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词条 Timeline of Norfolk, Virginia
释义

  1. Prior to 19th century

  2. 19th century

  3. 20th century

     1900s  1910s  1920s  1930s  1940s  1950s  1960s  1970s  1980s  1990s 

  4. 21st century

     2000s  2010s 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

  8. External links

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Norfolk, Virginia, United States.

{{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}

Prior to 19th century

{{History of Virginia}}
  • 1682 - Norfolk Town founded.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1728 - Norfolk Academy chartered.
  • 1736 - Town of Norfolk attains borough status.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
  • 1739 - Saint Paul's Episcopal Church built.
  • 1760 (approximately) - Poplar Hall, a historic plantation house, is built.
  • 1767 - Gosport Shipyard established near Norfolk.
  • 1776 - January 1: Burning of Norfolk.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}[1]
  • 1790 - Population: 2,959.[2]
  • 1795 - Fort Norfolk built.
  • 1799 - Fire.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}

19th century

  • 1804 - Female Orphan Society founded.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
  • 1812 - War of 1812 begins; ends 1815.
  • 1819 - First U.S. Customs House built on waterfront; relocated to permanent building on Main Street in 1852.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
  • 1828 - Christ Church built.
  • 1840 - Population: 10,920.[2]
  • 1845 - Norfolk attains city status.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
  • 1848 - Norfolk Humane Association active.{{sfn|Deal|2011}}
  • 1850
    • Norfolk Courthouse built.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
    • Freemason Street Baptist Church dedicated.
  • 1852 - Permanent U.S. Custom House opens at Main & Granby Street{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
  • 1853 - "Negro free school"{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}} and Elmwood Cemetery established.
  • 1854 - Saint Mary's Catholic Cemetery established.
  • 1855
    • Yellow fever outbreak; over 3,000 people die.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
    • Hospital of St. Vincent de Paul is founded in response to the yellow fever epidemic. It is Norfolk's first civilian and public hospital. It would evolve into what is now Bon Secours DePaul Medical Center.
  • 1858
    • Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad laid out.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
    • Basilica of Saint Mary built.
  • 1861
    • (April) Civil War begins.
    • (May) Battle of Sewell's Point
  • 1862 - May 10: Union forces in power.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}{{sfn|Chambers|1965}}
  • 1865
    • Colored Monitor Union Club formed.{{sfn|Hucles|1992}}
    • Civil War ends.
  • 1870 - Norfolk Library Association founded.[2]
  • 1873 - West Point Cemetery established.
  • 1875 - Masonic Temple built.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
  • 1877 - Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange incorporated.{{sfn|Lamb|1888}}
  • 1880 – Population: 21,966.[2]
  • 1880 - Norfolk College for Young Ladies, a finishing school, opens Downtown and operates until about 1899.
  • 1885 - Hofheimer's, a Norfolk-based retailer of upscale footwear, is founded. The company thrives for many decades before closing in 1998.
  • 1887 - Brambleton becomes part of Norfolk.[3]
  • 1888
    • St. John's African Methodist Episcopal Church built.
    • Norfolk Retreat for the Sick opens; it would later evolve into Norfolk General Hospital.
  • 1899 or soon thereafter - the College that would later evolve into University of Mary Washington took over the former finishing school building previously occupied by Norfolk College for Young Ladies.
  • 1890
    • Atlantic City becomes part of Norfolk.[3]
    • Population: 34,871.[2]
  • 1894 - Norfolk Daily Pilot newspaper begins publication; it evolved into the present-day Virginian-Pilot.[4]
  • 1896 - Epworth United Methodist Church opens.
  • 1898 - The first Monticello Hotel building opens.

20th century

{{Expand section|date=August 2014}}

1900s

  • 1900
    • Population: 34,871.[2]
    • Norfolk Zoo opens.[5]
    • U.S. Post Office and Courts Building constructed.
  • 1901 - Norfolk Journal and Guide newspaper in publication.[6]
  • 1902 - Park Place becomes part of Norfolk.[3]
  • 1903 - The original Sarah Leigh Hospital opens on Mowbray Arch along the Hague in Ghent. It would evolve into today's Sentara Leigh Hospital.[7]
  • 1904 - Freemason Street Library opens.[2]
  • 1904 - Chesterfield Heights district is platted; development is primarily from 1915-50
  • 1906 - Berkley becomes part of Norfolk.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1907
    • Jamestown Exposition held.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
    • Confederate monument erected.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
    • Monticello Arcade built.

1910s

  • 1910
    • Christ and St. Luke's Church built.
    • Population: 67,452.[2]
  • 1911
    • Huntersville and Lambert's Point become part of Norfolk.[3]
    • Maury and Booker T. Washington High Schools open.
  • 1912 - Norfolk Terminal Station, a railway station, opens in Downtown Norfolk.
  • 1913 - Wells Theatre opens as a vaudeville and movie house.
  • 1917
    • U.S. Naval Station Norfolk opens on Sewell's Point peninsula{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
    • A local NAACP branch is established.[8]
  • 1918
    • Southern Bagging Company building constructed.
    • The Monticello Hotel destroyed by fire; it is rebuilt on the same site and reopens in 1919.
  • 1919
    • City-manager form of government adopted.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
    • Attucks Theatre, popular with African-American audiences, opens and becomes known as the "Apollo Theatre of the South" .

1920s

  • 1920 – Population: 115,777.[2]
  • 1921 - Virginia Beach Boulevard opens, providing easier access to the oceanfront.
  • 1922
    • U.S. Marine Hospital built.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
    • NorVa Theatre opens as a vaudeville house and movie theater.
    • Norview High School opens.
  • 1923
    • Algonquin Park, Cottage Park, Edgewater, Kenilworth, Lafayette Annex, Lakewood, Larchmont, Lenox, Morning Side, Norfolk Naval Base, Ocean View (part), and Willoughby become part of city.[3]
    • WTAR radio begins broadcasting.[9]
  • 1926 - The Loews Theater opens as a vaudeville and movie palace at 300 Granby Street and continues operating as a cinema for many decades. As of 2018, the venue is the TCC Roper Center for the Performing Arts.[10]
  • 1928 - The Nansemond Hotel opens in Ocean View and enjoys many decades as a popular tourist attraction; it was destroyed by fire in 1980.

1930s

  • 1930
    • Population: 129,710[2]
    • Norfolk Division of College of William & Mary is established. It would later evolve into Old Dominion College and later University.
  • 1932 - U.S. Post Office and Courthouse built.
  • 1933 - Norfolk Museum of Arts and Sciences opens.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
  • 1935 - Norfolk Unit of Virginia State University opens. In 1969, it became Norfolk State College and a University in 1979.
  • 1936 - Foreman Field, a multi-purpose stadium, opens at Old Dominion University.
  • 1938 - Norfolk Municipal Airport[24] and Norfolk Azalea Garden open.
  • 1939 - Granby High School opens.

1940s

  • 1940 - Norfolk Redevelopment & Housing Authority created.[24]
  • 1941 - Merrimack Park dedicated.[24]
  • 1943 - Norfolk Municipal Auditorium opens.
  • 1947 - Ward's Corner Shopping Center opens at the intersection of Granby and Little Creek Roads.[11] Over time, future retailers included Hofheimer's shoes ('52),[12] a Giant Open Air supermarket ('63),[13] and the first 24-hour pharmacy in Norfolk, a People's Drug Store. It also had two locations of department store chains, Rices Nachmans ('52)[12] and Smith & Welton.
  • 1948 - Wilders Drive-In cinema in business.[14]

1950s

  • 1950 - WTAR-TV (television) begins broadcasting.[15]
  • 1952
    • NATO Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic headquartered in Norfolk.[24]
    • Norfolk–Portsmouth Bridge–Tunnel opens.[24]
    • WRAP-AM radio begins broadcasting.
  • 1953 - WTOV-TV (television) begins broadcasting;[15] it later evolved into WGNT.
  • 1954 - Azalea Festival begins.[24]
  • 1955 - Tanners Creek becomes part of city.[3]
  • 1957 - Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel opens, connecting Norfolk with the Virginia Peninsula.
  • 1958 - Sister city program established with Moji, Japan.[24]
  • 1959
    • Azalea Gardens, East Ocean View, JANAF, Little Creek, and Military Highway become part of City, annexed variously from former Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties.[3]
    • February: School desegregation begins.[16]
    • JANAF shopping center opens at the northeast corner of Military Highway and Virginia Beach Blvd.[17]

1960s

  • 1961
    • Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters opens.
    • The Golden Triangle Motor Hotel, the first major hotel to open in Norfolk since 1906, opens at 700 Monticello Ave., at a cost of $6.9 million.[18] Located near Scope Arena, the hotel changes ownership over the years. During the 1980s, it was known as "Holiday Inn Scope". As of 2018, it is Wyndham Garden Norfolk Downtown.
  • 1962
    • Midtown Tunnel begins operating.
    • Norfolk Terminal Train Station closes; it is demolished in 1963.
  • 1965 - Present day Norfolk City Hall facilities open.[24]
  • 1966 - Virginia Wesleyan College opens; it becomes a University in 2017.[24]
  • 1967
    • Virginia Beach-Norfolk Expressway opens, roughly following the same route as Virginia Beach Blvd. It greatly facilitates access from Norfolk to the oceanfront.[24]
    • Virginia National Bank building completed at One Commercial Place, Downtown. It would later become Bank of America and in 2017, Icon Norfolk apartments.[46]
    • Lake Taylor High School opens.
  • 1969
    • Norfolk State College becomes independent from Richmond's Virginia State College. In 1979, it becomes a University.[24]
    • Econo-Travel motel, the first in the United States, opens for business on N. Military Highway. As of 2018, it is still operating.

1970s

  • 1970 - Military Circle Mall opens at the southeast corner of the intersection of Military Highway and Virginia Beach Blvd.
  • 1971 - Norfolk Scope conventional hall opens.[24]
  • 1974 - Virginia Opera formed.
  • 1976
    • The Monticello Hotel demolished.
    • Omni Hotel opens in Downtown Norfolk; as of 2018, the 10-story hotel is occupied by Sheraton Waterside.[19]
    • Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel doubles its capacity through significant expansion, creating separate tubes for east- and west-bound traffic from Norfolk to the Virginia Peninsula.
    • The first Harborfest is held in celebration of America's Bicentennial. The festival is a success and becomes an annual event.[20]
  • 1977 - Leigh Memorial Hospital moves to its current location on Kempsville Rd.
  • 1978 - (Labor Day) Ocean View Amusement Park permanently closes. The rollercoaster, built in 1927, is demolished in '79 for the TV movie Death of Ocean View Park, telecast later that year.
  • 1979 - Hampton Roads Naval Museum is established.

1980s

  • 1980
    • Virginia Stage Company opens in the recently renovated Wells Theater.
    • NorVa Theater is remodeled as the Downtown Athletic Club.
  • 1981 - Elizabeth Jordan Carr, the first United States baby conceived by in vitro fertilization, is born at Norfolk General Hospital.
  • 1983
    • Waterside festival marketplace opens Downtown.
    • Norfolk's World Trade Center building is completed and opens; it is an 11-story building at 101 West Main St.[21]
  • 1987 - Dominion Tower built.
  • 1989 - Norfolk Southern Tower built.

1990s

  • 1990 - Population: 261,229.[22]
  • 1991 - Norfolk Waterside Marriott Hotel opens in Downtown Norfolk.
  • 1993
    • Harbor Park stadium opens.
    • Bobby Scott becomes U.S. representative for Virginia's 3rd congressional district.[23]
  • 1994
    • Paul Fraim becomes mayor.
    • Nauticus, The National Maritime Center museum, opens in Downtown Norfolk.
  • 1996 - City website online (approximate date).[24]{{Chronology citation needed|date=January 2016}}
  • 1998 - Armed Forces Memorial dedicated.[25]
  • 1999 - MacArthur Center Shopping Mall opens in Downtown Norfolk.

21st century

{{Expand section|date=August 2014}}

2000s

  • 2000 - Cinemark 18 multiplex opens at Military Circle Mall.[14]
  • 2000 - The NorVa, after 18 years of use as the Downtown Athletic Club, finishes renovation and reopens as a successful music and concert venue.
  • 2001 - USS Wisconsin opens as a museum ship on the waterfront in Downtown Norfolk. Managed by Hampton Roads Naval Museum, it is berthed next to Nauticus, The National Maritime Center.
  • 2002 - 150 West Main Street, a 20-story office building, opens Downtown.
  • 2003 - NATO Allied Command Transformation headquartered in Norfolk.
  • 2006 - Sentara Heart Hospital opens.[26] Adjoining Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, it is Southeastern Virginia's only dedicated heart hospital.

2010s

  • 2010 - Population: 242,803 in city; 1,676,822 in Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
  • 2011 - Tide Light Rail system begins; Monticello and NSU stations open.
  • 2017
    • Bank of America Downtown Norfolk tower completes renovation and reopens as Icon Norfolk luxury apartments[27]
    • Norfolk Premium Outlets mall opens.
    • Hilton Norfolk the Main opens.

See also

  • History of Norfolk, Virginia
  • List of mayors of Norfolk, Virginia
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk, Virginia
  • History of Hampton Roads area
  • {{req|Timeline of Virginia}}[28][29]
  • Timelines of other cities in Virginia: Alexandria, Hampton, Lynchburg, Newport News, Portsmouth, Richmond, Roanoke, Virginia Beach

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Ernie Gross|title=This Day in American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ9eEattl4MC|year=1990|publisher=Neal-Schuman |isbn=978-1-55570-046-1}}
2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.npl.lib.va.us/local-history-genealogy/pages-from-norfolk-s-past/history-of-the-norfolk-public-library |title= History of the Norfolk Public Library Timeline |author=Peggy Haile McPhillips |publisher= Norfolk Public Library |accessdate=August 12, 2014 }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://www.npl.lib.va.us/local-history-genealogy/historic-norfolk-pages-from-norfolk-s-past-/smc-research-links |title=List of Norfolk & Portsmouth City Annexations |author=Norfolk Public Library |accessdate=August 12, 2014 }}
4. ^{{cite web |url= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/titles/results/?state=Virginia&county=&city=Norfolk&rows=50&sort=date |title=US Newspaper Directory |location=Washington DC |work=Chronicling America |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=August 12, 2014 }}
5. ^{{cite book|editor=Vernon N. Kisling, Jr. |title=Zoo and Aquarium History|year= 2001|publisher=CRC Press |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4200-3924-5 |chapter=Zoological Gardens of the United States (chronological list) |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ulbMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 }}
6. ^{{citation |title=American Newspaper Annual |publisher=N. W. Ayer & Son |year=1921 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924087717553?urlappend=%3Bseq=1320 }}
7. ^[https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/back-in-the-day/article_151371f6-4725-11e8-b4af-5b009aa6bdbb.html The Virginian-Pilot] - "Back in the Day", Apr 29, 2018
8. ^{{cite journal |title=Black Strategy and Ideology in the Segregation Era: P. B. Young and the Norfolk Journal and Guide, 1910-1954 |author= H. Lewis Suggs |journal= Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume= 91 |year= 1983 |jstor= 4248629 }}
9. ^{{citation |title=Radio Annual |oclc=2459636 |year=1939 |editor= Jack Alicoate |publisher= Radio Daily |location=New York |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/radioannual193900radi#page/396/mode/2up |chapter= Standard Broadcasting Stations of the United States: Virginia }}
10. ^"Roper Center for the Performing Arts" at Cinema Treasures, retrieved Aug. 21, 2018
11. ^[https://wardscornernow.com/2014/10/30/wc-history-october-29-1947-opening-of-midtown-shopping-center/ "WC History: October 29, 1947 opening of Midtown Shopping Center"]. wardscornernow.com (Oct. 30, 2014)
12. ^1 [https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/back-in-the-day/article_cd77f421-d212-5e63-a21a-fb520c788f45.html "Rice's and Hofheimer's at Wards Corner"], Virginian-Pilot (Feb 6, 2014)
13. ^[https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/back-in-the-day/article_d6815734-65c7-11e8-9829-df2608df5b83.html "A Giant Open Air market for Norfolk"], Virginian-Pilot (Jun 3, 2018)
14. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/united-states/virginia/norfolk?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Norfolk, VA |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |accessdate=August 12, 2014 }}
15. ^1 {{citation |title=Radio Annual and Television Year Book |oclc=10512206 |year=1960 |editor=Charles A. Alicoate |publisher= Radio Daily Corp. |location=New York |chapter=Television Stations: Virginia |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/radio00radi#page/858/mode/2up }}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vahistorical.org/collections-and-resources/notable-dates-virginia-history |title=Notable dates in Virginia history |publisher=Virginia Historical Society |accessdate=May 30, 2015 }}
17. ^[https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/back-in-the-day/article_9d96b8b3-0c45-5195-beb1-e226ea71e470.html "A look back at the early days of Norfolk's JANAF shopping center"]. Virginian-Pilot (Jul 20, 2016)
18. ^[https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/back-in-the-day/article_2bd94218-3778-512c-9792-6e101624f56e.html "Norfolk's very own Golden Triangle"], Virginian-Pilot (June 6, 2011)
19. ^[https://pilotonline.com/inside-business/news/commercial-real-estate/article_d4fc6e71-ea29-5cc2-9442-3daf30a3e84b.html "Sheraton Norfolk Waterside will have fresh look when the dust settles"], The Virginian-Pilot, Mar 28, 2017
20. ^[https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/back-in-the-day/article_db887185-2add-503c-8355-687f0818ebce.html "Here's a look back at Norfolk's Harborfest in its early years"], Virginian-Pilot (Jun 7, 2016)
21. ^[https://pilotonline.com/business/article_1164e4b8-9412-5fd5-a181-0eed11b66f51.html "Norfolk's World Trade Center sold to local real estate firm"], Virginian-Pilot (Sep 19, 2008)
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{citation |title=Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |year=1998 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |publisher=US Census Bureau }}
23. ^{{cite book |title=Official Congressional Directory |location=Washington DC |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1993 |chapter= Virginia |chapterurl=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.l0072691827?urlappend=%3Bseq=346 }}
24. ^{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/19961222143049/http://www.norfolk.va.us/ |url= http://www.norfolk.va.us/ |archivedate= December 1996 |title= City of Norfolk: Official Web Site |via= Internet Archive, Wayback Machine }}
25. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web |url=http://www.npl.lib.va.us/local-history-genealogy/historic-norfolk-pages-from-norfolk-s-past-/smc-research-links |title=Chronology of Norfolk |author=Norfolk Public Library |accessdate=August 12, 2014 }}
26. ^[https://media.sentara.com/sentaradotcom/timeline/sentara_timeline_print.html Sentara Health System timeline].
27. ^1 [https://pilotonline.com/inside-business/news/commercial-real-estate/article_01ed2093-f0b3-5c40-9ce0-4bbee2893348.html "Icon Apartments"], The Virginian-Pilot (July 18, 2017)
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vahistorical.org/collections-and-resources/notable-dates-virginia-history |title=Notable dates in Virginia history |publisher=Virginia Historical Society }}
29. ^{{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |publication-place = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |publication-date = 1910 |chapter=Virginia |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776?urlappend=%3Bseq=1491 |via=Hathi Trust }}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
Published in 19th c.
  • {{cite book |title=Norfolk Directory |year=1851 |editor=Forest |url=http://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15987coll2 |via=Norfolk Public Library }}
  • {{cite book|author=William S. Forrest|title=Historical and Descriptive Sketches of Norfolk and Vicinity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF5AAAAAYAAJ|year=1853|publisher= Lindsay and Blakiston |location=Philadelphia

|ref= {{harvid|Forrest|1853}}
}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Norfolk Virginian |author = H. W. Burton |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24588459M/The_history_of_Norfolk_Virginia |title = History of Norfolk, Virginia |publication-date = 1877 }}
  • {{cite book|editor=Robert W. Lamb|title=Our Twin Cities of the Nineteenth Century (Norfolk and Portsmouth) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTdRAAAAYAAJ|year=1888|publisher=Barcroft

| ref = {{harvid|Lamb|1888}}
}}
  • {{cite book|title=Norfolk; the Marine Metropolis of Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUkUAAAAYAAJ|year=1888|publisher=Geo. I. Nowitzky |location=Norfolk, Va.}}
Published in 20th c.
  • {{cite book|title=Ordinances of the City of Norfolk, Va.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pJHGWizVosC |publisher=Burke & Gregory |location=Norfolk |year= 1902|page=}} (+ [https://books.google.com/books?id=LYJJAAAAYAAJ 1894 ed.])
  • {{cite book |title= Information about Norfolk, Portsmouth, Berkley, Virginia and Vicinity |publisher= Board of Trade |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009598540 |location=Norfolk |year= 1905 }}
  • {{Citation |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24365413M/Illustrated_standard_guide_to_Norfolk_and_Portsmouth_and_historical_events_of_Virginia_1607_to_1907 |publisher = Standard Lithographing and Publishing Co. |publication-date = 1907 |publication-place = Norfolk, Va |title = Illustrated Standard Guide to Norfolk and Portsmouth }}
  • {{Citation

| title = Encyclopædia Britannica
| publication-place = New York
| publication-date = 1910
| edition=11th
| oclc = 14782424
| via=Internet Archive
|chapterurl =https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri19chisrich#page/747/mode/1up |chapter =Norfolk
| ref = {{harvid|Britannica|1910}}
}}
  • {{cite book |title=Hill's Norfolk and Portsmouth (Virginia) City Directory |year=1931 |url=http://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15987coll2 |via=Norfolk Public Library }}
  • Thomas J. Wertenbaker. Norfolk, Historic Southern Port (Durham NC, 1931).
  • {{Citation |title = Virginia: a Guide to the Old Dominion |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/virginiaguidetoo00writ#page/239/mode/1up |author = Federal Writers' Project |publication-date = 1941 |series=American Guide Series |ol=24223083M |chapter=Norfolk

| ref = {{harvid|Federal Writers' Project|1941}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Notes on Life in Occupied Norfolk, 1862-1865 |author= Lenoir Chambers |journal= Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume= 73 |year= 1965 |jstor=4247102

| ref = {{harvid|Chambers|1965}}
}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Many Voices, Similar Concerns: Traditional Methods of African-American Political Activity in Norfolk, Virginia, 1865-1875 |author=Michael Hucles |journal= Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume= 100 |year= 1992 |jstor=4249313

| ref = {{harvid|Hucles|1992}}
}}
  • {{cite book|author=Thomas C. Parramore |title=Norfolk: The First Four Centuries|year= 1994|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-1988-1

}}
  • {{cite journal |title=Thunder during the Storm-School Desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia, 1957-1959: A Local History |author= Antonio T. Bly |journal= Journal of Negro Education |volume= 67 |year= 1998 |jstor=2668221 }}
  • {{cite book |title= Norfolk, Virginia |author= Ruth A. Rose |publisher=Arcadia |location=Charleston, South Carolina |series=Black America |isbn= |year= 2000

}}
Published in 21st c.
  • {{cite book

|editor1=Jonathan Daniel Wells |editor2=Jennifer R. Green
|title=The Southern Middle Class in the Long Nineteenth Century
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T52oGyHe8EC
|year=2011
|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3851-9
|chapter=Middle-Class Benevolent Societies in Antebellum Norfolk, Virginia
|author=John G. Deal |pages=84–104
| ref = {{harvid|Deal|2011}}
}}{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Norfolk, Virginia}}
  • {{cite web |title=Local History and Genealogy Collection |publisher=Norfolk Public Library |url= http://www.npl.lib.va.us/local-history-genealogy }}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA710 |publisher=Library of Virginia |location= Richmond |work=County and City Records |title= City of Norfolk }}
  • Items related to Norfolk, Virginia, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
  • [https://norfolkhistoricalsociety.wildapricot.org Norfolk Historical Society]
{{Norfolk, Virginia}}{{Virginia year nav}}

4 : Years in Virginia|History of Norfolk, Virginia|Timelines of cities in the United States|Virginia-related lists
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