| 词条 | Tokhtamysh | |||
| 释义 |
| name = Tokhtamysh | title = Khan Shahanshah | image = Facial Chronicle - b.10, p.049 - Tokhtamysh at Moscow.jpg | caption = Tokhtamysh and the armies of the Golden Horde rally in front of Moscow, 1382. | reign = 1380-1395 | coronation = 1378 | full name = | predecessor = Urus Khan, Mamai | successor = Edigu | spouse = | issue = | royal house = Borjigin | dynasty = Golden Horde | father = Tuli Kwadja | mother = | birth_date = | birth_place = White Horde | death_date = 1406 | death_place = Tyumen | date of burial = | place of burial = | religion = Islam }} Tokhtamysh (tat. Tuqtamış) [1] or Tokhtamısh{{Sfn|Kołodziejczyk|2011|p = 5}} (died 1406), a prominent khan of the Blue Horde, briefly unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into a single state. He descended from Genghis Khan's grandson, Tuqa-Timur. Early campaigns{{unsourced|section|date=April 2016}}Tokhtamysh appears in history in 1376, trying to overthrow his uncle Urus Khan, ruler of the White Horde, and fleeing to the great Timur. Tokhtamysh outlived Urus and both his sons, and forcefully ascended to the throne of the White Horde in 1378, with Timur's backing. Tokhtamysh dreamed of emulating his ancestors and made plans to reunite the Golden Horde. In 1380, he invaded the Blue Horde by fording across the Volga, and defeated Mamai during the Second Battle of the Kalka River. The ruler of the Blue Horde, Mamai, was killed shortly after the Battle of Kulikovo, marking Tokhtamysh's victory and the reunification of the Golden Horde. Having reunited the Blue and White Hordes into the Golden Horde, in 1382, Tokhtamysh led a successful campaign against Russia as a punishment for the Kulikovo defeat - setting back, though not ending, the Russian aspiration to free themselves of Tatar rule. In just six years, Tokhtamysh had reunified the lands of the Golden Horde from Crimea to Lake Balkhash. Campaign against MoscowDmitry Donskoy had raised a large army to defeat and suppress the Mongol–Tatar hordes, and, after defeating Mamai during the Battle of Kulikovo, could not raise another army against Tokhtamysh Khan. Realizing the enmity the unruly Dimitry had unleashed, Tokhtamysh marched against Moscow. After three days of siege, Tokhtamysh was faced with a stalemate, until Donskoy's brothers-in-law opened the gates and allowed the massacre of the city's inhabitants.[2] The destruction of Moscow led to Dimitry's surrender to the authority of Tokhtamysh at the end of 1382. Tokhtamysh also took Donskoy's son hostage. Wars against Tamerlane{{main|Tokhtamysh–Timur war}}Believing he could defeat the Ilkhanate Chobanids and capture the disputed territories of the Caucasus since the days of Berke Khan, in 1385 Tokhtamysh, with an army of 50,000 (or five tumens), invaded Persia and took Tabriz. Returning north they took 200,000 slaves from the Caucasus, including tens of thousands of Armenians from the districts of Parskahayk, Syunik, and Artsakh.[3] This proved to be a fatal error for Tokhtamysh, who moved north from the Caucasus, thus allowing his Ilkhanate rivals to side with Timur, who annexed Persia to his own expanding kingdom. Furious, Tokhtamysh turned back and made war on his former ally. Eventually, Tokhtamysh conceded defeat and withdrew to the steppe. However, in 1387 he suddenly invaded Transoxiana, the heart of Timur's realm. Unfortunately for Tokhtamysh, heavy snow forced him back to the steppe. In 1395, the scenario reached its climax as Timur attacked the Golden Horde and defeated Tokhtamysh at the Terek. Timur sacked cities of the Golden Horde such as Azov (Tana), Astrakhan[4] and Tokhtamysh's capital, Sarai Berke. Timur captured artisans and craftsmen of the Golden Horde, and placed a puppet ruler, Koirichak, on the throne of the White Horde and appointed Temür Qutlugh khan of the Horde. Tokhtamysh escaped to the Ukrainian steppes and asked for help from the Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. In the great Battle of the Vorskla River (1399) the combined forces of Tokhtamysh and Vytautas were defeated by two of Timur's generals, khan Temur Qutlugh and emir (murza, visir) Edigu. The defeated Tokhtamysh was killed near present-day Tyumen by Edigu's men in 1406. He was the last khan who minted coins with Mongolian script. FamilyHe had 8 sons;
Genealogy
See also
Notes1. ^The spelling of Tokhtamysh varies, but the most common spelling is Tokhtamysh. Tokhtamısh, Toqtamysh, Toqtamış, Toqtamıs, Toktamys, Tuqtamış, and variants also appear. 2. ^https://books.google.com/books?id=kPwX2dW-V6sC&pg=PA57&dq=Tokhtamysh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QZdwU7u1Au-IyAOE7ICwAw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Tokhtamysh&f=false 3. ^The Turco-Mongol Invasions IV, Medieval Armenian History, Turkish History, Turkey 4. ^https://books.google.com/books?id=9JHwVtL7qDcC&pg=PA224&dq=Tokhtamysh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QZdwU7u1Au-IyAOE7ICwAw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Tokhtamysh&f=false References{{inline|date=April 2016}}{{reflist|3}}Bibliography
|-{{s-bef|before=Timur-Malik}}{{s-ttl|title=Khan of the Blue Horde|years=1378–1395}}{{s-aft|after=Koirichak|rows=2}}{{end}}{{Authority control}} 7 : 1406 deaths|Politics of Russia|History of Tatarstan|Khans of the Golden Horde|14th-century monarchs in Asia|Year of birth unknown|Shahanshahs |
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