| 释义 |
- Prior to 20th century
- 20th century
- 21st century
- See also
- References
- Bibliography
- External links
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Medina, Saudi Arabia. {{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}Prior to 20th century{{see also|Muhammad in Medina}}{{History of Saudi Arabia}}- 6th century BCE - Yathrib settled "by three Jewish tribes, the Banu Quynuqa, the Banu Qurayza, and the Banu Nadir."[1]
- 622 CE / 0-1 H
- Muhammad arrives from Mecca, with followers (muhajirun).[1][3]
- Quba Mosque and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) built.[2]
- Yathrib renamed "Medina."[3]
- Baqi Cemetery established.
- 623 CE - Masjid al-Qiblatain (Mosque of the two Qiblas) built.
- 624 CE - Prophet's House built.[2]
- 627
- March–April: Battle of the Trench.[7]
- Constitution of Medina created (approximate date).{{sfn|Friedman|2000}}
- 630 - Medina and Mecca "established as the holy cities of Islam."[3]
- 632 CE / 11 H
- 8 June: Death of Muhammad.
- Abu Bakr appointed caliph; Rashidun Caliphate established.[3]
- 634 - Umar becomes caliph.
- 639 - Hijri year calendar devised.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
- 644 - Uthman ibn Affan becomes caliph.
- 656 - Ali becomes caliph and moves capital from Medina to Kufa.{{sfn|Friedman|2000}}{{sfn|Martín|2004}}
- 661 - Umayyad Caliphate established; capital moved from Medina to Damascus.[2]
- 662 - Marwan ibn al-Hakam becomes Governor of Madina.
- 683 - Medina sacked by Umayyads.[4]
- 8th century - Sharia (Islamic law) codified in Medina.[5]
- 706 - Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz becomes Governor of Madina.
- 707 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi rebuilt.[6]
- 975 - City wall built.{{sfn|Friedman|2000}}
- 1162 - City wall expanded.{{sfn|Friedman|2000}}
- 1513 - Al-Hajjaria waqf (trust) incorporated.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
- 1517 - Ottoman Turks in power.[7][8]
- 1804 - Wahhabis in power.[4]{{sfn|Watson|1996}}
- 1812 - November: Battle of Medina (1812); Turks in power.{{sfn|Watson|1996}}
- 1837 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi dome painted green.
- 1872 - Medina becomes part of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet.
- 1896 - Telephone line installed.{{sfn|Winder|1984}}
20th century- 1908 - Hejaz Railway (Damascus-Medina) begins operating.[5]
- 1916 - Siege of Medina begins.
- 1919 - January: Siege of Medina ends; Arabs in power.[9]
- 1925 - Medina becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.{{sfn|Watson|1996}}
- 1937 - Italian-Muslim hospital founded.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1953 - Baqi Cemetery expanded.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1955 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi enlarged.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1961 - Islamic University of Madinah established.{{sfn|Winder|1984}}[10]
- 1974
- Mohammad Airport opens.
- Population: 198,186.[11]
- 1985 - King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran begins operating.
- 1986 - Quba Mosque rebuilt.[2]
21st century- 2001 - 15 March: Chechen hijacking of Russian aircraft.[5]
- 2003 - Taibah University established.
- 2006 - Hejaz Railway Museum opens.
- 2010 - Population: 1,180,770.
- 2014
- 8 February: 2014 Medina hotel fire.
- Air pollution in Medina reaches annual mean of 65 PM2.5 and 153 PM10, much higher than recommended.[12]
- 2016 - 4 July: bombing at Prophet's Mosque.[13]
See also- History of Medina
- Other names of Medina
- Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Mecca, Riyadh
References1. ^{{cite book|editor=Cyril Glassé|title=New Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2003|publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |author=ArchNet |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1884 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017144439/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1884 |archivedate= 17 October 2013 |title=Medina }}
3. ^{{cite book|author= Ziauddin Sardar |title=Mecca: The Sacred City|year= 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-62040-266-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFhmBAAAQBAJ }}
4. ^1 {{Citation |publisher = Columbia University Press |publication-place = New York |editor = Leon E. Seltzer |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6112221M/The_Columbia_Lippincott_gazetteer_of_the_world |ol=6112221M |title = Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World |publication-date = 1952 |page=1176 }}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|editor=David Lea|title=A Political Chronology of the Middle East|year=2001|publisher=Europa |isbn=978-1-85743-115-5}}
6. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=06®ion=wap#/Key-Events |title= Arabian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D.: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |accessdate= 30 October 2014 }}
7. ^1 {{cite book|author=John L. Esposito |title=Oxford Dictionary of Islam|year= 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |chapter=Chronology of Key Events |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC |page=353+ }}
8. ^{{cite book|editor=Andrew Rippin |title=Islamic World |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-80343-7}}
9. ^{{cite journal |title=Surrender of Medina, January 1919 |author= Elie Kedourie |journal= Middle Eastern Studies |volume= 13 |year= 1977 |jstor=4282625 |pages=124-143 }}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Jörg Matthias Determann|title=Historiography in Saudi Arabia: Globalization and the State in the Middle East|year= 2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85772-302-4}}
11. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247-289 }}
12. ^{{citation |author=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |title=Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database |year=2016 |url=http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ }}
13. ^{{citation |work=BBC News |date=4 July 2016 |title=Medina explosion: Suicide bombing near Saudi holy site |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36706761 }}
Bibliography{{Refbegin}}- Published in 19th century
- {{Citation |publisher = S. Converse |publication-place = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |authorlink1=Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = A New Universal Gazetteer |publication-date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/458/mode/2up |chapter= Medina
}}- {{Citation |publisher = J.Duncan |publication-place = London |title = Arabia |series=The Modern Traveller |author = Josiah Conder |authorlink=Josiah Conder (editor and author) |publication-date = 1830 |volume=4 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/moderntraveller04condiala#page/286/mode/2up |chapter=Medinah
}}- {{Citation |publisher = Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts |publication-place = London |title = Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to el Medinah and Meccah |chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=JYbw-ZPUdbIC&pg=PA361 |chapter=El Medinah |author = Richard Burton |authorlink=Richard Francis Burton |edition = 2nd |publication-date = 1857 |oclc = 5778233
}}- {{cite book |title=American Cyclopedia |year=1879 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/americancyclopae11ripluoft#page/352/mode/2up |chapter=Medina
}}- Published in 20th century
- {{Citation |publication-place = New York |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri18chisrich#page/64/mode/2up |chapter = Medina
}}- {{cite book|author=Philip Khuri Hitti |title=Capital Cities of Arab Islam |year=1973|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4 |chapter=Medina |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA48 |page=33+
}}- {{cite book |year=1984 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |chapter= Al-Madina |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JY3AAAAIAAJ |pages=997–1007 |author=Richard Bayley Winder
|ref= {{harvid|Winder|1984}}
}}- {{cite book |series=History of al-Tabari |volume= 7 |title=The Foundation of the Community: Muhammad At Al-Madina A.D. 622-626/Hijrah-4 A.H. |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-88706-344-6 |author=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari |others=M. V. McDonald, translator; W. Montgomery Watt, annotator
}} (written in 9th/10th century) - {{cite book|author=Andrew Petersen |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|year= 1996 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-61365-6 |chapter=Medina |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ |page=182
}}- {{Cite book |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 1884964036 |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |publication-date = 1996 |editor=Noelle Watson |location=UK |chapter=Medina |pages= 487+ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC
|ref= {{harvid|Watson|1996}}
}}- {{cite journal |title=The Nakhāwila, a Shite Community in Medina Past and Present |author= Werner Ende |journal= Die Welt des Islams |volume=37 |year= 1997 |jstor=1570656
}}- {{Citation |publisher = ETH Zurich |isbn = 3728119725 |publication-place = Zurich |title = Urban Form in the Arab World |author = Stefano Bianca |authorlink=Stefano Bianca |publication-date = 2000 |id = 0500282056 |chapter = Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam - The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C |page=218+
}}- {{cite book|author1=John Block Friedman|author2=Kristen Mossler Figg|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia|year= 2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59094-9 |chapter=Medina |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC |page=389
|ref= {{harvid|Friedman|2000}}
}}- Published in 21st century
- {{cite book|author=Richard C. Martín |title=Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World|year=2004|publisher=Granite Hill Publishers|isbn=978-0-02-865603-8 |chapter=Holy Cities: Medina |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld_411/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld2volumes_editedByRichardC.martin2004ByMacmillan#page/n345/mode/2up
|ref= {{harvid|Martín|2004}}
}}- {{cite book|editor=Josef W. Meri |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization |year=2006|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-96691-7 |chapter= Medina
}}- {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |chapter=Medina |pages=380–395 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC
|ref= {{harvid|Bosworth|2007}}
}}- {{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |publication-place = Santa Barbara, USA |editor1 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor2=Bruce E. Stanley |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |publication-date = 2008 |chapter= Madinah |page=237+ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC
}}- {{cite book|author= Harry Munt |title=The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia|year= 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-99272-5
}}{{refend}}External links{{Commons category|Medina}}{{Al Madinah Province}}{{Saudi cities}}{{Saudi Arabia year nav}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} 4 : Years in Saudi Arabia|History of Medina|Timelines of cities in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia-related lists |