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词条 Timeline of Harare
释义

  1. Prior to 20th century

  2. 20th century

     1980s–1990s 

  3. 21st century

     2000s  2010s 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Bibliography

     Published in 20th century  Published in 21st century 

  7. External links

  8. Images

{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Harare, Zimbabwe.

{{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}

Prior to 20th century

{{History of Zimbabwe}}
  • 1890 – Fort Salisbury founded in Mashonaland by British South Africa Company.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}
  • 1891 – Mashonaland Herald and Zambesian Times newspaper begins publication.[1]
  • 1896 – Salisbury Polo Club formed.
  • 1897
    • Harare Township built.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}
    • Salisbury attains municipal status.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}
  • 1899 – Beira-Salisbury railway begins operating.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}[2]

20th century

  • 1902
    • Botswana-Salisbury railway begins operating.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}
    • Queen Victoria Memorial Library founded.[3]
  • 1915 – Meikles Hotel in business.
  • 1923 – Town becomes capital of British Southern Rhodesia.{{sfn|Owomoyela|2002}}
  • 1927 – Salisbury Technical School established.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}
  • 1933 – Town House built.[4]
  • 1936 – Library of the National Archives founded.[4]
  • 1945 – Railway strike.[5]
  • 1946
    • Reformed Industrial and Commercial Workers Union established.[6]
    • Population: 54,090.[7]
  • 1948
    • General strike.[6]
    • Zimbabwe College of Music established.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}
  • 1950 – Gwebe College of Agriculture established.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}
  • 1951
    • Stock exchange established.
    • Population: 90,024.[7]
  • 1953
    • City becomes capital of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
    • Helping Hand Club (women's group) formed.[8]
  • 1955 – University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and Salisbury City Youth League[9] established.
  • 1956
    • Salisbury Airport commissioned.
    • Bus boycott.{{sfn|Scarnecchia|1996}}
  • 1957 – Rhodes National Gallery opens.[10][14]
  • 1959 – Pearl Assurance House built.
  • 1960 – Central Film Laboratories in business.[11]
  • 1962
    • First International Congress of African Culture held in city.[12]
    • Queen Victoria Memorial Library rebuilt.[13]
  • 1964 – Greenwood Park established.[14]
  • 1969 – The Financial Gazette begins publication.
  • 1970 – Chapungu Sculpture Park founded.[14]
  • 1972
    • Zimbabwe National Library and Documentation Service headquartered in city.[4]
    • Construction of New Mabvuku begins.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}
  • 1973 - Population: 502,000 urban agglomeration.[15]
  • 1975 – Mabvuku High School opens in Mabvuku.
  • 1977 – 6 August: Bombing.
  • 1978 – Oil storage tanks set on fire by the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army.[16]

1980s–1990s

  • 1980 – City becomes part of independent Republic of Zimbabwe.
  • 1981
    • December: Bombing of ZANU-PF headquarters.[17]
    • National Heroes Acre (Zimbabwe) monument built near city.[18]
  • 1982 – City renamed "Harare."[19]
  • 1984 – Harare Publishing House established.[20]
  • 1985 – Karigamombe Centre built.
  • 1986 – September: City hosts Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement.
  • 1990
    • Sister city relationship established with Cincinnati, US.[21]
    • ZANU–PF Building is completed
  • 1991 – October: City hosts Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991; Harare Declaration issued.
  • 1992 - Population: 1,189,103.[22]
  • 1995 – September: City hosts 1995 All-Africa Games.
  • 1996
    • Rainbow City Cinema in business.[23]
    • Eastgate built.[24]
    • Women Filmmakers of Zimbabwe headquartered in city.[25]
  • 1997 – New Reserve Bank tower built.
  • 1998
    • Economic protest.[26]
    • Zimbabwe International Film Festival begins.
    • December: City hosts meeting of World Council of Churches.
  • 1999
    • Daily News begins publication.
    • Zimbabwe Catholic University established.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}
    • Harare International Festival of the Arts begins.
    • Media Monitoring Project headquartered in city.[27]
  • 2000 – Millennium Towers built.

21st century

2000s

  • 2001 – Harare Tribune newspaper begins publication.
  • 2002 – Elias Mudzuri becomes mayor.[28][29]
  • 2003
    • Water shortage.[30]
    • Sekesai Makwavarara becomes acting mayor.{{sfn|Kamete|2006}}
  • 2004 – Harare International Airport terminal built (approximate date).
  • 2005 – Operation Murambatsvina.[29]
  • 2008
    • Emmanuel Chiroto elected mayor, succeeded by Muchadeyi Masunda.[31]
    • Harare Residents Trust organised.[32]
    • Cholera outbreak.
  • 2009
    • First Floor Gallery Harare in business.
    • Population: 1,513,173.[33]

2010s

  • 2010
    • NewsDay begins publication.[34]
    • Zimbabwe Fashion Week begins.[35]
    • Joina City tower built.
  • 2013 - Bernard Gabriel Manyenyeni becomes mayor.[36]
  • 2017 - The military of Zimbabwe seize power and place the president under house arrest.

See also

  • Harare history
  • List of mayors of Harare
  • Timeline of Bulawayo

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AHarare+%28Zimbabwe%29+Newspapers.&qt=hot_subject |title= Harare (Zimbabwe) Newspapers |location=US |work=WorldCat |publisher=Online Computer Library Center |accessdate=15 May 2013}}
2. ^{{Citation |publisher = Encyclopedia Americana Corp. |title = Encyclopedia Americana |publication-date = 1919 |chapter=Rhodesia |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaame02unkngoog#page/n538/mode/2up |location=NY }}
3. ^{{Citation |publisher = American Library Association |isbn = 0838906095 |publication-place = US |title = World encyclopedia of library and information services |editor = Robert Wedgeworth |publication-date = 1993 |chapter=Zimbabwe }}
4. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = De Gruyter Saur |isbn = 9783110230710 |title = World Guide to Libraries |edition=25th |publication-date = 2011 }}
5. ^{{cite journal |title=The Rhodesia Railways African Strike of 1945, Part I: A Narrative Account |author= Kenneth P. Vickery |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume= 24 |year= 1998 |jstor=2637660 }}
6. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = Currey |isbn = 0852550006 |publication-place = London |title = Peasant consciousness and guerilla war in Zimbabwe |author = Terence Ranger |authorlink=Terence Ranger |publication-date = 1985 }}
7. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 1955 |year= |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |title=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
8. ^{{cite book |title=The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898 – 1965 |author=Michael Oliver West |publisher=Indiana University Press |year= 2002 |isbn= 0253215242 }}
9. ^{{Citation |publisher = University of Rochester Press |isbn = 9781580462815 |title = The urban roots of democracy and political violence in Zimbabwe |author = Timothy Scarnecchia |publication-date = 2008 }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgallery.co.zw/index.php/about-us/history |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130707090143/http://www.nationalgallery.co.zw/index.php/about-us/history |dead-url=yes |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=History |publisher=National Gallery of Zimbabwe |accessdate=15 May 2013 }}
11. ^{{Citation |publisher = Indiana University Press |publication-place = Bloomington |author = Katrina Daly Thompson |isbn=9780253006462 |title = Zimbabwe's cinematic arts |publication-date = 2013 }}
12. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=11®ion=afo#/Key-Events |title= Southern Africa, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |accessdate=30 August 2015 }}
13. ^{{citation |title=About Us |publisher=Harare City Library |url=http://www.hararecitylibrary.org/about.html |accessdate=30 September 2014 }}
14. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/visitors/sight-seeing-in-harare |title=Sight Seeing in Harare |publisher=City of Harare |accessdate=15 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818211902/http://hararecity.co.zw/index.php/visitors/sight-seeing-in-harare |archivedate=18 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
15. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 |quote=Salisbury }}
16. ^{{Citation |publisher = Weaver Press |isbn = 9781779220837 |publication-place = Harare |title = Becoming Zimbabwe |editor = Brian Raftopoulos and Alois Mlambo |publication-date = 2009 }}
17. ^{{Citation |publisher = McFarland Publishers |isbn = 0786416866 |publication-place = Jefferson, N.C |title = Robert Mugabe and the betrayal of Zimbabwe |author = Andrew Norman |publication-date = 2004 }}
18. ^{{citation |url=http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/component/k2/item/184-historical-buildings.html |archivedate=August 2015 |deadurl=yes |title=Historical Buildings |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831105704/http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/component/k2/item/184-historical-buildings.html |publisher=City of Harare }}
19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/19/world/around-the-world-zimbabwe-s-capital-to-be-renamed-harare.html |title=Zimbabwe's capital to be renamed Harare |date=19 April 1982 |work=New York Times }}
20. ^{{cite book |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004 |series=Regional Surveys of the World |publisher= Europa Publications |year=2004 |isbn= 1857431839 |chapter= Zimbabwe: Directory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/about.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519061021/http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/about.html |deadurl=yes |archivedate= 19 May 2013 |title=Cincinnati USA Sister City Association |location=US }}
22. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}
23. ^{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/zimbabwe/harare?status=all |title= Movie Theaters in Harare, Zimbabwe |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |accessdate=15 May 2013 }}
24. ^{{cite web |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1728 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007222512/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1728 |archivedate= 7 October 2012 |title= Harare |author=ArchNet |publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location= US}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wcoz.org/typography/126-women-filmakers-of-zimbawe-profile.html |title= Women Filmmakers of Zimbabwe |publisher=Women's Coalition of Zimbabwe |accessdate=15 May 2013}}
26. ^{{cite book|author=Alois S. Mlambo|title= History of Zimbabwe |year= 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02170-9 |chapter=Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kwHAwAAQBAJ }}
27. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.mmpz.org/org-profile | title = Organizational Profile | publisher = Media Monitoring Project | location = Harare | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311183840/http://www.mmpz.org/org-profile | deadurl = no | archivedate = 11 March 2012 }}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/national-report/15943-the-demise-of-harare.html |title=Demise of Herare |date=13 February 2013 |work=Financial Gazette }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/10/27/081027fa_fact_anderson |title=Letter from Zimbabwe |date=27 October 2008 |work= New Yorker |author= Jon Lee Anderson }}
30. ^{{cite book|editor=Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517055-9 |edition=2nd |chapter=Harare, Zimbabwe |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA144 |page= }}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/his-worship-the-mayor |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515163435/http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/his-worship-the-mayor |archivedate=May 2013 |deadurl=yes |title=His Worship the Mayor |publisher=City of Harare }}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe/60446/profiles-harare-residents-trust-board.html |title=Profiles: Harare Residents’ Trust Board Of Trustees |date=29 August 2012 |work=The Zimbabwean |location=UK |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130628085856/http://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe/60446/profiles-harare-residents-trust-board.html |archivedate=28 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |year=2012 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
34. ^{{cite web |url= http://library.stanford.edu/africa-south-sahara/browse-country |editor=Karen Fung, African Studies Association |title=Zimbabwe Newspapers and News on the Internet |work=Africa South of the Sahara |via=Stanford University |location=US |accessdate=15 May 2013 }}
35. ^{{citation |url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2013/09/08/zimbabwe-fashion-week-getting-better/ |work=The Standard |title=Zimbabwe Fashion Week getting better |date= 8 September 2013 }}
36. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/template-features-3/mayor/50-council/mayor |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831105050/http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/template-features-3/mayor/50-council/mayor |archivedate= August 2015 |deadurl=yes |title= Mayor |publisher=City of Harare }}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

Published in 20th century

  • {{cite book|editor= Anthony Lemon |title= Homes Apart: South Africa's Segregated Cities |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33321-0 |year=1991

|chapter=Harare |author =Neil Dewar
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Baobab Books |isbn = 0908311354 |publication-place = Harare, Zimbabwe |title = To live a better life: an oral history of women in the city of Harare, 1930–70 |author1 = Terri Barnes |author2 = Everjoice Win |publication-date = 1992

}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = John Wiley & Sons |isbn = 9780471949510 |title = Harare: Inheriting a Settler-Colonial City; Change or Continuity? |author = Carole Rakodi |publication-date = 1995

}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Emergence of independent African trade unions in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, 1920s to 1950s: Toward mass nationalism? |year=1996 |journal=Kleio |author=Nelson T. Samburenia |volume=28

}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Poor Women and Nationalist Politics: Alliances and Fissures in the Formation of a Nationalist Political Movement in Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1950-6 |author= Timothy Scarnecchia |journal= Journal of African History |volume=37 |year=1996 |jstor=183187

|ref= {{harvid|Scarnecchia|1996}}
}}
  • {{cite book|author=Kinuthia Macharia|title=Social and political dynamics of the informal economy in African cities: Nairobi and Harare |year= 1997|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-0840-4

}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Heinemann |isbn = 9780325001739 |title = 'We Women Worked so Hard': Gender, Urbanization and Social Reproduction in Colonial Harare, Zimbabwe, 1930–1956 |author = Teresa A. Barnes |publication-date = 1999

}}
  • {{cite book |chapter=Capital in the city: a history of urban financialflows through colonial Harare |author=Patrick Bond |publisher = Weaver Press Ltd |isbn = 0797419845 |title = Sites of Struggle |editor = Brian Raftopoulos and Tsuneo Yoshikuni |publication-date = 1999

}}

Published in 21st century

  • {{citation |title= Governing the Poor in Harare, Zimbabwe |year= 2002 |url= http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Series/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=95517 |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |location=Sweden |via=International Relations and Security Network

}}
  • {{cite book|author=Oyekan Owomoyela|title=Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-31583-1 |chapter=Introduction: Cities: Harare |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ypFWqOJFKPEC |page=7+

|ref= {{harvid|Owomoyela|2002}}
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |edition=3rd |isbn=084769898X |title = Cities of the World |editor = Stanley D. Brunn|publication-date = 2003 |chapter=Harare |display-editors=etal

}}
  • {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History |editor=Dickson Eyoh and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0415234794 |chapter=Harare |author=Alois Mlambo

|ref= {{harvid|Mlambo|2003}}
}}
  • {{cite book|editor= Luc J. A. Mougeot |title=Agropolis: The Social, Political, and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture|year= 2005|publisher=International Development Research Centre |isbn=978-1-55250-186-3 |chapter= (Harare)

}}
  • {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African History |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=978-1-57958-245-6 |editor= Kevin Shillington |year= 2005

|chapter= Harare
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=The Return of the Jettisoned: ZANU-PF's Crack at 'Re-Urbanising' in Harare |author= Amin Y. Kamete |journal= Journal of Southern African Studies |volume= 32 |year=2006 |jstor=25065091

|ref= {{harvid|Kamete|2006}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=City Versus State in Zimbabwe: Colonial Antecedents of the Current Crisis |author=Terence O. Ranger |journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies |volume=1 |doi=10.1080/17531050701452390 |year=2007

}} {{free access}} (Includes information about Harare)

  • {{Citation |publisher = Ashgate |publication-place = Burlington, VT |editor = Joseph D. Lewandowski and Gregory W. Streich |title = Urban social capital |publication-date = 2011 |chapter= Social Capital Dynamics in the Post-colonial Harare Urbanscape |author=Innocent Chirisa |isbn=9781409412243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j23uvs9iiTkC |page=199+

|date = 2012-11-28 }}{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Harare}}
  • {{cite web |url= http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22Harare%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.title%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22bibjson.year.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22bibjson.month.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D |title= (Harare) |work=Directory of Open Access Journals |location=UK }} (Bibliography of open access {{open access}} articles)
  • {{cite web |url= https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Harare&rows=96 |title= (Harare) |via= Europeana }} (Images, etc.)
  • {{cite web |url= http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Harare&utf8=✓ |title= (Harare) |via= Digital Public Library of America }} (Images, etc.)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/vk/?k0=title&v0=Harare&c=UBFfm631&c=GIGA_swb&c=ascLeiden&c=NAI&c=IFEAS&c=ilissOLC&c=AiLiSs&c=base&c=dkg |title=(Harare) |publisher= Frankfurt University Library |work=Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa |location=Germany }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?F9=0&S0=Harare&F0=0 |title=(Harare) |work=Connecting-Africa |publisher=African Studies Centre |location=Leiden, Netherlands }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Harare |title=(Harare) |work= AfricaBib.org }} (Bibliography)
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.blackpast.org/gah/harare-zimbabwe-1890 |title= Harare, Zimbabwe |work= BlackPast.org |location=US }}

Images

{{Years in Zimbabwe}}{{Timelines of cities in Africa}}

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