| 词条 | Todar Mal |
| 释义 |
| image = Raja Todar Mall, Finance Minister of Akbar.jpg | birth_date = | caption = | birth_place = Present-day Laharpur, Uttar Pradesh, India | death_date = {{death date|1589|11|08|df=y}} | death_place = Present-day Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan | religion = Hindu | occupation = Finance minister of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar | spouse = | parents = | children = }} Raja Todar Mal was the Finance Minister of the Mughal empire during Akbar's reign. He was one of the Navaratnas in Akbar's darbar (court). LifeTodar Mal was born in Laharpur, Uttar Pradesh.The Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazlallami, translated from the original Persian, by Heinrich Blochmann and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, Volume 1, Page 376, Low Price Publications India[1] in a Hindu family, considered by historians as either Agarwal,[2] Khatri[3][4][5] or Kayastha.[6][7] Todar Mal's father died when he was very young leaving no means of livelihood for him. Todar Mal started his career from the humble position of a writer but slowly moved up the ranks when the Sher Shah Suri, committed him to the charge of building a new fort of Rohtas in Punjab with the objective of preventing Ghakkar raids and to also act as a barrier to the Mughals in the north-west.[8] After the Sur dynasty was overthrown by the Mughals, Todar Mal continued in the service of the ruling power, which was now the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Under Akbar, he was placed in charge of Agra. Later, he was made governor of Gujarat. At various times, he also managed Akbar's Mint at Bengal and served in Punjab. Todar Mal's most significant contribution, which is appreciated even today, is that he overhauled the revenue system of Akbar's Mughal empire. Raja Todarmal built a fortress-palace at Laharpur in the Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Beveridge records that Raja Todar Mal had got leave from Akbar and was on his way to Haridwar, but he received a letter from Akbar in which the latter is said to have written that "it was better to go on working and doing good to the world than to go on a pilgrimage." Todar Mal also translated Bhagavata Purana into Persian. Following Todar Mal's death on 8 November 1589 in Lahore, his body was cremated according to the Hindu traditions. Raja Bhagwan Das, his colleague in the charge of Lahore, was present at the ceremony. Of his two sons, Dhari was killed in a battle in Sindh. Another son, Kalyan Das, was sent by Todar Mal to subdue the Raja of Kumaon in the Himalayas. He rose to become the Finance Minister in Akbar's Darbar. As a soldierTodar Mal is recognized as a able warrior, who led in various batles. {{quote|text=In 971, he was employed under Muzaffar and in 972, he served under Akbar against Khan Zaman (vide no 61).[9]}}{{quote|text=In the 19th year, after the conquest of Patna, he got an Salam and naqqara (A'in 19) and was ordered to accompany MunSim Khan to Bengal. He was the soul of the expedition. In the battle with Da'ud Khan-i-Kharani, when Khan Alam had been killed, and Munsim Khan's horse had run away, the Raja held his ground bravely, and not only was there no defeat but an actual victory. "What harm" said Todar Mal, "if Khan Alam is dead; what fear if the Khan Khanan's horse has run away, the empire is ours!"[9]}}As a Finance minister of AkbarTodar Mal succeeded Khwaja Malik I'timad Khan in 1560. Raja Todar Mal introduced standard weights and measures, a land survey and settlement system, revenue districts and officers.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} This system of maintenance by Patwari is still used in Indian Subcontinent which was improved by British Raj and Government of India. Raja Todar Mal, as finance minister of Akbar, introduced a new system of revenue known as zabt and a system of taxation called dahshala.[10] He took a careful survey of crop yields and prices cultivated for a 10-year period 1570-1580. On this basis, tax was fixed on each crop in cash. Each province was divided into revenue circles with their own rates of revenue and a schedule of individual crops. This system was prevalent where the Mughal administration could survey the land and keep careful accounts. For the revenue system, Akbar's territory was divided into 15 Subahs, which were further subdivided into a total of 187 Sarkars across 15 subahs, and those 197 sarkars (sirkar) were further subdivided into a total of 3367 Mahals or Pargana. Several Mahals were grouped into Dasturs, a unit between Mahal and Sirkar. Portion of larger Mahal or Pargana was called taraf. Mahals was subdivided into standardised Bighas. A Bigha was made of 3600 Ilahi Gaj, which is roughly half of modern acre. Unit of measurement was standardised to Ilahi Gaj, which was equivalent to 41 fingers (29-32 inches). Lead measuring rope, called Tenab, was also standardised by joining pieces of Bamboo with iron rings so that the length of Tenab did not vary with seasonal changes.[11][12] This system was not applicable in the provinces like Gujarat and Bengal.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} DeathTodar Mal died in Lahore on 8 November 1589.[13] LegacyThe Kashi Vishwanath Temple was rebuilt in 1585 by Todar Mal.[14][15] In popular cultureTodar Mal is featured in the video games Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword, Sid Meier's Civilization V: Gods and Kings, and most recently in Sid Meier's Civilization VI as a "great merchant". He has also In the Indian historical fiction Jodha Akbar, Todar Mal is portrayed by Shaurya Singh. See also
References1. ^The Akbar Nama : Abu-I-Fazl : Translated from the Persian by Henry Beveridge, ICS. Pages : 61-62. Vol. III 2. ^{{cite book|title=Socio-cultural History of an Indian Caste|date=1999|author= Dwarka Nath Gupta|publisher=Mittal Publications, New Delhi|page=15|quote=Two of Akbar's finance ministers - Madhu Sah and Todar Mal are said to have been Agarwals}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Political history, 1542-1605 A.D by Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|date=1962|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=357,364|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=EN_6UvuaNs-tqQHSqoHYDA&id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ&dq=todarmal+kayastha&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=khatri}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Studies in Social Change by Krishna Swarup Mathur, B. R. K. Shukla, Banvir Singh|date=1973|publisher=Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=COD6UsqEK5T5qAGAxYCYDg&id=4mU-va1xKTsC&dq=todarmal+kayastha&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=todarmal}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Sher Shah and his times by Kalika Ranjan Qanungo|date=1965|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=todarmal+khatri&dq=todarmal+kayastha&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Vt36Ur-hJtDEqQHbxYHoDw&redir_esc=y}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|title=South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5uU2UteUpEC&q=kayastha#v=snippet&q=kayastha&f=false|accessdate=15 August 2011|year=1990|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-824-81287-4 |page=56}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Annemarie Schimmel|title=Anvari's Divan: A Pocket Book for Akbar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pdFXGw_4MsC&pg=PA35&dq=todar+mal+kayastha&hl=en&sa=X&ei=znDPU8OGPNfs8AXxlIKACQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=todar%20mal%20kayastha&f=false|year=1983|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-8709-9331-2|page=35}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title = Agra: Historical & Descriptive with an Account of Akbar and his court|last = Saiyid Khan Bahadur|first = Muḥammad Laṭīf|publisher = Calcutta Central Press Company|year = 1896|isbn = |location = https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk4QAAAAYAAJ&dq=committed+to+him+His+first+post+the+important+charge+of+constructing+the+new+fort+of+Rohtas&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Sher+in+the+Panjab%2C+with+the+object+of%22|pages = 281–283}} 9. ^1 The Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazlallami, translated from the original Persian, by Heinrich Blochmann and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarret, Volume 1, Page 376, Low Price Publications India 10. ^{{cite web|title=Todar Mal|url=http://reflectiveindian.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/raja-todar-mal/|work=The Reflective Indian|publisher=wordpress.com|accessdate=13 December 2013}} 11. ^[Indian History, VK Agnihotri, pp.B249 ] 12. ^[The Challenges of Indian Management, B R Virmani pp.57] 13. ^{{cite web|url = http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=00701023&ct=206&rqs=94&rqs=95&rqs=282&rqs=283&rqs=344&rqs=345&rqs=769&rqs=770|title = The Akbarnama of Abu Fazl, Volume 3, chpt. 207}} 14. ^http://www.bhu.ac.in/Centre/temples.htm 15. ^{{cite web|title=Tirupati temple - Medieval history|url=http://www.aptourism.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/37-tirupatitemple#.UqpsBif_lic|publisher=A.P Tourism|accessdate=13 December 2013}} Resources
External links
7 : Mughal nobility|Medieval India|16th-century Indian monarchs|Year of birth missing|1589 deaths|Indian Hindus|Akbar |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。