释义 |
- Prior to 20th century
- 20th century
- 21st century
- See also
- References
- Bibliography
- External links
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kraków, Poland. {{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}Prior to 20th century{{History of Poland}}- 1000 - Catholic diocese of Kraków established.[1]
- 1044 - Benedictine Abbey {{Interlanguage link multi|Benedictine Abbey of Tyniec|pl|3=Opactwo Benedyktynów w Tyńcu|lt=of Tyniec}} established in Tyniec near Kraków.{{sfn|Hourihane|2012}}
- 1142 - Cathedral built (approximate date).{{sfn|Hourihane|2012}}
- 1241 - Kraków sacked by Tatars.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- 1257 - The town granted Magdeburg rights, signing of {{Interlanguage link multi|Lokacja Krakowa|pl}}.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- 1306 - Kraków taken by Władysław Łokietek.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- 1313 - Kraków Town Hall built (approximate date).[2]
- 1320 - Kraków becomes Polish capital.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1364
- Cracow Academy founded.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- Wawel Cathedral{{sfn|Baedeker|1911}} and Collegium Maius built.
- 1390 - Public clock installed (approximate date).[3]
- 1395 - Kraków Cloth Hall built.{{sfn|Baedeker|1911}}
- 1397 - St. Mary's Basilica built.
- 1407 - Synagogue built in Kazimierz.[4]
- 1420 - Bellmakers guild established.{{sfn|Hourihane|2012}}
- 1491
- Paper mill established in Prądnik Czerwony.[5]
- Printing press in operation.[6]
- 1521 - Sigismund Bell installed in tower of Wawel Cathedral.
- 1566 - {{Interlanguage link multi|Kraków arsenal|pl|3=Arsenał Miejski w Krakowie}} built (near St. Florian's Gate).
- 1609 - Polish capital relocated from Kraków to Warsaw by Sigismund III Vasa (approximate date).{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- 1610 - Bagel first mentioned.
- 1618 - Church of St. Adalbert rebuilt.
- 1619 - Saints Peter and Paul Church built.{{sfn|Baedeker|1911}}
- 1643 - Obergymnasium of St. Anna (school) built on {{Interlanguage link multi|St. Anna Street, Kraków|pl|3=Ulica św. Anny w Krakowie}}.{{sfn|Baedeker|1911}}
- 1655 - Siege of Kraków (1655) by Swedish forces.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- 1702 - City taken by forces of Charles XII of Sweden.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1703 - Church of St. Anne, Kraków rebuilt.{{sfn|Hourihane|2012}}
- 1768 - City taken by Russian forces.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1781 - Theatre opens.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
- 1783 - Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University founded.[7]
- 1794
- 24 March: Kościuszko's proclamation against Russian rule occurs in Main Square.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- June: Prussians in power.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1795 - City becomes part of Austria.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1809 - City becomes part of the Duchy of Warsaw.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- 1810 - Population: 23,612.
- 1815 - Republic of Krakow established per Congress of Vienna.[8]
- 1820 - Most of Kraków Town Hall demolished (except tower).
- 1831 - City occupied by Russian forces.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1846
- February: Kraków Uprising against Austrian forces; {{Interlanguage link multi|Polish National Government (Kraków Uprising)|pl|3=Rząd Narodowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej}} established.
- November: City becomes part of Austria again; Grand Duchy of Cracow established.[8]
- 1847 - Kraków Główny railway station built.
- 1848 - {{Interlanguage link multi|Czas|pl|3=Czas (dziennik)}} newspaper begins publication.[10]
- 1850 - 18 July: Kraków fire of 1850.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1851 - Population: 41,086.[7]
- 1869 - July: Imprisonment of nun {{Interlanguage link multi|Barbara Ubryk|pl|3=Sprawa Barbary Ubryk}} discovered; unrest ensues.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1873 - School of Fine Arts and Academy of Learning[8] active.
- 1879 - National Museum, Kraków established.
- 1885 - Park Krakowski established.{{sfn|Rostafiński|1891}}
- 1890 - Population: 76,025.[9]
- 1893 - Municipal Theatre opens.
- 1898 - Mickiewicz monument installed in Main Square.{{sfn|Baedeker|1911}}
20th century- 1905 - Zielony Balonik literary cabaret begins in Jama Michalika on Floriańska Street.
- 1909 - Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra founded.
- 1910 - Population: 151,781.[10]
- 1916 - {{Interlanguage link multi|Kino Sztuka|pl|3=Kino Sztuka w Krakowie}} (cinema) opens.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
- 1917 - Formiści (art group) formed.[11]
- 1918 - City becomes part of Poland.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- 1920 - Population: 176,463.[12]
- 1929 - Kraków Zoo opens.[13]
- 1930 - Wawel Castle museum established.
- 1931
- Kraków Philharmonic hall opens.
- Population: 219,300.
- 1933 - {{Interlanguage link multi|Grupa Krakowska|pl}} (art group) formed.[14]
- 1939
- 6 September: German forces enter city.
- 4 November: City becomes seat of Nazi German General Government of occupied Poland.
- 1941 - March: Kraków Ghetto of Jews established by occupying Germans.
- 1945
- January: Russians take city; German occupation ends.{{sfn|Lerski|1996}}
- Historical Museum of Kraków established.
- 1946 - Krakow Polytechnic established.
- 1949
- Gazeta Krakowska newspaper begins publication.
- Development of Nowa Huta area begins.
- 1950
- {{Interlanguage link multi|Bunkier Sztuki Contemporary Art Gallery|pl|3=Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej „Bunkier Sztuki”}} founded.[15]
- Population: 347,500.[16]
- 1951 - Polish Academy of Sciences' Division of Medicinal Plants established.[17]
- 1954
- Lenin Steelworks begins operating.
- Opera Krakowska founded.
- 1955
- Cricot 2 theatre group formed.[14]
- Population: 428,231.
- 1959 - Krzysztofory Gallery[14] and Kino Mikro (cinema).{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} open.
- 1961 - Kraków Film Festival begins.
- 1964
- Balice Airport begins operating.
- Karol Wojtyła becomes Catholic archbishop.{{sfn|Ring|1995}}
- 1965 – Population: 520,145.
- 1967 - {{Interlanguage link multi|Kino Kijów|pl}} (cinema) opens.
- 1973 - Tyniec becomes part of Kraków.
- 1974 - Population: 662,900.[18]
- 1978 - Kraków Old Town designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.{{sfn|Hughes|2003}}
- 1988 - Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków begins.[19]
- 1990 - {{Interlanguage link multi|Czas Krakowski|pl}} newspaper begins publication.[20]
- 1993 - Institute for Strategic Studies established.
- 1997 - Cracow Klezmer Band formed.
- 1998 - Andrzej Maria Gołaś becomes mayor.
- 1999 - City becomes part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
- 2000 - City designated a European Capital of Culture.{{sfn|Hughes|2003}}
21st century- 2002 - Jacek Majchrowski becomes mayor.
- 2006 - Galeria Krakowska shopping mall in business.
- 2008
- Kraków Fast Tram begins operating.
- International Festival of Independent Cinema Off Plus Camera begins.
- 2009
- {{Interlanguage link multi|Kino Agrafka|pl}} (cinema) opens.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
- Sister city relationship established with San Francisco, USA.[21]
- 2010
- Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków,[22] Oskar Schindler's Enamel Factory museum,[22] and {{Interlanguage link multi|Bernatek Footbridge|pl|3=Kładka Ojca Bernatka}}[22] open.
- Paderewski monument erected in {{Interlanguage link multi|Strzelecki Park, Kraków|pl|3=Park Strzelecki w Krakowie}}.
- 2012 - Population: 758,300.[23]
- 2013 - Air pollution in Krakow reaches annual mean of 37 PM2.5 and 51 PM10, more than recommended.[24]
- 2014 - May: Kraków referendum, 2014 held; Kraków bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics withdrawn.
See also- History of Kraków
- Other names of Kraków, e.g. Krakau
- List of mayors of Kraków
- List of churches of Kraków
- Synagogues of Kraków
- List of events in Kraków (currently ongoing)
- List of Polish monarchs, some crowned in Kraków
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Poland |url= http://www.katolsk.no/organisasjon/verden/chronology/poland |publisher=Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese) |location=Norway |accessdate= 30 April 2015 }} 2. ^Kamil Janicki (2012), Co się stało z krakowskim ratuszem? Ciekawostki turystyczne. 3. ^{{cite book|author= {{Interlanguage link multi|Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum|de}} |title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders |year= 1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-15510-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Za4jdBEVB4C&pg=PA392 }} 4. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319043216/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow |deadurl=yes |archivedate=March 2015 |url= http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow |title= Kraków |work=Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |publisher=Yivo Institute for Jewish Research |location=New York }} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Dard Hunter|title=Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft|year=1978|publisher=Dover|isbn=978-0-486-23619-3 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sEp3rtK994C&pg=PA477 }} 6. ^{{cite book |title= Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum |author= Robert Proctor |location=London |publisher= Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company |year= 1898 |chapter=Books Printed From Types: Austria-Hungary: Krakau |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c3450632?urlappend=%3Bseq=165 |via=HathiTrust }} 7. ^{{cite book|author= {{Interlanguage link multi|Georg Friedrich Kolb|de}} |language=German |title=Grundriss der Statistik der Völkerzustands- und Staatenkunde |year=1862 |location=Leipzig |publisher=A. Förstnersche Buchhandlung |chapter=Die europäischen Großmächte: Oesterreich |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=QkBVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 |quote= Größere Städte ... in Galizien }} 8. ^{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Library History |editor=Wayne A. Wiegand and Donald G. Davis, Jr. |year= 1994 |chapter=Poland |author= Maria Kocojowa |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=WR9bsvhc4XMC&pg=PA499 }} 9. ^{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1899 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Austria-Hungary: Austria |chapterurl=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081590550?urlappend=%3Bseq=729 }} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1913 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Austria-Hungary: Austria |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368374?urlappend=%3Bseq=750 }} 11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bl.uk/breakingtherules |work= Breaking the Rules: The Printed Face of the European Avant Garde 1900-1937 |series = Online Exhibitions |title= Chronology of the European Avant Garde, 1900─1937 |year=2007 |editor= Chris Michaelides |publisher=British Library }} 12. ^{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1921 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co. |via=Hathi Trust |chapter= Poland |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1240 }} 13. ^{{cite book|editor=Vernon N. Kisling|title=Zoo and Aquarium History|year= 2000|publisher=CRC Press |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4200-3924-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC }} 14. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=11®ion=euwco#/Key-Events |title= Central Europe, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |accessdate= 30 April 2015 }} 15. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.newmuseum.org/spaces/listing/country:Poland |title=Poland |work=Art Spaces Directory |location=New York |publisher=New Museum |accessdate= 30 April 2015}} 16. ^1 2 {{Citation |publisher = Columbia University Press |publication-place = New York |editor = Leon E. Seltzer |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6112221M/The_Columbia_Lippincott_gazetteer_of_the_world |title = Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World |publication-date = 1952 |ol=6112221M |page= 460 |chapter=Cracow }} 17. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.bgci.org/garden_search.php?action=Find&ftrCountry=PL |title=Garden Search: Poland |publisher= Botanic Gardens Conservation International |location=London |accessdate= 30 April 2015 }} 18. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253-279 }} 19. ^{{cite journal |title=Klezmer in Kraków: Kitsch, or Catharsis for Poles? |author1=Steven Saxonberg |author2=Magdalena Waligórska |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume= 50 |year= 2006 |jstor=20174469 }} 20. ^1 {{cite book|title= Europa World Year Book |year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-85743-255-8 |chapter=Poland: Directory |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3463 }} 21. ^{{cite web |publisher=City & County of San Francisco |title= San Francisco Sister Cities |accessdate=30 December 2015 |url= http://www.oewd.org/index.aspx?page=100 |location=USA }} 22. ^1 2 {{citation |work=New York Times |title=36 Hours in Krakow |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/travel/36-hours-in-krakow-poland.html |date= 29 September 2011 }} 23. ^{{cite web |url= http://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/concise-statistical-yearbook-of-poland-2014,1,15.html |title=Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland 2014 |publisher=Central Statistical Office of Poland |quote=Review Tables: Cities }} 24. ^{{citation |author=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |title=Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database |year=2016 |url=http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ }}
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| ref = {{harvid|Ring|1995}} }} |author= George Lerski |title=Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-26007-0 |chapter=Cracow |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA89 | ref = {{harvid|Lerski|1996}} }}- Published in 21st century
- {{cite journal |title=Significance of European 'Capital of Culture' for Tourism and Culture: The Case of Kraków 2000 |author= Howard Hughes|journal= International Journal of Arts Management |volume= 5 |year= 2003 |jstor= 41064794 |display-authors=etal
| ref = {{harvid|Hughes|2003}} }} |publisher = Brill |isbn = 9789004180109 |publication-place = Leiden |title = At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities |author = Laurențiu Rădvan |others=Translated by Valentin Cîrdei |publication-date = 2010 |chapter=Towns in the Kingdom of Poland: Wroclaw and Krakow |page=47+ |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0xNYmFwyCdkC&pg=PA47 }} |editor=Colum Hourihane |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539536-5 |chapter=Krakow |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA569 | ref = {{harvid|Hourihane|2012}} }}{{refend}}External links{{Commons category|Kraków}}{{Kraków}}{{Years in Poland}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Krakow}} 4 : History of Kraków|Timelines of cities in Poland|Polish history timelines|Years in Poland |