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词条 Timeline of Kingston, Jamaica
释义

  1. Prior to 19th century

  2. 19th century

  3. 20th century

     1900s–1950s  1960s–1990s 

  4. 21st century

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}{{Use Jamaican English|date=March 2019}}

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kingston, Jamaica.

{{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}

Prior to 19th century

  • 1692 – 7 June: The Jamaica earthquake destroys Port Royal due to heavy liquefaction and a tsunami; around 5,000 are killed there. Residents resettle nearby thus establishing Kingston.{{sfn|Marley|2005}}
  • 1690s – Parish Church built (approximate date).{{sfn|Aspinall|1914}}
  • 1712 – Hurricane.[1]
  • 1720 – Pirate Calico Jack hanged.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
  • 1722
    • Hurricane.[1]
    • Weekly Jamaica Courant newspaper in publication.[2]
  • 1729 – Wolmers's School founded.
  • 1740 – "Twelve Apostles" battery constructed.{{sfn|Marley|2005}}
  • 1746 – Theatre opens in Harbour Street.[3]
  • 1750 – Sephardic synagogue built.{{sfn|Marley|2005}}
  • 1755
    • House of Assembly (legislature of British Jamaica) relocated to Kingston from Spanish Town.[4]
    • Population: 10,000 (approximate).{{sfn|Marley|2005}}
  • 1771 – 3 September: An earthquake causes moderate damage in Port Royal and Kingston.
  • 1775 – American Company of Comedians in performance.[5]
  • 1783 – Kingston Race Course laid out.
  • 1788 – Population: 26,478 (of which 16,659 were slaves).{{sfn|Marley|2005}}
  • 1794 – Kingston Medical Society founded.[8]

19th century

  • 1802 – Kingston incorporated.{{sfn|Arnaboldi|1852}}
  • 1807 – Slave trade officially abolished per Slave Trade Act.
  • 1823 – Population: 33,000 (approximate).[6]
  • 1824 – Jamaica Journal and Kingston Chronicle newspaper begins publication.[7]
  • 1825 – Jamaica Horticultural Society founded.[8]
  • 1834
    • Slavery officially abolished per Slavery Abolition Act.
    • Jamaica Gleaner newspaper begins publication.[8][9]
    • Mico College founded.{{sfn|Aspinall|1914}}
  • 1843
    • 26 August: Fire.{{sfn|Arnaboldi|1852}}
    • Agricultural Society founded.[10]
  • 1845 – Spanish Town-Kingston railway (Jamaica Railway Company) begins operating[15] and Kingston railway station opens.
  • 1870 – Legislative Council of British Jamaica moves to Headquarters House.{{sfn|Aspinall|1914}}
  • 1872
    • Capital of British Jamaica relocated to Kingston from Spanish Town.[15]
    • Victoria Market built on site of "Sunday/Negro market."{{sfn|Brown-Glaude|2011}}
    • Jamaica Club founded.{{sfn|Aspinall|1914}}
  • 1879 – Institute of Jamaica[17] and Sugar Wharf established.[11]
  • 1881
    • Population: 36,846.[12]
    • Devon House (residence) built.[13]
  • 1882 – 11 December: Fire.[14]
  • 1885 – Shaare Shalom Synagogue built.
  • 1887 – Jubilee Market dedicated.{{sfn|Ober|1920}}
  • 1890 – Chinese Benevolent Society founded.[15]
  • 1891
    • Constant Spring Hotel in business (approximate date).[23]
    • Population: 46,542.[12]
    • Jamaica International Exhibition held.[16]
  • 1894 – Montego Bay-Kingston railway begins operating.[15]
  • 1897 – Victoria Park opens (approximate date).{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
  • 1898 – Adrian Robinson becomes mayor.[17]
  • 1899 – Electric tram begins operating.

20th century

1900s–1950s

  • 1907 – 14 January: The 6.5 {{M|w|link=y}} Kingston earthquake causes 800–1,000 deaths and flooding from a moderate tsunami.[18]
  • 1908 – King's House, Jamaica built.
  • 1910 – Alpha Boys Band active.{{sfn|Witmer|1987}}
  • 1912
    • Ward Theatre established.[19]
    • Hubert Simpson becomes mayor.[17]
  • 1914 – Population: 57,379.{{sfn|Aspinall|1914}}
  • 1918 – Myrtle Bank Hotel rebuilt.[20]
  • 1923 – Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation (city government) formed.[21]
  • 1927
    • December: Marcus Garvey returns to Kingston.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
    • Heritage Dam built.[17]
  • 1929
    • Blackman newspaper begins publication.[22]
    • August: Universal Negro Improvement Association Convention held.[22]
  • 1930 – Sabina Park (cricket ground) established.
  • 1935 – King of Kings Ethiopian Mission founded (approximate date).[23][24]
  • 1938 – Carib Theatre opens.[25]
  • 1947 – Alexander Bustamante elected mayor.
  • 1948
    • Kingston Air Traffic Control Centre and Palisadoes Airport established.
    • University College of the West Indies established near city.
  • 1951 – August: Hurricane Charlie.
  • 1956 – Catholic Diocese of Kingston formed.
  • 1957 – Earthquake.[26]
  • 1958 – Iris King becomes mayor.[17]

1960s–1990s

  • 1960
    • Parliament of Jamaica moves to Gordon House.[4]
    • Population: 123,403 city; 376,520 urban agglomeration.[27]
  • 1962
    • 6 August: City becomes part of independent Jamaica.[15]
    • Independence Park (sports complex) opens.
    • 15–28 August: 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games held.
    • Tivoli Gardens housing complex in Back O'Wall built.{{sfn|Sives|2002}}
  • 1963
    • Studio One (record label) in business.[28]
    • McIntyre Land Citizens' Association formed.{{sfn|Anderson|2007}}
  • 1964 – 11 November: Burial of Marcus Garvey in King George VI Memorial Park.[29]
  • 1965 – Ethnic unrest.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
  • 1966
    • 21 April: Haile Selassie visits Jamaica.
    • August: 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games held.
  • 1968 – Jamaica Stock Exchange founded.
  • 1970
    • Tuff Gong record label founded.
    • Population: 111,879 city; 475,548 urban agglomeration.[30]
  • 1972 – Ralph Eugene Brown PNP general-secretary becomes mayor.[31]
  • 1973 – Jamaica Pegasus Hotel built.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
  • 1979 – National Library of Jamaica headquartered in city.
  • 1982 – Population: 104,041 city; 524,638 urban agglomeration.[32]
  • 1987 – Bob Marley Museum opens.[33]
  • 1989 – Marie Atkins becomes mayor.[34]
  • 1990 – African Caribbean Institute of Jamaica / Jamaica Memory Bank headquartered in Kingston.[35]
  • 1991 – Population: 103,962 city.[32]
  • 1993 – The Jamaica Observer newspaper begins publication.

21st century

  • 2001 – Population: 579,137.[36]
  • 2002 – Emancipation Park opens in Kingston.[37]
  • 2003
    • Passa Passa begins.[38]
    • Desmond McKenzie becomes mayor.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
  • 2008 – Monument "In Memory of Children Killed" unveiled.[39]
  • 2010 – May–June: 2010 Kingston unrest.
  • 2011 – Population: 937,700.
  • 2012 – Angela Brown-Burke becomes mayor.

See also

  • Kingston history
  • List of National Heritage Sites in Kingston
  • Trenchtown history

References

1. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = Encyclopedia Americana Corporation |location = New York |title = Encyclopedia of Latin America |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofla00wilcuoft#page/726/mode/2up |chapter=Jamaica |editor1 = Marrion Wilcox |editor2=George E. Rines |year = 1917 |oclc = 603664 }}
2. ^{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society |volume=26|issue=2|pages= 290–412|year= 1916 |title=Press and Printers of Jamaica Prior to 1820 |author=Frank Cundall |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101019683158?urlappend=%3Bseq=338 }}
3. ^{{Citation |publisher = University of Massachusetts Press |isbn = 0870237799 |publication-place = Amherst |title = The Jamaican Stage, 1655–1900: profile of a colonial theatre |author = Errol Hill |publication-date = 1992 }}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.japarliament.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=23 |title=History of Jamaica's Legislature |publisher=Jamaica Houses of Parliament |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
5. ^{{Citation |publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn = 0812235584 |publication-place = Philadelphia |title = An Empire Divided: the American Revolution and the British Caribbean |author = Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy |publication-date = 2000 }}
6. ^{{Citation |publisher = S. Converse |publication-place = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |authorlink1=Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = A New Universal Gazetteer |publication-date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/378/mode/2up |chapter= Kingston }}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AKingston+%28Jamaica%29+Newspapers.&qt=hot_subject|title= Kingston (Jamaica) Newspapers |location=USA |work=WorldCat |publisher=Online Computer Library Center |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://gleaner.newspaperarchive.com/ |title=Newspaper Archives of The Jamaica Gleaner |work=NewspaperArchive.com |publisher=Heritage Microfilm, Inc. |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ala.org/acrl/conferences/confsandpreconfs/national/05titleindex |title=Knowledge Biodiversity: The Perilous Economics of World News Heritage Materials |author=Bernard F. Reilly, Jr. |year=2005 |work=Association of College and Research Libraries, 2005 national conference |publisher=American Library Association |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
10. ^{{cite book |title=Handbook of Jamaica for 1895 |location=London |author1=S.P. Musson |author2=T. Laurence Roxburgh |publisher=E. Stanford |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015039504041 }}
11. ^{{Citation |url = http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015039504074 |title = Handbook of Jamaica |publication-date = 1922 |publisher = E. Stanford |location =London }}
12. ^1 {{Citation |url = http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015039504074 |title = Handbook of Jamaica for 1908 |publication-date = 1908 |publisher = E. Stanford |location =London |author1=Jos. C. Ford |author2=Frank Cundall }}
13. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jamaica/kingston |title=Kingston |work=Jamaica |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
14. ^{{cite book |title=Jamaica in 1896: A Handbook of Information for Intending Settlers and Others |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015009350003 |publisher=Institute of Jamaica }}
15. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.nlj.gov.jm/history-notes/history-notes.htm |title=History Notes: Information on Jamaica's Culture & Heritage |publisher=National Library of Jamaica |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite journal |title=Jamaica in the Past and Present |author=Frank Cundall |date=3 January 1896 |journal= Journal of the Society of Arts |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7VJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104 |volume=44 }}
17. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url = http://www.ksac.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=83&showall=1 | title = History | publisher = Kingston & St. Andrew Corporation | accessdate =3 July 2013 }}
18. ^{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Quake and Fire Wreck Kingston |date=16 January 1907 }}
19. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.jnht.com/kingston.php |title=Kingston Heritage Sites |publisher=Jamaica National Heritage Trust |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
20. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0015.html |title=Jamaica's Grand Hotels |date=26 November 2001 |work=Jamaica Gleaner |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
21. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.citymayors.com/government/caribbean-local-government.html|title=Local government in the Caribbean |location=London |work=City Mayors.com |publisher=City Mayors Foundation |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/mgpp/intro07.asp |title=American Series Introduction: Volume VII: December 1927 – August 1940 |date= |work=Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers Project |author=Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project, UCLA |publisher= University of California |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
23. ^{{cite book |title=Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction |author=Ennis B. Edmonds |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 2012 |isbn=9780191642470 }}
24. ^{{Citation |publisher = Syracuse University Press |isbn = 081562638X |publication-place = Syracuse, N.Y |title = Rastafari: roots and ideology |author = Barry Chevannes |publication-date = 1994 }}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/jamaica/kingston?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Kingston, Jamaica |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |accessdate=3 July 2013 }}
26. ^{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Quake Rocks Jamaica |date=2 March 1957 }}
27. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1965 |year=1966 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants }}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=11®ion=ca#/Key-Events |title= Mexico and Central America, 1900 A.D.: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |accessdate= }}
29. ^{{Citation |publisher = University of California Press |isbn = 9780520044562 |title = The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers |volume=1: 1826 |date= August 1919 |editor=Robert A. Hill |publication-date = 1983 }}
30. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 }}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/72919_KSAC-head-office-being-renamed-the-Ralph-Brown-Building |title= KSAC head office being renamed the Ralph Brown Building |date=10 January 2005 |work=The Gleaner }}
32. ^1 {{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}
33. ^{{Citation |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 9780415958387 |title = New Perspectives in Caribbean Tourism |author1 = Jalani Niaah |author2=Sonjah Stanley Niaah |chapter=Bob Marley, Rastafari, and the Jamaican Tourism Product |editor=Marcella Daye|publication-date = 2008 |display-editors=etal}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090111/out/out10.html |title= Remembering Mayor Marie Atkins |date=11 January 2009 |work=The Gleaner }}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://acij-ioj.org.jm/about/ |title=About |date= |work= |author=African Caribbean Institute of Jamaica/Jamaica Memory Bank |publisher=Government of Jamaica, Agency of the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |year=2012 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
37. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.emancipationpark.org.jm/about-us/history-of-emancipation-park.php |title=History of Emancipation Park |publisher=Government of Jamaica |accessdate=3 July 2013}}
38. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.theroot.com/views/dance-could-save-kingston |title= The Dance That Could Save Kingston |date= 29 May 2009 |work=The Root |author=Denise Campbell |publisher=The Slate Group |location=Washington, DC }}
39. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ksac.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1| title = The monument| publisher = Kingston & St. Andrew Corporation| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120321093143/http://www.ksac.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1| deadurl = yes| archivedate = 21 March 2012}}

}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
Published in the 18th–19th centuries
  • {{Citation |publisher = T. Lowndes |publication-place = London |author = Edward Long |title = History of Jamaica |publication-date = 1774 |chapter=Parish and Town of Kingston |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/historyofjamaica02long#page/102/mode/2up }}
  • {{cite book |author=G. Arnaboldi |title=Tourist's Guide to the Chief Towns And Villages of the Island of Jamaica |location=Kingston |year= 1852 |url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044072260029

| ref = {{harvid|Arnaboldi|1852}}
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = J.H. Stark |publication-place = Boston |author = James Henry Stark |title = Stark's Jamaica Guide |publication-date = 1898 |chapter=Kingston |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/starksjamaicagui00star#page/50/mode/2up }}
  • {{cite journal |journal=The International: an Illustrated Monthly Magazine |volume=4 |date=January 1898 |title=Winter Days in Jamaica: In and About Kingston |author=Lillian D. Kelsey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hG0eAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3 |publisher=Brower |location=Chicago }}
Published in the 20th century
  • {{Citation |publisher = Hamburg-American Line |publication-place = New York |title = Tourist Guide to the West Indies, Venezuela, Isthmus of Panama and Bermuda |publication-date = 1909 |oclc = 58672123 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/touristguidetowe00newy#page/38/mode/2up |chapter=Kingston, Jamaica }}
  • {{Citation |publication-place = New York |title =Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri15chisrich#page/820/mode/2up |chapter = Kingston

}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Rand, McNally & Company |publication-place = Chicago |author = Algernon E. Aspinall |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/pocketguidetowes00aspi#page/168/mode/2up |chapter=Kingston |title = Pocket Guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Bermudas, the Spanish Main, and the Panama Canal |publication-date = 1914

| ref = {{harvid|Aspinall|1914}}
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Dodd, Mead & Company |publication-place = New York |title = Guide to the West Indies, Bermuda and Panama |author = Frederick A. Ober |publication-date = 1920 |oclc = 1515460 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/aguidetowestind01obergoog#page/n189/mode/2up |chapter=Kingston

| ref = {{harvid|Ober|1920}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=The Rastafari Movement In Kingston, Jamaica |author1= M. G. Smith |author2=Roy Augier |author3=Rex Nettleford |journal= Caribbean Quarterly |volume= 13 |year= 1967 }}
  • {{cite book |title=Kingston 100 years |author=Tom Graham |location=Kingston, Jamaica |publisher= T. Graham |year= 1972 }}
  • {{citation |title=Ecological Aspects of Population Growth in Kingston, Jamaica |author= Colin G. Clarke |publisher= Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers |volume= 4|year= 1975 |jstor=25765506 |pages=42–55

| ref = {{harvid|Clarke|1975a}}
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = University of California Press |isbn = 0520020251 |publication-place = Berkeley |title = Kingston, Jamaica: Urban Development and Social Change, 1692–1962 |author = Colin G. Clarke |publication-date = 1975

| ref = {{harvid|Clarke|1975b}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=The Culture of Race in Middle-Class Kingston, Jamaica |author= Jack Alexander |journal= American Ethnologist |volume= 4 |year= 1977 | doi = 10.1525/ae.1977.4.3.02a00020 |pages=413–435}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Analysis of residential location patterns in the Kingston Metropolitan Area |author= Pauline Knight and Omar Davies |journal= Social and Economic Studies |volume= 27|year=1978}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Social control in the pre-Emancipation society of Kingston, Jamaica |author= Wilma Bailey |journal= Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe |number= 24 |year= 1978 }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Political Violence and Urban Geography in Kingston, Jamaica |author= L. Alan Eyre |journal= Geographical Review |volume= 74 |year=1984

}}
  • {{cite journal |title='Local and 'Foreign': The Popular Music Culture of Kingston, Jamaica, before Ska, Rock Steady, and Reggae |author= Robert Witmer |journal= Latin American Music Review |volume= 8|year=1987

| ref = {{harvid|Witmer|1987}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Politics of protest in free Jamaica: The Kingston John Canoe Christmas Riots, 1840 and 1841 |author= Swithin Wilmot |journal= Caribbean Quarterly |volume= 36 |year= 1990}}
Published in the 21st century
  • {{cite journal |title=Changing Patrons, from Politician to Drug Don: Clientelism in Downtown Kingston, Jamaica |author= Amanda Sives |journal= Latin American Perspectives |volume= 29|year= 2002

| ref = {{harvid|Sives|2002}}
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |isbn = 1576070271 |publication-place = Santa Barbara, Calif |title = Historic Cities of the Americas |author = David Marley |publication-date = 2005 |chapter=Kingston

| ref = {{harvid|Marley|2005}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Creole Language in Kingston: The Emergence of Basilectal Varieties – 1692–1865 |author= Michelle Stewart |journal= Caribbean Quarterly |volume= 51 |year= 2005 }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Contradictory Socio-Economic Consequences of Structural Adjustment in Kingston, Jamaica |author= Colin Clarke and David Howard |journal= The Geographical Journal |volume= 172 |year= 2006 }}
  • {{cite book |title=Decolonizing the Colonial City: Urbanization and Stratification in Kingston, Jamaica |author=Colin G. Clarke |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2006 |isbn=9780191515033 }}
  • {{cite journal |title=Challenge of housing and community conflict in East and West Kingston |author= Patricia Anderson |journal= Social and Economic Studies |volume= 56|year= 2007

| ref = {{harvid|Anderson|2007}}
}}
  • {{Citation

|publisher = Vanderbilt University Press |isbn = 9780826517654 |publication-place = Nashville |title = Higglers in Kingston: women's informal work in Jamaica |author = Winnifred R. Brown-Glaude |publication-date = 2011
| ref = {{harvid|Brown-Glaude|2011}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title= Kingston, Jamaica, and Charleston, South Carolina: A New Look at Comparative Urbanization in Plantation Colonial British America |author1=Trevor Burnard |author2= Emma Hart |journal= Journal of Urban History |volume= 39 |year= 2012 }}
  • {{cite book |editor= Jorge Canizares-Esguerra |display-editors=etal |title= Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx0F6zZUfwC|publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0813-9 |year= 2013

|chapter= Kingston, Jamaica: Crucible of Modernity |author= Trevor Burnard
}}{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Kingston, Jamaica}}
  • Maps of Kingston, Jamaica, 1960s
  • Images of Kingston, Jamaica, various dates (via New York Public Library)
  • [https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=kingston%20jamaica&sg=true Images of Kingston, Jamaica], various dates (via U.S. Library of Congress)
{{coord|17.983333|-76.8|type:city_region:JM|display=title}}{{Jamaica year nav}}{{Settlements in Jamaica}}

6 : Kingston, Jamaica|History of Jamaica|Timelines of cities in North America|Jamaica-related lists|Years in Jamaica|Timelines of capitals
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