请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Timeline of Douala
释义

  1. Prior to 20th century

  2. 20th century

  3. 21st century

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Bibliography

     in English  in French  in German 

  7. External links

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Douala, Cameroon.

{{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}

Prior to 20th century

{{History of Cameroon}}
  • 1472 - the Portuguese visit the area during the Age of Exploration
  • 1845 - Alfred Saker of the British Baptist Missionary Society arrives in Douala.
  • 1849 - Native Baptist Church of Douala built.
  • 1859 (July 8) - Arrangement Anglo-douala signed.
  • 1868 - The company Woermann-Linie in Cameroon
  • 1881 - The company Woermann-Linie receives the authorization to build a factory (trading post) in Deido.
  • 1884 - Germans in power (the treaty between the Douala and Germans is signed; Cameroon becomes a German protectorate.
  • 1885 - Construction (1885-1890) of a prefabricate iron house for King Ndumbe Lobe.
  • 1886 - The Protestant Mission of Basel takes the place of the Mission of London.
  • 1887 (February) - Construction of the postoffice.
  • 1888
    • (March) - Construction of a school in Joss (directed by Théodor Christaller arrived in Cameroon in 1887).
    • Construction of a brickyard (before, building materials were imported by Germans from Hamburg).
    • Fracture between the Protestant Mission of Basel and the "Natives". Construction of a new church by the natives and led by Josua Dibundu.
  • 1890 - First documented plan of the city, Deutsches Kolonial Blatt.
  • 1891 - German government headquarters built.
  • 1893 - Revolt of the German troops composed of former slaves of Dahomey enrolled in the German army to pay back their liberation.
  • 1896 - General Hospital built.
  • The German Baptists Missioners of Berlin arrive in Cameroon.

20th century

  • 1901 - Kamerunstadt renamed "Douala."{{sfn|Derrick|1980}}
  • 1905 - Palace of the Kings Bell built.
  • 1906 - Mwendi Ma Musango Baptist newspaper begins publication.[1]
  • 1907
    • Capital of German Cameroon relocated from Douala to Buea.{{sfn|Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon|1920}}
  • 1908 - Elolombe Ya Cameroun Protestant newspaper begins publication.[1]
  • 1909 - The railway line Bonaberi-Nkongsamba (160 km) is inaugurated.
  • 1910
    • Villa Mandessi Bell (residence) built.
    • Robbery from Deutsch Westafrikanische Bank.[3]
    • Population: 22,000.[2]
  • 1911 - The railway line Douala-Edea is inaugurated
  • 1913
    • Eseka-Douala railway constructed.[3]
    • The German urban plan is implemented by moving the population to New Deido, New Akwa and New Bell and by creating a 1 km Freie Zone to separate those areas from the European city.
  • 1914
    • September: British forces in Douala.[4][5]
    • New Bell established.{{sfn|Schler|2002}}
  • 1917 (February) Louis-Ferdinand Céline is hospitalized in Douala.
  • 1919 - Town becomes part of French Cameroun.
  • 1921 - Capital of French Cameroun relocated from Douala to Yaounde.[3]
  • 1927 - Oryx Douala football club formed.
  • 1928 - Chamber of Commerce building constructed.
  • 1930 - Mbale newspaper begins publication.[1]
  • 1931
    • Palace of Justice built.
    • Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of Douala established.
  • 1936 - Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Douala built.
  • 1941 - Radio Douala begins broadcasting.[1]
  • 1944 - Population: 37,751.[3]
  • 1945 - Riots.{{sfn|Joseph|1974}}
  • 1948 - Brasseries du Cameroun in business.
  • 1949
    • Association des femmes de l'Union Francaise au Cameroun headquartered in Douala.[6]
    • Population: 67,925.[3]
  • 1954 - {{illm|Pont sur le Wouri|fr}} (bridge) built to Bonabéri.
  • 1955 - L'Effort Camerounais[7][8] and La Presse du Cameroun newspapers begin publication.[1]
  • 1956 - Population: 124,703.[3]
  • 1957 - Union Douala football club formed.
  • 1958 - Stade Akwa built.
  • 1959 - 31 December: Unrest.[9][10]
  • 1960 - 1 January: City becomes part of the Republic of Cameroon.[9]
  • 1963 - Centre Culturel Americain active.[11]
  • 1964 - Centre Culturel Francais active.[11]
  • 1965 - Pan African Institute for Development regional headquarters established in Douala.[12]
  • 1970 - Population: 250,000 urban agglomeration.[13]
  • 1972
    • Stade de la Réunification built.
    • February–March: City hosts 1972 African Cup of Nations.
  • 1974
    • Commune Urbaine de Douala (urban council) established.[25]
    • Cameroon Tribune newspaper begins publication.
  • 1978 - American School founded.[14]
  • 1979 - Le Messager newspaper begins publication.[15]
  • 1983 - Population: 708,000 urban agglomeration (estimate).[16]
  • 1986 - {{illm|Musée maritime de Bonanjo|fr}} (museum) founded.
  • 1987 - {{Interlanguage link multi|Communauté urbaine de Douala|fr}} created.[17]
  • 1990 - Population: 931,000 (urban agglomeration).[30]
  • 1991
    • General strike.[18]
    • Doual'art (art centre) founded.[19]
  • 1992 - Commune Urbaine d`Arrondissement Douala V created.[17]
  • 1993 - University of Douala founded.[20]
  • 1997 - Commercial Bank Cameroon and Commercial Bank Group headquartered in city.
  • 1999 - Festival International de Voix de Femmes begins (women's fest).[21]
  • 2000 - Population: 1,432,000 (urban agglomeration).[22]

21st century

  • 2001
    • 9 April: Political protest.[23]
    • Douala Stock Exchange and Accueil Femmes Francophones de Douala founded.[24]
  • 2002
    • World Bank Douala Infrastructure Project launched.[25]
    • Astres Football Club formed.
  • 2004 - March: Taxi strike.[26]
  • 2005
    • City website online (approximate date).[27]{{Chronology citation needed|date=January 2016}}
    • Art biennale begins.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}
    • Population: 1,907,479.[28]
  • 2007
    • Salon Urbain de Douala (art fair) begins.[29]
    • 5 May: Airplane crash near city.
  • 2008
    • February: Anti-government protest.[30]
    • City becomes capital of Littoral Region (Cameroon).
  • 2010 - Drinking water shortage.[31]
  • 2019 - Part of 2019 Africa Cup of Nations football contest to be played in Douala.

See also

  • Douala history (fr)
  • {{Interlanguage link multi|Neighborhoods of Douala|fr|3=Quartiers de Douala}}
  • Timeline of Yaoundé

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 {{Citation |publisher = Lexington Books |isbn = 0739103776 |publication-place = Lanham, Maryland, US |title = Journalism and mass communication in Africa: Cameroon |editor1=Festus Eribo |editor2=Enoh Tanjong |publication-date = 2002 |chapter=Evolution of the Media in Cameroon |author1=Muluh Henry |author2= Ndoh Bertha }}
2. ^{{Citation |publication-place = New York |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit05chisrich#page/110/mode/2up |chapter = Cameroon }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Citation |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0521562287 |publication-place = Cambridge |title = Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c.1600-c.1960 |author1 = Ralph A. Austen |author2= Jonathan Derrick |publication-date = 1999 }}
4. ^{{Citation |publisher = Naval Institute Press |isbn = 0870212664 |publication-place = Annapolis, Maryland |title = A naval history of World War I |author = Paul G. Halpern |publication-date = 1994 }}
5. ^{{cite book|author1= Stephen Pope |author2=Elizabeth-Anne Wheal|title=Dictionary of the First World War|year= 1995 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-85052-979-1 |chapter=Select Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=fOrNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 }}
6. ^{{cite book |title=Petitioning for Our Rights, Fighting for Our Nation: The History of the Democratic Union of Cameroonian Women, 1949-1960 |author=Meredith Terretta |publisher=Langaa |location=Bamenda |ISBN= 9789956728053 |year=2013 }}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://leffortcamerounais.typepad.com/leffort_camerounais/2005/02/leffort.html |title=L'Effort Camerounais in Brief |location=Douala |publisher= National Bishop's Conference of Cameroon |accessdate=23 May 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web |url= http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/cameroon/camernews.html |title=Cameroon: News |work=Africa South of the Sahara |publisher=Stanford University |location=US |accessdate=23 May 2013 }}
9. ^1 {{cite journal |title=The Trauma of Independence in French-Speaking Africa |author= Victor T. Le Vine |journal=Journal of Developing Areas |volume= 2 |year= 1968 |jstor=4189457 }}
10. ^{{citation |title=Terrorists Raid Cameroons Port |date=1 January 1960 |work=New York Times }}
11. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = De Gruyter Saur |isbn = 9783110230710 |title = World Guide to Libraries |edition=25th |publication-date = 2011 }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.paidafrica.org/ipd-ac/presentation/ipd-ac |title=IPD-AC |publisher=Institut Panafricain pour le Développement Afrique Centrale |accessdate=23 May 2013}}
13. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.asddouala.com/about-us.html |title=About Us |publisher=American School of Douala |accessdate=23 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629035804/http://www.asddouala.com/about-us.html |archivedate=29 June 2013 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3ADouala+%28Cameroon%29+Newspapers.&qt=hot_subject |title=Douala (Cameroon) Newspapers |location=US |work=WorldCat |publisher=Online Computer Library Center |accessdate=23 May 2013}}
16. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}
17. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.douala-city.org/fr/?SessionID=P4JI1VHS4UZJQ3LQGJR1KCWKSW6OMU&e1=245&kid=1&bnid=245 |title=Historique |language=French |publisher=Ville de Douala |accessdate=23 May 2013}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/05/world/strike-aims-to-bleed-cameroon-s-economy-to-force-president-s-fall.html |title=Strike Aims to Bleed Cameroon's Economy to Force President's Fall |date=5 August 1991 |work=New York Times}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.doualart.org/ |title=Doual'art |location=Douala |accessdate=23 May 2013}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.univ-douala.com/presentation-de-ludla.html |title=Presentation generale de l'Université de Douala |language=French |publisher=L'Université de Douala |accessdate=23 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601214940/http://univ-douala.com/presentation-de-ludla.html |archivedate=1 June 2013 |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.massao.org/historique_du_festival_026.htm |title=Historique du festival |publisher=Massao |language=French |accessdate=23 May 2013}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=9141&catid=7&typeid=46 |title=The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequalities and Urban Land Markets |year=2010 |publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617161951/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=9141&catid=7&typeid=46 |archivedate=2013-06-17 |df= }}
23. ^{{cite book|publisher=Europa Publications |title=Political Chronology of Africa |series=Political Chronologies of the World |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0O86sZdHfHUC |isbn=0203409957 |year= 2001 |chapter= Cameroon |page= 58+ }}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fiafe.org/?module=accueils&ville=DOUALA |title=Accueil Femmes Francophones de Douala |publisher= Fédération Internationale des Accueils Français et francophones à l'Etranger |accessdate=23 May 2013 |language=French }}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/06/12674466/cameroon-douala-infrastructure-project |title=Cameroon - Douala Infrastructure Project |publisher=World Bank |year=2010 |location=Washington, DC }}
26. ^{{cite book |title=Politics of Neoliberal Reforms in Africa: State and Civil Society in Cameroon |publisher=Langaa |author=Piet Konings |year= 2011 |isbn=995671741X }}
27. ^{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050626011558/http://www.douala-city.org/ |url= http://www.douala-city.org/ |archivedate= June 2005 |title= Site officiel de la Communauté Urbaine de Douala |language=French |via= Internet Archive, Wayback Machine }}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |year=2012 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.domusweb.it/en/art/2012/04/09/public-art-and-urban-change-in-douala.html |title=Public Art and Urban Change in Douala |work=Domus |year=2012 |accessdate=5 June 2013}}
30. ^{{Citation |publisher = Scarecrow Press |isbn = 9780810858244 |publication-place = Lanham, Maryland, US |title = Historical dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |author = Mark D. DeLancey |edition=4th |publication-date = 2010 |display-authors=etal}}
31. ^{{cite book|editor=Andreas Mehler|title=Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2010 |year= 2011|publisher=Koninklijke Brill |isbn=90-04-20556-X |chapter=Cameroon |author= Fanny Pigeaud |pages=211–220 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a7fOs19r9IC&pg=PA211 |display-editors=etal}}

This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia and the German Wikipedia.

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

in English

  • {{cite journal |author=D. Gardinier |title=Urban Politics in Douala, Cameroun |journal= African Urban Notes |volume=4 |year=1969 }}
  • {{cite journal

|title=Urban Unemployment as a Determinant of Political Unrest: The Case Study of Douala, Cameroon |author1= Joyce Sween |author2= Remi Clignet |journal= Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume= 3 |year= 1969 }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Urbanization and Social Differentiation in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Structures of Douala and Yaoundé |author1= Remi Clignet |author2= Frank Jordan |journal= Cahiers d'Études africaines |volume= 11 |doi= 10.3406/cea.1971.2803 |via= Persee.fr |year= 1971

}} {{free access}}

  • {{cite journal |title=Settlers, Strikers and Sans-Travail: The Douala Riots of September 1945 |author= Richard A. Joseph |journal= Journal of African History |volume= 15

|year=1974
|jstor=180996
| ref = {{harvid|Joseph|1974}}
}}
  • {{cite journal

|title=The 'Germanophone' Elite of Douala under the French Mandate |author= Jonathan Derrick |journal= Journal of African History |volume= 21
|year=1980
|jstor=182138
| ref = {{harvid|Derrick|1980}}
}}
  • {{cite journal

|title=Looking through a Glass of Beer: Alcohol in the Cultural Spaces of Colonial Douala, 1910-1945 |author= Lynn Schler |journal= International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume= 35
|year=2002
|jstor=3097616
| ref = {{harvid|Schler|2002}}
}}
  • {{cite journal

|title=Ambiguous Spaces: The Struggle over African Identities and Urban Communities in Colonial Douala, 1914-45 |author=Lynn Schler |journal=Journal of African History |volume=44
|year= 2003
}}
  • {{cite journal

|title=Bridewealth, Guns and Other Status Symbols: Immigration and Consumption in Colonial Douala |author= Lynn Schler |journal= Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume= 16 |year=2003
}}
  • {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History |editor1= Paul Tiyambe Zeleza |editor2= Dickson Eyoh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415234794 |year=2003

|chapter= Douala, Cameroon
}}
  • {{citation

|year=2004 |title= Poverty and Urban Mobility in Douala |publisher= World Bank
}}
  • {{Citation

|publisher = Duke University Press |isbn = 9780822334347 |title = For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities |author = Abdou Maliqalim Simone |publication-date = 2004 |chapter=The Spectral: Assembling Douala, Cameroon }}
  • {{cite journal

|title=History, the Nation-State, and Alternative Narratives: An Example from Colonial Douala |author= Lynn Schler |journal= African Studies Review |volume= 48 |year= 2005
}}
  • {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African History |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=978-1-57958-245-6 |editor= Kevin Shillington |year= 2005

|chapter= Douala
}}
  • {{cite book

|editor=Lucia Babina and Marilyn Douala Bell |year=2007 |title= Douala in Translation: A View of the City and its Creative Transformative Potentials |location= Rotterdam |publisher= Episode }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Marta Dorenda-Zaborowicz |title= Douala: A City of Lost Hopes? Consequences of Decolonisation in Africa Versus Sustainable Development |year= 2011 |journal= Problemy Ekorozwoju - Problems of Sustainable Development |volume= 6 }}
  • {{citation |author=Michaela Alejandra Oberhofer

|year=2012
|title= Fashioning African Cities: The Case of Johannesburg, Lagos and Douala |work= Streetnotes |issn=2159-2926 |number= 20 |url= http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4dv2g2n9 |via=California Digital Library }}

in French

  • {{cite journal |title= Douala: formation et développement de la ville pendant la colonisation |author= René Gouellain |journal= Cahiers d'Études africaines |volume= 13 |url= http://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1973_num_13_51_2695 |language=fr |via= Persee.fr |year= 1973

}} {{free access}}

  • {{cite book |author=R. Gouellain |title= Douala: Ville et Histoire |location= Paris |year=1975 |language=fr |publisher=Institut d'Ethnologie, Musee de l'Homme

}}
  • {{cite journal |author=Lourdes Diaz Olvera |display-authors=etal |title= Quand tout ne tient qu’à un pont! Réfection d’ouvrage et dysfonctionnements urbains à Douala |trans-title=Rehabilitation of a bridge and urban dysfunction in Douala |journal= Belgeo |number=1-2 |doi= 10.4000/belgeo.6763 |language=fr |via= Revues.org |year= 2010

}} {{open access}}

  • {{cite book

|title=La communication au Cameroun |editor =Thomas Atenga, Georges Madib |publisher=Archives contemporaines |year= 2012 |isbn= 9782813000927 |chapter=Les foyers socioculturels a Douala, 'villages en ville' ou espaces publics de proximite? |author=Adrien Bitond |language=fr
}}
  • {{cite book

|title= Cameroun
|year= 2012
|series=Le Petit Futé |language=French |chapter= Douala |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEsXi70K2sC&pg=PA74
}}

in German

  • {{Citation

|publisher = List & von Bressensdorf |publication-place = Leipzig |title = Mit Pinsel und Palette durch Kamerun |author = Ernst Vollbehr
|publication-date = 1912
|oclc = 9352214 |language=German |chapter=Duala |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/mitpinselundpale00voll#page/6/mode/2up
}}
  • {{cite book

|title=Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon
|year= 1920
|publisher= Quelle & Meyer |location=Leipzig |language=German |chapter=Duala |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89005273230?urlappend=%3Bseq=603
| ref = {{harvid|Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon|1920}}
}}
  • {{cite book

|author=Andreas Eckert
|year= 1999
|title= Grundbesitz, Landkonflikte und kolonialer Wandel: Douala 1880 bis 1960 |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Steiner |language=German
}}{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Douala}}
  • {{cite web |url= http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22Douala%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.title%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22bibjson.year.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22bibjson.month.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D |title= (Douala) |work=Directory of Open Access Journals |location=UK }} (Bibliography of open access {{open access}} articles)
  • {{cite web |url= https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Douala&rows=96 |title= (Douala) |via= Europeana }} (Images, etc.)
  • {{cite web |url= http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Douala+Cameroon&utf8=✓ |title= (Douala) |via= Digital Public Library of America }} (Images, etc.)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/vk/?k0=title&v0=Douala&c=UBFfm631&c=GIGA_swb&c=ascLeiden&c=NAI&c=IFEAS&c=ilissOLC&c=AiLiSs&c=base&c=dkg |title=(Douala) |publisher= Frankfurt University Library |work=Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa |location=Germany }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?F9=0&S0=Douala&F0=0 |title=(Douala) |work=Connecting-Africa |publisher=African Studies Centre |location=Leiden, Netherlands }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Douala |title=(Douala) |work= AfricaBib.org }} (Bibliography)
  • University of Southern California. Old photos of Douala, various dates
  • German Federal Archives. Photos of Douala
{{Years in Cameroon}}{{Timelines of cities in Africa}}

5 : Douala|History of Cameroon|Timelines of cities in Africa|Cameroon-related lists|Years in Cameroon
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 3:19:54