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词条 Timeline of Karachi
释义

  1. Prior to 18th century

  2. 18th-19th centuries

  3. 20th century

     1900s-1940s  Independence: since 1947  1950s-1990s 

  4. 21st century

     2000s  2010s 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

     Published in 19th century  Published in 20th century  Published in 21st century 

  8. External links

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Karachi, Pakistan.

{{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}

Prior to 18th century

{{History of Karachi}}
  • 326 BCE Alexander the Great set sail from Manora island in Karachi to Babylonia
  • 712 CE Muhammad bin Qasim conquers Sindh
  • 977 to 1524 CE Ghaznavid Empire and then the Delhi Sultanate
  • 1058 CE Soomra Dynasty Soomro period from 1058 to 1351
  • 1351 CE Samma Dynasty assumed rule over Sindh
  • 1526 - 1821 CE Mughal ascendancy (1526–1707), nominal rule by Mughals (1707–1857)
  • 1521 - 1554 CE Arghun dynasty ruled Sindh
  • 1555 - 1612 CE Tarkhan Dynasty controlled Sindh
  • 1568 CE Debal was attacked by the Portuguese Admiral Fernão Mendes Pinto in an attempt to capture or destroy the Ottoman vessels anchored there.
  • 1612 - 1700 CE – Mughal Emperor Akbar conquers Sindh and ruled it via governors

18th-19th centuries

  • 1701 to 1783 CE – Kalhora Dynasty ruled Sindh
  • 1729 - Kalachi-jo Ghote founded.[1]
  • 1783 to 1843 CE – Talpur Dynasty ruled Sindh
  • 1838 - Population: 15,000.[2]
  • 1839 - British military occupation begins.[3]
  • 1843 - Town becomes part of colonial British India.
  • 1847
    • Town becomes part of Sind Division, Bombay Presidency, British India.
    • Karachi Anglo-Indian School founded.
  • 1852
    • Municipal Commission established.
    • Karachi Fair begins.[4]
  • 1854 - Napier Mole built connecting Kiamari Island.[5]
  • 1858 - Agra and Masterman Bank branch established.[6]
  • 1860 - Karachi Chamber of Commerce established.[7][8][9]
  • 1861 - St Patrick's High School, Karachi established
    • Sind, Punjab & Delhi Railway (Kotri-Karachi) begins operating.[4][10]
  • 1862 - St Joseph's Convent School (Karachi) established
  • 1865 - Frere Hall built.[11]
  • 1868 - St Andrew's Church built.
  • 1871 - Sind Club founded.
  • 1872 -
    • Karachi Boat Club founded.[12]
    • Population: 62,384.[13]
  • 1873 - Manora breakwater constructed in harbour.[5]
  • 1878 - Karachi Zoo established.
  • 1881 - Population: 68,332 (town); 5,228 (cantonment).[13]
    • Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi built
  • 1882 - Sindh Arts College inaugurated.
  • 1885 - Tramway begins operating.[6]
  • 1886
    • Denso Hall built.[14]
    • Goa-Portuguese Association established.
  • 1887 - Karach Port Trust opens.
  • 1889 - Empress Market built.
  • 1892 - Merewether Clock Tower built.
  • 1894 - Karachi Parsi Gymkhana established.[19]
  • 1898 - Frere Street Station built.

20th century

1900s-1940s

  • 1902 - Karachi Indian Merchants Association founded.[7]
  • 1910 - Young Men's Zoroastrian Association established.[19]
  • 1912 - Karachi Zarthosti Banu Mandal established.[15][16]
  • 1913
    • Karachi Electric Supply Company incorporated.[17]
    • Karachi Race Club established.
  • 1914 - Freemasons Lodge built.
  • 1916 - Sind Quadrangular cricket tournament established.[18]
  • 1920 - Jehangir Kothari Parade inaugurated.
  • 1921 - Population: 216,000.[2]
  • 1923 - Ida Rieu School for blind, deaf, dumb and children with other disabilities was founded[19]
  • 1925 - Hindu Gymkhana built.[14]
  • 1926 - Karachi Rugby Football Club founded.
  • 1927 - Mohatta Palace (residence) built.
  • 1929 - Airstrip active.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
  • 1932 - Karachi Municipal Corporation Building inaugurated.
  • 1933
    • Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta becomes mayor.[20]
    • Karachi Cotton Association incorporated.[7][21]
    • Rotary Club established.[22]
  • 1934 - Teakum Dass Vadhumull becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1935 - Qazi Khuda Buksh becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1936
    • City becomes capital of Sindh Province, British India.
    • K.B. Aradsher H. Mama becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1937 - Durgha Das B. Adwani becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1938 - Hatim A. Alvi becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1939 - R.K. Sidhwa becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1940
    • Daily Jang newspaper begins publication.[39]
    • Lalji Malhootra becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1941
    • Hashim Gazdar becomes mayor.[20]
    • Population: 435,000.[2]
    • Dow Medical College established.
  • 1942
    • Karachi Cantonment established by British Indian Army.
    • Soharab K.H.Katrak becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1943 - Shambo Nath Molraaj becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1944 - Yusuf Haroon becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1945
    • Advani College of Commerce & Economics established.
    • Manual Musqutta becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1946
    • Millat Gujarati-language newspaper begins publication.[39]
    • May: Wishram Das Dewan Das becomes mayor.[20]

Independence: since 1947

  • 1947
    • Dawn newspaper begins publication.[23]
    • University of Sindh founded.[24]
    • Pakistan Institute of International Affairs headquartered in city.[25]
    • May: Hakeem Muhammad Ahsan becomes mayor.[20]
    • Pakistan Navy headquartered in Liaquat Barracks.[26]
  • 1948
    • January: Pakistan Socialist Party founded.
    • May: Ghulam Ali Alana becomes mayor.[20]
    • 27 July: City becomes federal capital of Pakistan.
    • Federal Capital Territory administrative area created (containing Karachi city and surrounding area).[24]
    • Karachi Stock Exchange and St. Joseph's College for Women founded.
    • Beech Luxury Hotel built.[19]
    • Holy Family Hospital, Karachi established
  • 1949 - Civil and Military Gazette Karachi edition begins publication.[27]

1950s-1990s

  • 1950 - Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce & Industry headquartered in city.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
  • 1951
    • University of Karachi established.
    • National Museum of Pakistan opens in Frere Hall.[28]
    • Population: 1,009,438 city; 1,126,417 urban agglomeration.[29]
    • Edhi Foundation headquartered in city.[30]
  • 1952
    • St. Patrick's College founded.
    • Nazimabad suburb developed.
  • 1953 - Karachi Municipal Aquarium built.
  • 1954
    • Pakistan Maritime Museum active.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
    • Sardar Allah Bux Gabol becomes mayor.[20]
    • Hamdard Foundation established.[31]
  • 1955
    • National Stadium opens.
    • Al-Haj Malik Bagh Ali becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1956 - Siddique Wahab becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1957 - Karachi Development Authority,[32] Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,[33] and Pakistan National Scientific Documentation Centre[67] established.
  • 1958
    • Federal capital relocated from Karachi to Rawalpindi.
    • Karachi Press Club established.
    • S.M. Taufique becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1959 - Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry established.
  • 1961
    • Adamjee Government Science College and Islamia Science College established.
    • Aisha Bawany Academy opens.
  • 1962 - Daily News English-language newspaper begins publication.[23]
  • 1963
    • Habib Bank Plaza built.
    • Aghaz Urdu-language newspaper begins publication.[23]
    • Sindh Industrial Trading Estate established.
    • Sardar Allah bux gabol Becomes secound time karachi Mayor.
  • 1964 - Goethe-Institut Karachi active.[34]
  • 1965
    • Business Recorder newspaper begins publication.[23]
    • Clifton Fish Aquarium opens.
  • 1966 - Pakistan Navy Engineering College active.
  • 1968 - Bambino Cinema opens.[35]
  • 1969
    • Karachi Circular Railway begins operating.
    • Hill Park laid out.
    • Masjid e Tooba (mosque) built.
  • 1970
    • Jasarat Urdu-language newspaper begins publication.[23]
    • Jinnah Mausoleum and Liaquat National Memorial Library[36] constructed.
    • December: City hosts Islamic Foreign Ministers' conference.[37]
  • 1971 - December: Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971.
  • 1972
    • Karachi labour unrest of 1972
    • Aziz Bhatti Park developed.
    • November: Karachi Nuclear Power Plant commissioned.
    • Population: 3,498,634.[38]
  • 1973 - Applied Economics Research Centre established at University of Karachi.
  • 1975 - Pakistan Naval Station Mehran (military base) commissioned.
  • 1978
    • All Pakistan Muttahidda Students Organization founded.[78]
    • Star Cinema opens in Saddar district.[39]
    • Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry headquartered in city.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
  • 1979 - Abdul Sattar Afghani becomes mayor.[20]
  • 1980
    • Orangi Pilot Project established.[40]
    • Defence Housing Society Karachi opens.
  • 1981
    • City area expands to 730 square miles (from 285 square miles).[3]
    • Population: 5,180,562.[41]
  • 1985 - Karachi Hilton hotel built.[42]
  • 1986
    • August: Muttahida Qaumi Movement rally.
    • 5 September: Pan Am Flight 73 hijacked.
    • December: Pathan-Muhajir conflict.[43]
  • 1987 - VM Art Gallery founded.[44]
  • 1988
    • Qaumi Akhbar Urdu-language newspaper begins publication.[23]
    • Farooq Sattar becomes mayor.[20]
    • Defence Authority Degree College for Men established.
  • 1989 - Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture founded.
  • 1990
    • Jago Sindhi-language newspaper begins publication.[23]
    • Pakistan Air Force Museum and Quaid-e-Azam House museum[45][46] established.
  • 1992 - Jinnah International Airport new terminal built.
  • 1994 - Daily Awam Urdu-language newspaper and Financial Post English-language newspaper begin publication.[23]
  • 1995 - Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology established.
  • 1996
    • 20 September: Politician Murtaza Bhutto killed.
    • International School established.
  • 1997
    • Health Oriented Preventive Education was founded in July.
  • 1998
    • Daily Express Urdu-language newspaper begins publication.
    • Faran Mosque built.[47]
    • Population: 9,339,023.[48]
  • 2000
    • International Defence Exhibition and Seminar begins.
    • Karachi Central District divided into 4 towns: Gulberg Town, Liaquatabad Town, New Karachi Town, North Nazimabad Town.
    • Karachi East District divided into 4 towns: Gulshan Town, Korangi Town, Landhi Town, Shah Faisal Town.
    • Karachi South District divided into 3 towns: Jamshed Town, Lyari Town, Saddar Town.
    • Karachi West District divided into 4 towns: Baldia Town, Kemari Town, Orangi Town, SITE Town.
    • Malir District divided into 3 towns: Bin Qasim Town, Gadap Town, Malir Town.

21st century

2000s

  • 2001
    • Naimatullah Khan becomes mayor.[49]
    • Vasl Artists' Collective founded.[44]
    • Kara Film Festival begins.
  • 2003 - Universe Cineplex opens.[39]
  • 2004 - Karachi Dolphins cricket team formed.
  • 2005
    • Syed Mustafa Kamal becomes mayor.
    • National Academy of Performing Arts established.
    • MCB Tower built.
  • 2007
    • 12 May at least 42 people killed and 140 injured in riots when CJP Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry came to address the city bar association on the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Pakistani Supreme Court.[50]
    • 18 October: Bombing of Benazir Bhutto motorcade.[51]
    • Bagh Ibne Qasim (park) inaugurated.
  • 2008
    • Peoples' Aman Committee founded in Lyari.[52]
    • Arts Council Theatre Academy established.[53]
  • 2009
    • 13 December: Bank robbery.
    • Air pollution in Karachi reaches annual mean of 88 PM2.5 and 290 PM10, much higher than recommended.[54]

2010s

  • 2010
    • Karachi Literature Festival begins.[55]
    • Express Tribune English-language newspaper begins publication.
    • October: Bombing.[56]
  • 2011
    • Karachi Metropolitan Corporation revived.[57]
    • 22 May: PNS Mehran attack.
    • September: Floods.[58]
    • Dolmen Mall Clifton in business.
  • 2012
    • April: Lyari police operation begins
    • 11 September: Garment factory fire in Baldia Town.[59]
    • Ocean Tower built.
  • 2013
    • 3 March: Bombing of Shia area in Abbas Town.
    • 26 June: Bombing on Burns Road.
    • 7 August: Bombing in Lyari.
  • 2014
    • 21–22 February: Karachi Children's Literature Festival was held.[60]
  • 2015
    • 3 March: Karachi recognised as the cheapest city in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU).[61]

See also

  • History of Karachi
  • Timeline of Pakistani history
  • Banbhore (near present-day Karachi), 1st century BCE - 13th century CE[62]
  • Timelines of other cities in Pakistan: Lahore, Peshawar
  • Urbanisation in Pakistan

References

1. ^{{Citation |title = Karachi: that was the capital of Sind |author = Sorab K.H. Katrak |location = Karachi |publication-date = 1963 |oclc = 21128386 }}
2. ^1 2 {{citation |title=A Town Extension Scheme: At Karachi |author= Vernon Z. Newcombe |journal= Town Planning Review |volume= 31 |year= 1960 |jstor=40178357 }}
3. ^1 {{Cite book |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 9781884964046 |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |publication-date = 1996 |editor=Schellinger and Salkin |location=UK |chapter=Karachi |author=Sina Dubovoy |page=448+ }}
4. ^1 {{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |author= Edward Hamilton Aitken |publisher=Printed for government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press |year= 1907 |location=Karachi |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000876164 }} (Index: "Karachi")
5. ^1 {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |year=1927 |location=Leiden |publisher=E.J. Brill |oclc=39715711 |chapter= Karaci (Kurrachee) |volume=4 |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA729 }}
6. ^1 {{cite book |title=Kurrachee: (Karachi) past, present and future |author= Alexander F. Baillie |location= Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink |year= 1890 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011260212 }}
7. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=The global world of Indian merchants, 1750-1947: traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama |author=Claude Markovits |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |series=Cambridge studies in Indian history and society |isbn=0511018606 }}
8. ^{{cite book |title=Cyclopedia of India |location=Calcutta |year=1907 |publisher=Cyclopedia Publishing Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dTkAAAAMAAJ }}
9. ^{{cite web |url= http://oicci.org/index.php/about-the-oicci/ |title=About the OICCI |location=Karachi |publisher=Overseas Investors Chamber of Commerce & Industry |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
10. ^{{Citation |publisher = Praeger |isbn = 9780275985646 |title = Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India |author = Ian J. Kerr |publication-date = 2006 }}
11. ^{{Citation |publisher = J. Murray |publication-date = 1911 |publication-place = London |title = A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon |edition=8th |chapter=Karachi |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/266/mode/2up }}
12. ^{{Citation |publisher = H. Marshall & Son |publication-place = London |title = The Sportsman's Book for India |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL17965179M/The_sportsman's_book_for_India. |editor = Frederick George Aflalo |publication-date = 1904 }}
13. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = W. H. Allen & Co. |publication-place = London |title = Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the Viceroy of India |author = Edward Thornton |publication-date = 1886 |oclc = 710600 |chapter=Karachi |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofterri00thorrich#page/422/mode/1up |editor=Roper Lethbridge and Arthur N. Wollaston }}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/cdgkhist.htm|title = City Historical Buildings|publisher = City District Government Karachi|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20021204204207/http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/cdgkhist.htm|deadurl = yes|archivedate =4 December 2002}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://banumandal.com/ |title=History |publisher=Karachi Zarthosti Banu Mandal |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
16. ^{{cite book |title=Sands of time: history of Karachi Zarthosti Banu Mandal 1912 to 2000 and sketch of Zarathushti associations in Karachi |author= Sunnu Farrokh Golwalla |location= Karachi |year=2002 }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kesc.com.pk/en/article/ourcompany/whoweare-1.html |title=Who We Are |publisher=Karachi Electric Supply Company |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
18. ^{{cite journal |title=Cricket and Politics in Colonial India |author= Ramachandra Guha |journal= Past & Present |number= 161 |year= 1998 |jstor= 651075 }}
19. ^Report on Public Instruction in the Bombay Presidency for the Year 1923–24. Bombay: Central Govt Press. 1925. (Report by M. Hesketh). p. 91
20. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 {{cite web|url = http://karachicity.gov.pk/mokhi.asp|title = Mayors of KMC During 20th Century|publisher = City District Government Karachi|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060615082237/http://karachicity.gov.pk/mokhi.asp|deadurl = yes|archivedate =15 June 2006}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kcapk.org/ |title=About Us |publisher=Karachi Cotton Association |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://rotary.org.pk/our-club/club-history/ |title=Club History |publisher=Rotary Club of Karachi |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |title=Far East and Australasia 2003 |chapter=Pakistan |page=1160+ |series=Regional Surveys of the World |publisher=Europa Publications |isbn=9781857431339 }}
24. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = Columbia University Press |publication-place = New York |editor = Leon E. Seltzer |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6112221M/The_Columbia_Lippincott_gazetteer_of_the_world |title = Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World |publication-date = 1952 | ol=6112221M }}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://thinktanks.fpri.org/ |title=Think Tank Directory |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Institute |accessdate=21 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110100006/http://thinktanks.fpri.org/ |archivedate=10 November 2013 |df= }}
26. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm|title = History|publisher = Pakistan Navy|accessdate=21 August 2013|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070707180515/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm|deadurl = yes|archivedate =7 July 2007}}
27. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AKarachi+%28Pakistan%29+Newspapers.&qt=hot_subject |title=Karachi (Pakistan) Newspapers |location=USA |work=WorldCat |publisher=Online Computer Library Center |accessdate=18 August 2013}}
28. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/museum.asp|title = Museum|publisher = City District Government Karachi|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070221003125/http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/museum.asp|deadurl = yes|archivedate =21 February 2007}}
29. ^{{cite web |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 1955 |year= |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |title=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/karachi-journal-in-a-hellish-city-there-s-still-a-kind-of-saintliness.html |title=In a Hellish City, There's Still a Kind of Saintliness |date=17 March 1995 |work=New York Times |author=John F. Burns }}
31. ^{{cite book|editor= A. Y. Al-Hassan |title=Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and Applied Sciences |series = Different Aspects of Islamic Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC|year=2001|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103831-0}}
32. ^{{cite journal |title=Karachi Development Authority: Failing to Get the Prices Right |author= David E. Dowall |journal=Land Economics |volume= 67 |year=1991 |jstor=3146552 }}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=147&Itemid=82 |title=About PIDE |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Development Economics |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
34. ^{{cite web url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/pk/kar/uun/jub/chr/enindex.htm |title=50 years Goethe-Institut: Timeline |work= Goethe-Institut Pakistan |publisher=Goethe-Institut |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/441006/bambino-cinema-inaugurated-by-ayub-destroyed-by-a-mob/ |title=Bambino Cinema: Inaugurated by Ayub, destroyed by a mob |date=23 September 2012 |work=Express Tribune |location=Karachi }}
36. ^1 {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |year=1987 |volume=42 |publisher=Dekker |location=NY |isbn=0824720423 |chapter=Libraries in Asia |author1=Hedwig Anuar |author2=Richard Krzys }}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oicun.org/6/35/ |title=Islamic Development Bank |publisher=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
38. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253-279 }}
39. ^1 {{cite web |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location= Los Angeles |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/pakistan/karachi?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Karachi, Pakistan |accessdate=18 August 2013}}
40. ^{{citation |title=Orangi Pilot Project: the expansion of work beyond Orangi and the mapping of informal settlements and infrastructure |author=Arif Hasan |journal=Environment and Urbanization |year=2006 |volume=18 |url=http://eau.sagepub.com/content/18/2/451 }}
41. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247-289 }}
42. ^1 2 3 {{Citation |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 0198267592 |publication-place = Oxford |title = The Zoroastrian diaspora |author = John R. Hinnells |publication-date = 2005 |chapter=The Parsis of Karachi |page=189+ }}
43. ^{{cite journal |title=Karachi Riots of December 1986: Crisis of State and Civil Society in Pakistan |author= Akmal Hussain |journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume= 22 |date=14 March 1987 |jstor=4376787 }}
44. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.newmuseum.org/spaces/listing/country:Pakistan |title=Pakistan |work=Art Spaces Directory |location=New York |publisher=New Museum |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_pages/museums.htm |title=Museums and Galleries in Pakistan |location=Islamabad |publisher=National Fund for Cultural Heritage |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/the-house-that-jinnah-built/ |title=The House That Jinnah Built |date=20 June 2013 |work=New York Times |author= Huma Yusuf }}
47. ^{{cite web |author=ArchNet |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1800 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061742/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1800 |archivedate=October 2012 |title=Karachi }}
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants }}
49. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/nazimprofile.htm|title = Nazim Profile|publisher = City District Government Karachi|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20021222211724/http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/nazimprofile.htm|deadurl = yes|archivedate =22 December 2002}}
50. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/05/12/pakistan.strife/index.html|title=Deadly violence erupts in Pakistan|author=Syed Mohsin Naqvi|publisher=CNN|date=May 12, 2007}}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2010/10/20101017163353908662.html |title=Karachi: a volatile mix |date=20 October 2010 |publisher=Al Jazeera English }}
52. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/06/2012677393243533.html |title=Karachi: Pakistan's bleeding heart |date=19 June 2012 |author=Asad Hashim |publisher=Al Jazeera English }}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://artscouncil.com.pk/academies/theatreacademy/ |title=Theatre Academy |publisher=Arts Council of Pakistan Karachi |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
54. ^{{citation |author=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |title=Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database |year=2016 |url=http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ }}
55. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.karachiliteraturefestival.org/ |title=Karachi Literature Festival|accessdate=21 August 2013}}
56. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12966786 |title=Pakistan Profile: Timeline |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=17 August 2013}}
57. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=20 |title=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |work=KMC Web Portal |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=21 August 2013}}
58. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14894041 |title=Torrential rain and floods paralyse Karachi |date=13 September 2011 |publisher=BBC News }}
59. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/09/20129124543681430.html |title=Hundreds killed in Karachi factory fire |date=13 September 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera English }}
60. ^{{cite web |url=http://childrensliteraturefestival.com/clf-karachi-2014/ |title=Karachi Literature Festival |work=KCLF Web Portal |publisher=Karachi Children's Literature Festival |accessdate=3 March 2015}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/03/03/national/karachi-declared-cheapest-city-in-the-world-for-second-year-in-a-row-report/ |title=Karachi is World's Cheapest City|work=PT Web Portal |publisher=Pakistan Today Newspaper |accessdate=3 March 2015}}
62. ^{{cite news|title=International conference: Experts question if Bhambhore is the historical city of Debal|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/348776/international-conference-experts-question-if-bhambhore-is-the-historical-city-of-debal/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=12 March 2012}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

Published in 19th century

{{Globalize|section|date=August 2013}}
  • {{cite book |title=Oriental Commerce |author1=William Milburn |author2=Thomas Thornton |year=1825 |location=London |publisher= Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen

|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA109
|chapter= Coasts of Persia, Scindy, and Guzerat: Crotchey
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Richard Bentley |publication-place = London |title = Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Panjab |author = Charles Masson |publication-date = 1842 |chapter=(Karachi) |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=KBAlciGlDMMC&pg=PA470 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = W.H. Allen |publication-place = London |title = A gazetteer of the countries adjacent to India on the northwest: including Sinde, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, the Punjab, and the neighbouring states |author = Edward Thornton |publication-date = 1844 |oclc = 6141828 |chapter=Kurachee |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/agazetteercount00thorgoog#page/n443/mode/2up }}
  • {{cite book |title=Bradshaw's Hand-Book to the Bombay Presidency and North-Western Provinces of India |year=1864 |publisher=W.J. Adams |location=London |chapter=Kurrachee (Karachi, Karkalla) |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=N30DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA308 }}
  • {{Citation |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/ia:recordkurrachee00karagoog/The_record_of_the_Kurrachee_fair_and_exhibition_of_1869 |title = Record of the Kurrachee fair and exhibition of 1869 |publication-date = 1870 }}
  • {{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the province of Sindh |author=Albert William Hughes |location=London |publisher=George Bell & Sons |year=1874 |chapter=Karachi |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA337 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = J. Murray |publication-place = London |title = Handbook of the Bombay Presidency |edition=2nd |publication-date = 1881 |oclc = 2094004 |chapter=Karachi |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/handbookbombayp00eastgoog#page/n404/mode/1up }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = B. Quaritch |publication-place = London |author = Edward Balfour |authorlink=Edward Balfour |title = Cyclopaedia of India |edition=3rd |publication-date = 1885 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/cyclopaediaofind02balfuoft#page/502/mode/2up |chapter= Karchi, or Kurachee }}

Published in 20th century

1900s–1940s
  • {{cite book |title=The Tourist's India |author=Eustace Alfred Reynolds-Ball |publisher=S. Sonnenschein |location=London |year= 1907 |chapter=Karachi and the Unhappy Valley |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBMPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA162 }}
  • {{Citation |publication-place = New York |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl =https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri15chisrich#page/672/mode/1up |chapter = Karachi, or Kurrachee }}
  • {{cite book |author=J.W. Smyth |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |volume=B Vol 1 Karachi District |publisher= Government Central Press |location= Bombay |year=1919 }}
1950s–1990s
  • {{Citation |publisher = Kitabistan |publication-place = Karachi |author = Behram Sohrab H. J. Rustomji |title = Karachi, 1839-1947: a short history of the foundation and growth of Karachi |publication-date = 1952 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press |publication-place = Karachi |author = Herbert Feldman |title = Karachi through a hundred years: the centenary history of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 1860-1960 |edition=2nd |publication-date = 1970 }}
  • {{cite book |author=Azimusshan Haider |title=History of Karachi Port |location=Karachi |year=1980 }}
  • {{cite book |title=Karachi |author1=Mohamed Amin |author2= Duncan Willetts |author3=Brian Tetley |location=Karachi |publisher= Pak American Commercial Ltd. |year= 1986 |oclc=18529948 }}
  • {{citation |publisher=Karachi Development Authority |year=1990 |title=Karachi Development Plan 2000

}}
  • {{citation |title= Dynamics of Changing Ethnic Boundaries: A Case Study of Karachi |author= Soofia Mumtaz |journal=Pakistan Development Review |volume= 29 |jstor=41259434 |year=1990

}}
  • {{cite book |author=I. Banga |chapter=Karachi and its Hinterland under Colonial Rule |editor=I. Banga |title= Ports and their Hinterlands in India (1700-1950) |year=1992 |location=Delhi |isbn=8185425868

}}
  • {{citation |title=Changing Demographic, Social, and Economic Conditions in Karachi City, 1959-94: A Preliminary Analysis |author=Mehtab S. Karim |journal= Pakistan Development Review |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Development Economics |volume= 34 |year= 1995 |jstor=41259925

}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Heritage Foundation, Oxford University Press |isbn = 0195777352 |publication-place = Karachi |title = The dual city: Karachi during the Raj |author1 = Yasmeen Lari |author2=Mihail S. Lari |publication-date = 1996 }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Ethnicity and State Power in Pakistan: The Karachi Crisis |author= Moonis Ahmar |journal= Asian Survey |volume= 36 |year= 1996 |jstor=2645632 | doi = 10.1525/as.1996.36.10.01p0176y |pages=1031–1048}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Politics, Institutions, Poverty: The Case of Karachi |author= S. Akbar Zaidi |journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume= 32 |date=20 December 1997 |jstor=4406207 }}
  • {{cite book |title=Karachi: Megacity of our Times |editor= Hamida Khuhro and Anwer Mooraj |location= Karachi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 1997 |isbn=0195778065 }}

Published in 21st century

  • {{citation |author=Mehtab Ali Shah |title=Criminalisation of Politics: Karachi, a Case Study |journal=Ethnic Studies Report |number =19 |year=2001 |pages=99–137 }}
  • {{cite web |author= |title=Karachi |work=Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 |url= http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/a-z.htm |publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London |year=2003 }}
  • {{cite book |title=Karachi during the British Era: two histories of a modern city |author1=Behram Sohrab H J Rustomji |author2= Sohrab K H Katrak |location=Karachi |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780195474503 }}
  • {{citation |title= The Open City: Social Networks and Violence in Karachi |year=2010 |url= http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Series/Detail/?ots591=cab359a3-9328-19cc-a1d2-8023e646b22c&lng=en&id=57395 |publisher=Crisis States Research Centre |location=London |via=International Relations and Security Network }}
{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Karachi}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=14 |title=About Karachi: History |work=KMC Web Portal |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation }}
{{Karachi topics}}{{Neighbourhoods of Karachi}}{{Pakistan year nav}}

7 : Years in Pakistan|Karachi-related lists|History of Karachi|Timelines of cities in Asia|Pakistani history timelines|Urbanisation in Pakistan|Megacity timelines
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