in Görlitz	1755}} 9 July 1755 in Karlsbad
19	2		Johann Friedrich Doles	1756–1789	1755}} 23 April 1715 in Steinbach-Hallenberg	1797}} 8 February 1797 in Leipzig	Longest-serving in the role.
20	3		Johann Adam Hiller	1789–1801	1728}} 25 December 1728 in Wendisch-Ossig	1804}} 16 June 1804 in Leipzig	1781–1785 Gewandhauskapellmeister
21	4		August Eberhard Müller	1801–1810	1767}} 13 December 1767 in Northeim	1817}} 3 December 1817 in Weimar	1810–1817 Großherzoglich-Sächsischer Hofkapellmeister
22	5		Johann Gottfried Schicht	1810–1823	1753}} 29 September 1753 in Reichenau	1823}} 16 February 1823 in Leipzig
23	6	Christian Theodor Weinlig	1823–1842	1780}} 25 July 1780 in Dresden	1842}} 7 March 1842 in Leipzig	1814–1817 Kreuzkantor
24	7		Moritz Hauptmann	1842–1868	1792}} 13 October 1792 in Dresden	1868}} 3 January 1868 in Leipzig
25	8		Ernst Friedrich Richter	1868–1879	1808}} 24 October 1808 in Großschönau	1879}} 9 April 1879 in Leipzig
26	9	Wilhelm Rust	1880–1892	1822}} 15 August 1822 in Dessau	1892}} 2 May 1892 in Leipzig
27	10	Gustav Schreck	1893–1918	1849}} 8 September 1849 in Zeulenroda	1918}} 22 January 1918 in Leipzig
28	11		Karl Straube	1918–1939	1873}} 6 January 1873 in Berlin	1950}} 27 April 1950 in Leipzig
29	12		Günther Ramin	1939–1956	1898}} 15 October 1898 in Karlsruhe	1956}} 27 February 1956 in Leipzig
30	13	Kurt Thomas	1957–1960	1904}} 25 May 1904 in Tönning	1937}} 31 March 1973 in Bad Oeynhausen
31	14	{{nowrap\|Erhard Mauersberger}}	1961–1972	1903}} 29 December 1903 in Mauersberg / Marienberg	1982}} {{nowrap\|11 December 1982}} in Leipzig
32	15	Hans-Joachim Rotzsch	1972–1991	1929}} 25 April 1929 in Leipzig	2013}} 24 Sept. 2013 in Leipzig
33	16	Georg Christoph Biller	1992–2015	1955}} {{nowrap\|20 September 1955}} in Nebra	2055}}
34	17		Gotthold Schwarz	2016–	1952}} {{nowrap\|2 May 1952}} in Zwickau	2055}}

References

Bibliography

{{cite book

{{cite web

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{{cite book

{{cite web

| url = http://www.peterskirche-leipzig.de/kirche/geschichte/
| title = Peterskirche Leipzig / Geschichte
| publisher = St. Peter, Leipzig
| year = 2015
| accessdate = 22 January 2015
| language = German
| ref = {{sfnref|Peter|2015}}

Stefan Altner: Das Thomaskantorat im 19. Jahrhundert. Bewerber und Kandidaten für das Leipziger Thomaskantorat in den Jahren 1842 bis 1918. Quellenstudien zur Entwicklung des Thomaskantorats und des Thomanerchors vom Wegfall der öffentlichen Singumgänge 1837 bis zur ersten Auslandsreise 1920. Passage-Verlag, Leipzig 2006, {{ISBN|3-938543-15-9}}.
Johann Gottfried Stallbaum: Über den innern Zusammenhang musikalischer Bildung der Jugend mit dem Gesammtzwecke des Gymnasiums. Eine Inauguralrede, nebst biographischen Nachrichten über die Cantoren an der Thomasschule zu Leipzig. Fritzsche, Leipzig 1842.

External links

Ordnung / Der Schule / zu S. Thomæ, Leipzig 1723 (PDF, in German)
The Leipzig City Council’s Statutes for St. Thomas School, Leipzig 1723 (PDF)

2 : Thomaskantors|St. Thomas School, Leipzig

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