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词条 Timeline of Baghdad
释义

  1. 16th–19th centuries

  2. 20th century

     1900s–1940s  1950s–1990s 

  3. 21st century

     2000s  2010s 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Bibliography

     Published in 17th–18th centuries  Published in 19th century  Published in 20th century  Published in 21st century 

  7. External links

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.

{{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}
  • 2000 BCE – Babylonian city of Baghdadu in existence (approximate date).[1]
  • 762 CE
    • Round City construction begins per Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur.[1][2]
    • Al-Khassakiyya mosque built.[3]
  • 767 – Al-Mansur Mosque built.[3]
  • 775 – Bab al-Taq (gate) built.[4]
  • 786 – Harun al-Rashid in power.[7]
  • 794 – Paper mill in operation.[7][5]
  • 799 – Mashhad al-Kazimiyya built.[3]
  • 812-813 Siege of Baghdad, Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
  • 814 – City captured by al-Ma'mun.[6]
  • 827 – Tomb of Zobeide built.[12]
  • 836 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tasim relocated from Baghdad to Samarra.[7]
  • 850 – Book of Ingenious Devices published.[8]
  • 855 – Funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[9]
  • 861 – 11 December: Caliph Al-Mutawakkil assassinated.[6]
  • 865 – City wall built.[17]
  • 865-866 Caliphal Civil War, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz.
  • 892 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tamid relocated to Baghdad from Samarra.[7]
  • 901 – Jami al-Qasr (mosque) built.[10]
  • 908 – Khulafa Mosque built.[3]
  • 946 – Battle of Baghdad; Shia Buyids in power.[7]
  • 993 – Dar al-'Ilm (educational institution) founded.[22]
  • 1055 – Seljuq Nizam al-Mulk in power.[6]
  • 1157 - Siege of Baghdad, Abbasid–Seljuq Wars
  • 1060 – Dar al-Kutub (library) founded.[11]
  • 1066 – Abu Hanifa Mosque restored.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}
  • 1067 – Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (college) established.[7][12]
  • 1095 – City wall rebuilt.[13]
  • 1180 – Caliph Al-Nasir in power.
  • 1193 – Jami' Zumurrud Khatun (mosque) and Turbat Zumurrud Khatun (tomb) built.[3]
  • 1202 – Minaret of Jami' al-Khaffafin built (approximate date).[3]
  • 1215 – Tomb of Maruf el-Kerkhi built.[12]
  • 1221 – Bab al-Talsim (Talisman gate) built.[3]
  • 1226 - al-Baghdadi compiles {{Interlanguage link multi|Kitab al-Tabikh (1226)|ar|3=كتاب الطبيخ}} (cookbook).
  • 1228 – Jami' al-Qumriyya Mosque built.[3]
  • 1230 – Al-Qasr al-Abbasi fi al-Qal'a built (approximate date).[3]
  • 1232 – Mustansiriya Madrasah established.[3][10]
  • 1252 – Shrine of Abdul-Kadir built.[12]
  • 1258 – January–February: City destroyed by forces of Mongol Hulagu Khan during the Siege of Baghdad; most of population killed.[7]
  • 1272 – Marco Polo visits city (approximate date).[7]
  • 1326 – Ibn Battuta visits city.[14]
  • 1357 – Al-Madrasah al-Mirjaniyya built.[3]
  • 1358 – Khan al-Mirjan built.[3]
  • 1393 – City captured by Timur.[7]
  • 1401 – City captured by Timur again.[7]
  • 1405 – Sultan Ahmed Jalayir in power.[7]
  • 1417 – City taken by Qara Yusuf.[15]
  • 1468 – Aq Qoyunlu in power.[6]

16th–19th centuries

  • 1508 - City taken by Persian Ismail I.[16]
  • 1534
    • Capture of Baghdad by Ottomans.[7]
    • Jami' Abd al-Qadir al-Jaylani built.[3]
  • 1535 – City becomes capital of the Baghdad Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.
  • 1544 – City taken by forces of Suleiman I.[15]
  • 1578 – Jami' Murad Basha built.[3]
  • 1601 – Coffeehouse built.[17]
  • 1602 – City taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia.[15]
  • 1623 – 23 January: Capture of Baghdad by Safavids.[7]
  • 1625 - Siege of Baghdad, Ottoman–Safavid Wars
  • 1638 – Capture of Baghdad by forces of Ottoman Murad IV.[18]
  • 1682 – Khaseki mosque built.[19]
  • 1683 – City besieged.[7]
  • 1780 – Mamluk Sulayman Pasha the Great in power.[7]
  • 1795 – Jami al-Maydan built.[3]
  • 1799 – City besieged by Wahhabi-Saudi forces.[7]
  • 1816 – Mamluk Dawud Pasha in power.[7]
  • 1823 – Population: 80,000 (estimate).[20]
  • 1826 – Jami' Haydar Khanah built.[3]
  • 1830
    • British East Indian Company in residence (approximate date).[7]
    • Plague.[65]
  • 1831 – Flood, then famine.[7]
  • 1841 – Lynch Brothers in business.[21]
  • 1848 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baghdad established.
  • 1849 – Remnants discovered of quay of Nebuchadrezzar, from Babylonian city of Baghdadu.[19]
  • 1861 – Istanbul-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[22]
  • 1865
    • Basrah-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[22]
    • Alliance Israélite boys' school established.[19]
  • 1869 – Midhat Pasha in power.[7]
  • 1870
    • Municipal council established.[7]
    • City walls demolished.[10]
  • 1871 – Population: 65,000.[23]
  • 1880 – Turkish camel post begins operating (approximate date).[19]
  • 1895 – Population: 100,000 (estimate).[15]
  • 1899 – Alliance Israélite girls' school established.[19]

20th century

1900s–1940s

  • 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).[24]
  • 1909 – Cinema built.[25]
  • 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
  • 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).[26]
  • 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.[7]
  • 1915
    • Istanbul-Baghdad railway begins operating.[6]
    • Al Rasheed Street laid out.[6]
    • Cholera epidemic.[7]
  • 1917
    • March: Fall of Baghdad (1917); British in power.[27][28]
    • Cinema opens.[7]
  • 1919 – Guardians of Independence organized.
  • 1920
    • City becomes capital of the British Mandate of Iraq.
    • Iraqi revolt against the British.
    • Maktabat al-Salam (library) established.
  • 1926 – Baghdad Antiquities Museum founded.
  • 1927 – British Imperial Airways begins operating Cairo-Baghdad-Basrah flights.[7]
  • 1929 – Al-Maktabatil Aammah (public library) active.
  • 1931 – Strike.[29]
  • 1936 – Military coup.[7]
  • 1940 – Iraqi Music Institute inaugurated.[92]
  • 1941 - Iraqi coup d'état in Baghdad, World War II
  • 1941
    • May: Anglo-Iraqi War.[30]
    • June: Farhud (pogrom against Jews).
  • 1944 – Baghdad Symphony Orchestra founded.
  • 1946 – Al-Sarafiya bridge built.
  • 1947 - Population: 352,137.[31]
  • 1948
    • Uprising.[7]
    • Popular Theatre Company[92] and filmmaking Studio of Baghdad formed.[25]

1950s–1990s

  • 1952
    • Uprising.[7]
    • Modern Theatre Company formed.[92]
  • 1953 – Baghdad Central Station built.
  • 1956
    • Samarra Barrage constructed on the Tigris River near the city.[100]
    • May: Government television begins broadcasting.[32]
    • Uprising.[33]
    • Iraqi Artists Society formed.[34]
  • 1957
    • University of Baghdad established.
    • Demonstration.[33]
  • 1958
    • 14 July: Iraqi coup d'état against king Faisal II at Royal Palace.[33]
    • City becomes capital of the Republic of Iraq.
  • 1959
    • Revolution City built.
    • Al-Mabda' newspaper begins publication.
    • Unknown Soldier monument erected on Firdos Square.[35]
  • 1960 – September: OPEC founded at Baghdad Conference (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela).
  • 1961 – Iraq National Library and Archive established.
  • 1963
    • 8–10 February: Iraqi coup d'état.
    • Khulafa Central Mosque built.
    • Al-Mustansiriya University and Al-Rasheed Sport Club established.
  • 1964 – Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital established.
  • 1965 - Population: 1,490,759 city; 1,657,424 urban agglomeration.[36]
  • 1966
    • Film festival held at Al-Rashid Cinema.[37]
    • Al-Shaab Stadium and Martyrs' Mosque built.[3]
  • 1967 – Firqat Ittahaad al-Fannaaneed theatre group formed.[92]
  • 1968 – National Theatre Company established.[92]
  • 1970 - Population: 1,984,142 (estimate).[38]
  • 1971 – Baghdad Zoo opens.
  • 1975 – Central Post Office built.[3]
  • 1978 – November: Arab League summit.
  • 1980
    • Iran–Iraq War begins.
    • Film school of the Institute of Fine Arts established.[37]
  • 1981 – National Film Center and Saddam Hussein Gymnasium (now Baghdad Gymnasium) built.[3]
  • 1982
    • Saddam International Airport, Al Rasheed Hotel, Palestine Meridien Hotel, and Baghdad Conference Palace[3] built.
    • Ishtar Sheraton Hotel opens.
    • The Monument to the Unknown Soldier inaugurated.[35]
  • 1983 – Al-Shaheed Monument built.[3]
  • 1985
    • Baghdad Festival of Arab theatre begins.[39]
    • Amanat Al Assima Housing complex and Central Bank of Iraq building constructed.[3]
  • 1987 - Population: 3,841,268.[40]
  • 1988 – Saddam University established.
  • 1989 – Victory Arch erected.[35]
  • 1991
    • Gulf War.
    • 13 February: Amiriyah shelter bombing.
  • 1993 – 26 June: Missile strikes by United States.
  • 1994 – Baghdad Tower constructed.

21st century

2000s

  • 2002 – April: Statue of Saddam Hussein erected in Firdos Square.
  • 2003
    • 3–12 April: Battle of Baghdad; United States in power; Green Zone established.
    • 9 April: Firdos Square statue destruction.
    • 7 August: Jordanian embassy bombing.
    • 19 August: Canal Hotel bombing.
    • 27 October: Bombings.
  • 2004
    • 2 March: Ashura bombings.
    • 29 May: Alaa al-Tamimi becomes mayor.[41]
    • 25 August: Baghdad International Airport reverts to civilian control.
    • 12 September: Haifa Street helicopter incident.
    • 14 September: Bombing.
  • 2005
    • 8 August: Municipal coup d'état.[41]
    • 31 August: 2005 Baghdad bridge stampede.
    • Baghdad International Film Festival begins.[42]
  • 2006
    • 7 April: Buratha Mosque bombing.
    • 1 July: Sadr City bombing.
    • 9 July: Hay al Jihad massacre.
    • 23 November: Sadr City bombings.
  • 2007
    • 16 January: Mustansiriya University bombings.
    • 22 January: Bombings.
    • 3 February: Market bombing.
    • 14 February: Baghdad Security Plan effected.
    • 18 February: Bombings.
    • 5 March: Mutanabbi Street bombed.[43]
    • 29 March: Bombings.
    • April: Adhamiyah neighborhood Wall construction begins.[44]
    • 26 July: Market bombing.
    • 1 August: Bombings.
  • 2008
    • Baghdad Metro resumes operation.
    • 6 March: Bombing.
    • 17 June: Bombing.
  • 2009
    • 1 January: Control of Green Zone transferred from US to Iraq.
    • Dismantling of war-time blast walls begins.[45]
    • 19 August: Bombings.

2010s

{{see also|Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)}}
  • 2010
    • 17 August: Bombings.
    • Baghdad FC Stadium opens.
  • 2012
    • 5 January: Bombings.
    • 27 January: Bombing.[46]
    • 23 February: 23 February 2012 Iraq attacks.[46]
    • 4 June: Bombing of Shia office.[46]
  • 2015 - Air pollution in Baghdad reaches annual mean of 88 PM2.5 and 208 PM10, much higher than recommended.[47]
  • 2016 - 3 July: Bombing in Karrada.
  • 2018 - 10 June: Election ballot warehouse catches fire.[48]

See also

  • History of Baghdad
  • List of Abbasid Caliphs
  • Neighbourhoods of Baghdad
  • List of mosques in Baghdad
  • Administrative districts in Baghdad (formed in 2003)
  • List of hospitals in Baghdad Governorate
  • Timelines of other cities in Iraq: Basra, Mosul

References

1. ^{{cite journal |title=Baghdad: Imago Mundi, and Other Foundation-Lore |author= Charles Wendell |journal= International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume= 2 |year= 1971 |jstor=162258 }}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA30 |chapter=Baghdad }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 {{cite web |author=ArchNet |author-link=ArchNet |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1492 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210073512/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1492 |archivedate=December 2012 |title=Baghdad }}
4. ^{{cite journal |title=Massignon and Baghdad: The Complexities of Growth in an Imperial City |author= Jacob Lassner |journal= Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume= 9 |year=1966 |jstor=3596170 }}
5. ^{{citation |url=https://printinghistory.org/timeline/ |title=History of Printing Timeline |publisher=American Printing History Association |accessdate=6 May 2016 }}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Citation |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 9781884964039 |title = Middle East and Africa |series=International Dictionary of Historic Places |editor = Trudy Ring |publication-date = 1996 |author=Jacqueline Griffin |chapter=Baghdad }}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 {{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |publication-place = Santa Barbara, USA |editor1 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor2=Bruce E. Stanley |chapter= Baghdad |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |publication-date = 2008 }}
8. ^{{Citation |publisher = Allen Lane |isbn = 9781846141614 |publication-place = London |title = Pathfinders: the golden age of Arabic science |author = Jim Al-Khalili |publication-date = 2010 }}
9. ^{{cite journal |year=1856 |location=Bombay |journal=Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society |volume=12 |author=Felix Jones |title=Brief Observations, Forming an Appendix to the Map of Baghdad |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HNzuf4Z2CR4C&pg=PA53 }}
10. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Francoise Micheau |chapter=Baghdad in the Abbasid Era |location= Leiden |publisher= Koninklijke Brill |year=2008 |title=The City in the Islamic World |isbn=9789004162402 }}
11. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad |author= George Makdisi |journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume= 24 |year=1961 |jstor=610293 | doi = 10.1017/s0041977x0014039x |pages=1}}
12. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07®ion=wam#/Key-EventsKey-Events |title= West Asia: Iraq, 1000–1400 A.D.: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |accessdate=3 October 2014 }}
13. ^1 {{cite journal |title= Topography of Eleventh Century Baġdād: Materials and Notes |author= George Makdisi |journal= Arabica |year= 1959 |jstor=4055493 |pages=178–197}}
14. ^{{cite journal |title=Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative |author=Michael Cooperson |journal=Muqarnas |volume=13 |year=1996 |url=http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=5201 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023152439/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=5201 |archivedate=23 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Citation |publisher = John Murray |publication-place = London |title = Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc. |editor= Charles Wilson |editor-link=Charles William Wilson |publication-date = 1895 |oclc = 8979039 |chapter=Baghdad |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=icy5QKym2BoC&pg=PA301 }}
16. ^{{cite book|author=Justin Marozzi|author-link=Justin Marozzi|title=Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood |year= 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-194804-1}}
17. ^{{cite book|author= Markman Ellis |title=The Coffee-House: a Cultural History |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |year= 2004 |isbn=0297843192 }}
18. ^{{cite book |title=Edinburgh Gazetteer |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1829 |edition=2nd |chapter=Bagdad |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60 }}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Citation |publication-place = New York |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit03chisrich#page/194/mode/2up |chapter =Bagdad }}
20. ^{{Citation |publisher = S. Converse |publication-place = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |authorlink1=Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = A New Universal Gazetteer |publication-date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/73/mode/1up |chapter= Bagdad }}
21. ^{{cite book |title=Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914 : A Documentary Economic History |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}
22. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65 |author= Soli Shahvar |journal= Middle Eastern Studies |volume=39 |year= 2003 |jstor=4284278 }}
23. ^1 {{cite book |title=Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia |year=1871 |edition=2nd |location=Madras |editor=Edward Balfour |editor-link=Edward Balfour |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=R-NSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA289 |chapter= Baghdad }}
24. ^{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf |year=1908 |location=Calcutta |chapter=City of Baghdad |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnXiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA196 |author=Lorimer }}
25. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 9780415187039 |title = Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film |editor = Oliver Leaman |publication-date = 2001 }}
26. ^{{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |publication-place = Leipzig |title = Palestine and Syria |edition =5th |publication-date = 1912 |chapter=Baghdad |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=BykoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA430 }}
27. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14546763 |title=Iraq Profile: Timeline |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=11 April 2013}}
28. ^{{cite book|author1= Stephen Pope |author2=Elizabeth-Anne Wheal|title=Dictionary of the First World War|year= 1995 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-85052-979-1 |chapter=Select Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=fOrNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 }}
29. ^{{Citation |publisher = Columbia University Press |publication-place = NY |title = Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country 1914-1932 |author = Peter Sluglett |publication-date = 2007 |isbn=9780231142007 }}
30. ^{{cite book|title= New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdpAwAAQBAJ|year= 2013|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers |location=USA |editor= Richard Overy |editor-link= Richard Overy |isbn=978-1-60376-377-6}}
31. ^{{cite web |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 1955 |year= |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |title=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
32. ^{{cite journal |title=Radio and Television in Iraq: The Electronic Media in a Transitional Arab World Country |author= Douglas A. Boyd |journal= Middle Eastern Studies |volume= 18 |year= 1982 |jstor=4282908 }}
33. ^1 2 {{Citation |publisher = PublicAffairs |publication-place = New York |author = Kwasi Kwarteng |title = Ghosts of empire: Britain's legacies in the modern world |publication-date = 2011 }}
34. ^{{Citation |publisher = Stanford University Press |publication-place = Stanford, California |author = Orit Bashkin |title = The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq |publication-date = 2008 |isbn=9780804759922 }}
35. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |title=Modernity and its Posts in Constructing an Arab Capital: Baghdad's Urban Space and Architecture |author= Caecilia Pieri |journal= Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |volume= 42 |year= 2008 |jstor=23063540 }}
36. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 }}
37. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = Scarecrow Press |publication-place = USA |author1 = Terri Ginsberg |author2=Chris Lippard |title = Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema |publication-date = 2010 }}
38. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247–289 }}
39. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Citation |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 0415059321 |publication-place = London |editor =Don Rubin |title = World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre |publication-date = 1999 }}
40. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}
41. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/10/international/middleeast/10iraq.html |title=Baghdad Mayor Is Ousted by a Shiite Group and Replaced |date= 10 August 2005 |work=New York Times }}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baghdadfilmfest.com/about |title=Baghdad International Film Festival |accessdate=13 April 2013}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2007/03/2008525142638665367.html |title=Baghdad car bomb hits book market |date= 6 March 2007 |publisher=Al Jazeera }}
44. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/02/06/us-iraq-security-walls-idUSYAT37142920080206 |title=Baghdad security walls curb violence, at a cost |date=6 February 2008 |publisher=Reuters}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/when-the-walls-come-down/ |title=When the Walls Come Down |date=14 October 2009 |work=New York Times }}
46. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year |year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXadAAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-62513-103-4}}
47. ^{{citation |author=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |title=Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database |year=2016 |url=http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ }}
48. ^{{citation |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-44432047 |work=BBC News |title= Iraq election: Fire at Baghdad ballot paper depot |date= 10 June 2018 }}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

Published in 17th–18th centuries

  • {{cite book |author=Jean-Baptiste Tavernier |authorlink=Jean-Baptiste Tavernier |title=Les Six Voyages |language = French |year=1676 |location=Paris |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=_cgM18MuVgsC&pg=PA208 |chapter=(Bagdat)}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Denys Thierry |publication-place = Paris |author = Allain Manesson Mallet |authorlink=Alain Manesson Mallet |language=French |title = Description de l'univers |publication-date = 1683 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/descriptiondelun02mall#page/238/mode/2up |chapter= De la ville de Bagdet }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = J. Neaulme & N. van Daalen |publication-place = The Hague |author = Barthélemy d' Herbelot |authorlink=Barthélemy d'Herbelot |title = Bibliotheque orientale |publication-date = 1777 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/bibliothequeorie01herb#page/324/mode/2up |chapter=Bagdad |language=French }}

Published in 19th century

  • {{cite book |title=Description du pachalik de Bagdad |year=1809 |language=French |author=J.B.L.J. Rousseau|authorlink = Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (orientalist) }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown |publication-date = 1819 |publication-place = London |title = The Cycloppædia |author= Abraham Rees |chapter=Bagdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/cyclopaediaorun03rees#page/457/mode/1up }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown |publication-place = London |title = Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c |author = Robert Ker Porter |authorlink = Robert Ker Porter |publication-date = 1821 |oclc = 5524754 |chapter=(Bagdad) |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/travelsingeorgia02port#page/246/mode/2up }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = H. Colburn and R. Bentley |publication-place = London |author = Robert Mignan |title = Travels in Chaldæa |publication-date = 1829 |chapter=(Bagdad) |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/travelsinchalda00migngoog#page/n116/mode/2up }}
  • {{Cite book |publisher =William Blackwood |publication-date = 1830 |publication-place = Edinburgh |title = Edinburgh Encyclopædia |editor=David Brewster |chapter=Bagdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo03edinuoft#page/192/mode/1up }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = J. Nisbet |publication-place = London |title = Journal of a residence at Bagdad during the years 1830 and 1831 |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13493447M/Journal_of_a_residence_at_Bagdad |author = Anthony Norris Groves |authorlink=Anthony Norris Groves |publication-date = 1832 |oclc = 5000777 }}
  • {{cite journal |journal=American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge |volume=1 |year= 1834 |location= Boston |publisher=Boston Bewick Co. |url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hny8ty?urlappend=%3Bseq=133 |title=Bagdad }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = T. Tegg |publication-place = London |author = Josiah Conder |authorlink=Josiah Conder (editor and author) |title = Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern |publication-date = 1834 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgeog00cond#page/58/mode/2up |chapter=Bagdad }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = H. Colburn |publication-place = London |title = Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean |author = James Raymond Wellsted |author-link = James Raymond Wellsted |publication-date = 1840 |oclc = 5395027 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/travelstocityca00wellgoog#page/n270/mode/2up |chapter= Bagdat }}
  • {{cite book|author= Thomas Bartlett |title= New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events|year=1841|publisher=Thomas Kelly |location=London |chapter= Bagdad |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=rJ9fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA54 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Routledge, Warne, & Routledge |publication-place = London |author = Theodore Alois Buckley |author-link = Theodore Alois Buckley |title = Great Cities of the Middle Ages |edition=2nd |publication-date = 1862 |chapter= Bagdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/greatcitiesofmid00buck#page/421/mode/2up }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co. |publication-place = London |author = George Henry Townsend |author-link = George Henry Townsend |title = A Manual of Dates |publication-date = 1867 |edition=2nd |chapter=Bagdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/manualofdatesdic00townrich#page/110/mode/1up }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = William Tegg |publication-place = London |title = Dictionary of Chronology |editor = William Henry Overall |editor-link = William Henry Overall |publication-date = 1870 |oclc = 2613202 |chapter=Baghdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofchro00overiala#page/52/mode/1up }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington |publication-place = London |title = Through Asiatic Turkey |author = Grattan Geary |publication-date = 1878 |oclc = 4918876 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/throughasiatict00geargoog#page/n151/mode/2up |chapter=City of the Caliphs }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written about the year 900 AD by Ibn Serapion |author1=Ibn Serapion |author2=Guy Le Strange |year=1895 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |location=London |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015020450659?urlappend=%3Bseq=15 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = D. Reimer (E. Vohsen) |publication-place = Berlin |title = Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf |author = Max Freiherr von Oppenheim |authorlink=Max von Oppenheim |publication-date = 1899 |oclc = 13166400 |language=German |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/vommittelmeerzu01oppegoog#page/n305/mode/2up |chapter= Baġdād }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Clarendon Press |publication-place = Oxford |author = Guy Le Strange |authorlink = Guy Le Strange |url = https://archive.org/stream/BaghdadDuringTheAbbasidCaliphateFromContemporaryArabicAndPersian/LeStrange_Baghdad_Abbasid#page/n9/mode/2up |title = Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate |publication-date = 1900 }} ([https://archive.org/stream/BaghdadDuringTheAbbasidCaliphateFromContemporaryArabicAndPersian/LeStrange_Baghdad_Abbasid#page/n33/mode/2up Bibliography] + [https://archive.org/stream/BaghdadDuringTheAbbasidCaliphateFromContemporaryArabicAndPersian/LeStrange_Baghdad_Abbasid#page/n421/mode/2up Index]).

Published in 20th century

  • {{Citation |publisher = W. & R. Chambers |publication-date = 1901 |publication-place = London |title = Chambers's Encyclopaedia |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/chamberssency01lond#page/654/mode/2up |chapter=Bagdad }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Printed for the Hakluyt Society |publication-place = London |author = Pedro Teixeira |authorlink=Pedro Teixeira |translator=William F. Sinclair |title = The Travels of Pedro Teixeira |publication-date = 1902 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/travelsofpedrote09teix#page/60/mode/2up |chapter=Concerning the City of Bagdad }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = É. Bouillon |publication-place = Paris |title = L' introduction topographique â l'histoire de Bagdâdh d'Aboû Bakr Aḥmad ibn Thâbit al-Khatîb al-Bagdâdhî |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6942714M/L'_introduction_topographique_â_l'histoire_de_Bagdâdh_d'Aboû_Bakr_Aḥmad_ibn_Thâbit_al-Khatîb_a |author = Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi |authorlink=Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi |publication-date = 1904 |oclc = 23419471 |language=French |translator=George Salmon }}
  • {{citation |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |location=New York |chapter=Bagdad |volume=2 |year= 1907 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/jewishencycloped02sing#page/434/mode/2up }}
  • {{cite book |title=Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon |location=Leipzig |publisher=Brockhaus |year=1908 |edition=14th |language=German |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1TOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA261 |chapter=Bagdad }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |publication-place = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |publication-date = 1910 |chapter=Bagdad |chapterurl =https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/116/mode/1up }}
  • {{cite book |chapter=Baghdad |page= 563?+ |publisher =E.J. Brill |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |year=1913 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA563 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Brockhaus |publication-place = Leipzig |author = Sven Hedin |authorlink=Sven Hedin |title = Bagdad, Babylon, Ninive |publication-date = 1918 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/bagdadbabylonnin00hediuoft#page/118/mode/2up |chapter= Bagdad einst und jetzt |language=German }}
  • {{cite book |title=Manāqib Baghdād |year=1923–1924 |language=Arabic |location=Baghdād |publisher= Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Salām |author=Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi |authorlink=Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi |others=Edited by M. Bahjat al-Atharī }}
  • {{cite book |title=Baghdad Sketches |year=1932 |author=Freya Stark |authorlink=Freya Stark }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Columbia University Press |publication-place = New York |editor = Leon E. Seltzer |title = Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World |ol=6112221M |publication-date = 1952 |page=140 |chapter=Baghdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/columbialippinco00selt#page/140/mode/1up }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Autograph diary of an eleventh-century historian of Baghdad |journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |year=1956–1957 |author1=Ibn al-Banna |author2=George Makdisi | doi = 10.1017/s0041977x00122189 |volume=18 |pages=9}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = G. & C. Merriam Co. |ol=5812502M |publication-place = Springfield, Massachusetts |title = Webster's Geographical Dictionary |publication-date = 1960 |chapter=Baghdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/webstersgeograph00gcmerich#page/92/mode/1up |page=92 }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Baghdad: portrait of a city in physical and cultural change |author=J. Gulick |journal=Journal of the American Institute of Planners |volume=33 |year=1967 }}
  • Jacob Lassner. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1970.
  • {{Citation |publisher = University of Oklahoma Press |isbn = 080610922X |publication-place = Norman |title = Baghdad: metropolis of the Abbasid caliphate |publication-date = 1971 |translator=Seymour Feiler |author=Gaston Wiet}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Lonely Planet |location=Australia |title = Middle East |year= 1994 |ol=16516298W |chapter=Iraq: Baghdad |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/middleeastonshoe00bros#page/302/mode/2up |page=302+ }}
  • {{cite book|author1=John Block Friedman|author2=Kristen Mossler Figg|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia|year= 2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59094-9 |chapter=Baghdad |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA43 |page=43+ }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Verlag der Fachvereine Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich |isbn = 3728119725 |title = Urban form in the Arab world |author = Stefano Bianca |publication-date = 2000 |chapter=Baghdad: an Arab Metropolis between Conservation and Redevelopment }}

Published in 21st century

  • {{cite book|editor= Yasser Elsheshtawy |title=Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope|year= 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-41010-1 |chapter= Globalization and the search for modern local architecture: learning from Baghdad |author= Hoshiar Nooradin |page=59 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6csl35cPCcC&pg=PA59 }}
  • {{cite book|author= Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq|author-link= Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq|translator= Nawal Nasrallah |title=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUC-e-l3XM8C|year= 2007|publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-15867-7}}
  • {{cite book|editor=Gyan Prakash|editor2=Kevin Michael Kruse|editor-link=Gyan Prakash|title=Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-13343-3 |chapter= Violence and spatial politics between the local and imperial: Baghdad 1778-1810 |author=Dina Rizk Khoury |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDGd7HDMFp4C&pg=PA181 }}
  • {{cite book|author=Luc-Normand Tellier|title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |year= 2009|publisher=Presses de l'Université du Québec |isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1 |chapter=Baghdad Urbexplosion |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA195 |page=195+ }}
  • {{cite book|author1=Gabor Agoston |author2= Bruce Alan Masters |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|year= 2009|publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |chapter=Baghdad |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA70 }}
  • {{cite journal |title='Securing Democracy In Iraq': Sectarian Politics and Segregation in Baghdad, 2003-2007 |author=Mona Damluji |journal= Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review |volume= 21 |year= 2010 |publisher= International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments |url=http://iaste.berkeley.edu/category/tdsr |via=University of California, Berkeley }}
{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category|Baghdad}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.en.uobaghdad.edu.iq/PageViewer.aspx?id=89 |title=History of Baghdad |publisher=University of Baghdad }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://pinterest.com/yalqaysi/the-heart-of-baghdad |title= Heart of Baghdad |editor=Yezin Al-Qays }}
  • {{cite web |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location= Los Angeles |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/iraq/baghdad?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Baghdad, Iraq }}
  • {{cite web | url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/15601/8DB77539232C36216E93B2FE14526D36971AF87B.html |title=Photograph album of Capt. W. Harold Morgan: Mesopotamia |author=Harold W. Morgan |date=1917–1919 }} (includes photos of Baghdad)
  • Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=baghdad&rows=96 Items related to Baghdad], various dates.
{{coord|33.325|44.422|type:city_region:IQ|display=title}}{{Tigris}}{{Administrative districts in Baghdad}}{{Districts of Iraq}}{{Iraq year nav}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

5 : Years in Iraq|History of Baghdad|Timelines of cities in Iraq|Iraq-related lists|Timelines of capitals
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