| 释义 |
- Prior to 7th century
- 7th–19th centuries
- 20th century
- 21st century
- See also
- References
- Bibliography
- External links
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hama, Syria. {{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}Prior to 7th century{{History of Syria}}- 11th century BCE – Town is "capital of Aramean kingdom of Hamath."{{sfn|Whitaker|2008}}
- 854 BCE – Town taken by Assyrian Shalmaneser II.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 743 BCE – Assyrians in power again.{{sfn|Chambers|1901}}
- 740 BCE – Uprising.{{sfn|Chambers|1901}}
- 720 BCE – Uprising "crushed by Sargon."{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 540 BCE – Persians in power (approximate date).
- 64 BCE – Town becomes part of the Roman province of Syria.
7th–19th centuries- 639 CE – Town taken by Arab Muslim Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 637 – Great Mosque built.[1]
- 10th century – Hamdanids in power.
- 968 – Town sacked by Byzantine forces of Nicephorus Phocas.{{sfn|Whitaker|2008}}
- 11th century – Town sacked by Mirdasid forces.
- 1108 – Tancred, Prince of Galilee takes town.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 1114 – Seljuks in power.{{sfn|Whitaker|2008}}
- 1157 – Earthquake.{{sfn|Baedeker|1876}}
- 1172 – Nur al-Din Mosque built.
- 1175 – Saladin takes town from Zangids.{{sfn|Whitaker|2008}}
- 1178 – Al-Muzaffar Umar becomes Emir of Hama.{{sfn|Whitaker|2008}}
- 1191 – Al-Mansur Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1221 – Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1229 – Al-Muzaffar Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1244 – Al-Mansur Muhammad II becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1260 – Town sacked by Mongols.
- 1284 – Al-Muzaffar Umar II becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1299 – Mamluks in power.{{sfn|Whitaker|2008}}
- 1310 – Ayyubid Abu al-Fida becomes Emir of Hama.{{sfn|Baedeker|1876}}
- 1323 – al-Izzi Mosque built.[1]
- 1326 – Abu'l-Fida Mosque built.[1]
- 1331 – Al-Afdal Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1400 – Timurlane takes town.
- 1453 – al-Mamunye (water wheel) constructed.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
- 1516 – Ottoman Turks in power.
- 1556 – Khan Rustum Pasha (caravansary) built.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
- 1742 – Azm Palace built.
- 1858 – Population: 30,000.{{sfn|Murray|1858}}
- 1864 – Town becomes capital of the Hamah sanjak (district) in the Vilayet of Sham.{{sfn|Whitaker|2008}}
- 1875 – Cholera outbreak.{{sfn|Baedeker|1876}}
- 1898 – Public library opens (approximate date).[2]
20th century- 1901 – Population: 45,000 (approximate).{{sfn|Chambers|1901}}
- 1902 – Rayak-Hama railway begins operating.[3]
- 1906 – Aleppo-Hama railway constructed.[4]
- 1917 – Shaker al-Hanbali becomes mayor.[5]
- 1918 – Town becomes part of French Mandate of Syria.
- 1925 – 1925 Hama uprising, early October uprising by Hama's inhabitants led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji against the French mandate, subsequent crackdown by French forces. Part of the Great Syrian Revolt.{{sfn|Bou-Nacklie|1998}}
- 1930 – Population: 60,000.[6]
- 1941 – Al-Taliya Sport Club formed.
- 1945 – Al-Nawair Sport Club formed.
- 1946 – City becomes part of independent Syrian Republic.
- 1960 – Population: 97,390.[7]
- 1963 – April: Anti-Baathist demonstrations.[8]
- 1964
- April: Conflict between Islamic Brotherhood and Baath leaders.[6]
- Population: 131,630 (estimate).[9]
- 1970 – Population: 137,421.[7]
- 1980 – February: Islamic uprising;[14] crackdown on Sunnis.
- 1981 – April: 1981 Hama massacre.
- 1982 – February: Muslim Brotherhood uprising against Hafez al-Asad regime; government crackdown.[10][11]
- 1985 - Population: 193,610 (estimate).[12]
- 1989 – Apamee Cham Palace Hotel built.[1]
21st century{{see also|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War}}- 2003 – Population: 427,369 (estimate).[7]
- 2011
- Mass demonstrations.[10][13]
- July–August: Army crackdown on protesters.[14]
- 2012 – 25 April: Explosion in Mashaa Attayar.[15][16]
- 2013 – Syrian civil war.[17]
See also- Timelines of other cities in Syria: Aleppo, Damascus, Homs, Latakia
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |author=ArchNet.org |publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1723 |title=Hama |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024042029/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1723 |archivedate=24 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^{{Citation |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 0195061039 |publication-place = New York |title = Islamic reform: politics and social change in late Ottoman Syria |author = David Dean Commins |publication-date = 1990 |id = 0195061039 }}
3. ^{{cite journal |journal=Railway Age |title=Railway developments in Syria |year=1904 |location=Chicago }}
4. ^{{cite journal |title=Railway Lines of Syria and Palestine |author=Lewis R. Freeman |journal= Railway Age Gazette |location=New York |year=1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bElAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA199 }}
5. ^{{Citation |publisher = Cune Press |location=Seattle, USA |isbn = 9781885942401 |title = Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000 |author = Sami Moubayed |publication-date =2006 }}
6. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = Scarecrow Press |publication-place = Lanham, Maryland |title = Historical Dictionary of Syria |author = David Dean Commins |publication-date = 2004 |edition=2nd }}
7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-202 |title=Syria: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |work=World Gazetteer |publisher=Stefan Helders |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130412044615/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-202 |archivedate=12 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
8. ^{{cite book|author=Malik Mufti|title=Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq |publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1996|isbn=0801431689}}
9. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1965 |year=1966 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=140-161 }}
10. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703995 |title=Syria Profile: Timeline |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=26 February 2013}}
11. ^{{cite book |title=Historical Atlas of Islam |year=2004 |publisher=Cartographica |author=Malise Ruthven }}
12. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247-289 }}
13. ^{{cite web |title='Half a million' protest on streets of Hama |work= Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011780473138345.html |date=8 July 2011 }}
14. ^{{cite web |title=UN council condemns use of force by Syria |work= Al Jazeera |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/video/middleeast/2011/08/201183175446100290.html |date=4 August 2011 }}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Blast in Syria's Hama kills many |work= Al Jazeera |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/2012425223022589689.html |date=26 April 2012 }}
16. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year |year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXadAAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-62513-103-4}}
17. ^{{cite web |title=Fierce fighting rages across Syria |work= Al Jazeera |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/201311716944605506.html |date=18 January 2013 }}
Bibliography{{Refbegin}}- Published in 19th century
- {{cite book |author=Abraham Rees |authorlink=Abraham Rees |title=The Cyclopædia |year=1819 |location=London |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002000542#page/276/mode/2up |chapter=Hamah
}}- {{Citation |publisher = J.Duncan |publication-place = London |title = The Modern Traveller |author = Josiah Conder |authorlink=Josiah Conder (editor and author) |publication-date =1830 |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/moderntraveller20condiala#page/350/mode/2up |chapter=(Hamah)
}}- {{Citation |publisher = J. Murray |publication-place = London |title = Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine |publication-date = 1858 |oclc = 2300777 |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=3kNTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA620 |chapter=Hamah
| ref = {{harvid|Murray|1858}}
}}- {{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |publication-place = Leipsig |title = Palestine and Syria |publication-date = 1876 |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA557 |chapter = Hama
| ref = {{harvid|Baedeker|1876}}
}}- Published in 20th century
- {{Citation |publisher = W. & R. Chambers |publication-date = 1901 |publication-place = London |title = Chambers's Encyclopaedia |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/chamberssency05lond#page/526/mode/2up |chapter= Hamah
| ref = {{harvid|Chambers|1901}}
}}
| title = Encyclopædia Britannica
| publication-place = New York
| publication-date = 1910
| edition=11th
| oclc = 14782424
| via= Internet Archive
|chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit12chisrich#page/868/mode/2up |chapter =Hamah
| ref = {{harvid|Britannica|1910}}
}}- {{Citation |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 9781884964039 |title = Middle East and Africa |series=International Dictionary of Historic Places |editor = Trudy Ring |publication-date = 1996 |chapter=Hama
}}- {{cite journal |title=Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt |author= N. E. Bou-Nacklie |journal= Journal of Contemporary History |volume=33 |year=1998
| ref = {{harvid|Bou-Nacklie|1998}}
}}- Published in 21st century
- {{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |publication-place = Santa Barbara, USA |editor1 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor2=Bruce E. Stanley |chapter=Hamah |author=J.L. Whitaker |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |publication-date = 2008
| ref = {{harvid|Whitaker|2008}}
}}- {{cite book |chapter=Hama |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press
}}External links{{commons category|Hama}}{{Coord|35|08|N|36|45|E|region:SY_type:city|display=title}}{{Hama Governorate|hama}}{{Cities of Syria}}{{Syria year nav}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} 3 : Years in Syria|History of Hama|Timelines of cities in Syria |