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词条 Timeline of Osaka
释义

  1. Prior to 19th century

  2. 19th century

  3. 20th century

     1900s–1940s  1950s–1990s 

  4. 21st century

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

  8. External links

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Osaka, Japan.

{{Dynamic list}}{{TOC right}}

Prior to 19th century

{{History of Japan}}
  • 211 CE – Sumiyoshi taisha (shrine) founded.
  • 593 CE – Shitennō-ji (temples) founded.
  • 645 CE – Capital of Japan relocated to Naniwa-kyō;[1] Kōtoku in power.
  • 672 – Tenmu in power.{{sfn|Schellinger|1996}}
  • 724 – Shōmu in power.{{sfn|Schellinger|1996}}
  • 794 – Japanese capital relocated from Naniwa to Heian-kyō.{{sfn|Schellinger|1996}}
  • 1496 – Ishiyama Hongan-ji construction begins (approximate date).[2]{{sfn|Souvenir|1903}}
  • 1583 – Osaka Castle construction begins.{{sfn|Souvenir|1903}}
  • 1614 – November: Siege of Osaka begins.
  • 1615
    • June: Siege of Osaka ends.
    • Dōtonbori (canal) built.
  • 1684 – Takemoto-za puppet theatre opens.{{sfn|McClain|1999}}
  • 1720 – Sasa-se theatre fan club founded.{{sfn|Matsudaira|1984}}
  • 1724 – Kaitokudō merchant academy established.[3]

19th century

  • 1805 – Bunrakuza puppet theatre opens (approximate date).{{sfn|McClain|1999}}
  • 1837 – Economic/social unrest led by Ōshio Heihachirō.[1]
  • 1838 – Tekijuku (school) opens.{{sfn|McClain|1999}}
  • 1868
    • European commerce begins.[4]
    • City becomes part of Osaka Municipal Prefecture.{{sfn|McClain|1999}}
  • 1869 – Tokyo-Osaka steamship line begins operating.[5]
  • 1871
    • Tokyo-Kyoto-Osaka postal service begins.[7]
    • Imperial Mint built.[6]{{sfn|Ruble|2001}}
  • 1874 – Kobe-Osaka railway begins operating;[9] Ōsaka Station (with clocktower) opens.[7]
  • 1875 – Meiji political Osaka Conference of 1875 held.
  • 1876 – Osaka Nippō (newspaper) begins publication.
  • 1878 – Osaka Stock Exchange and {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Chamber of Commerce|ja|3=大阪商工会議所}}  [11] established.
  • 1879 – Asahi Shimbun (newspaper) begins publication.[12]
  • 1880 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Commercial Training Institute|ja|3=大阪商業講習所}} established.
  • 1881 – Osaka Iron Works established.[5][8]
  • 1882
    • Osaka Boseki Kaisha (spinning mill) in business.
    • Population: 332,425.{{sfn|Souvenir|1903}}
  • 1884 – Osaka Shosen Kaisha (shipping firm) in business.[9]
  • 1887 – Population: 426,846.{{sfn|Souvenir|1903}}
  • 1888 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Mainichi Shinbun|ja|3=大阪毎日新聞}} (newspaper) begins publication.{{sfn|Altman|1990}}
  • 1890 – Nakanoshima Park opens.{{sfn|Ruble|2001}}
  • 1892
    • December 20: Fire.[4]
    • Population: 479,895.{{sfn|Souvenir|1903}}
  • 1895
    • Sumitomo Bank established.[10][11]
    • Kyōbashi Station built.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
  • 1897
    • Parts of {{Interlanguage link multi|Higashinari-gun|ja|3=東成郡}} and {{Interlanguage link multi|Nishinari-gun|ja|3=西成郡}} annexed to Osaka city.{{sfn|Mosk|2001}}
    • Demonstration of Lumière "projected pictures" at the Nanchi Embujo theatre.[12]
    • Population: 758,285.{{sfn|Souvenir|1903}}
  • 1900 – Population: 881,344 city; 1,678,422 prefecture.{{sfn|Statistics|1941}}

20th century

1900s–1940s

  • 1901 – Satirical {{Interlanguage link multi|Kokkei Shinbun|ja|3=滑稽新聞}} begins publication.[13][14]
  • 1903 – {{Interlanguage link multi|National Industrial Exposition (Japan)|ja|3=内国勧業博覧会}} held in Osaka.[15]{{sfn|Souvenir|1903}}
  • 1904 – Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library opens.
  • 1905 – Maruki-go bakery in business.[23]
  • 1909 – Tennōji Park established.
  • 1910 – Population: 1,239,373 city; 2,197,201 prefecture.{{sfn|Statistics|1941}}
  • 1915 – Tennōji Zoo founded.[16]
  • 1917 – City planning committee formed.[9]
  • 1918
    • City Social Bureau established.[17]
    • {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Central Public Hall|ja|3=大阪市中央公会堂}} built.[27]
  • 1919 – Miki Hall (concert venue) opens.[18]
  • 1920
    • Shirokiya department store built.[19]
    • Population: 1,768,295.[20]
  • 1922 – Daimaru department store built.[19]
  • 1923
    • Sharp in business.[21]
    • {{Interlanguage link multi|Seki Hajime|fr|3=Hajime Seki}} becomes mayor.{{sfn|Hanes|2002}}
  • 1924 – Osaka Photographic Science Society founded.[22]
  • 1925
    • City wards established: Higashinari, Higashiyodogawa, Konohana, Minato, Naniwa, Nishinari, Nishiyodogawa, Sumiyoshi, and Tennōji.
    • "Public radio broadcasting commences."[23]
    • Nomura Securities Co., Ltd. established.
    • Population: 2,114,804.[20]
  • 1926 – Asahi Kaikan (concert hall) opens.[18]
  • 1927 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Dojima Ohashi|ja|3=堂島大橋}} (bridge) built over Dojima River.[8]
  • 1928 – Osaka University of Commerce active.
  • 1929
    • Kosobe Conservatory (garden) established.[24]
    • Hankyu Department Store opens in Umeda Station.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
  • 1930 – Population: 2,453,573 city; 3,540,017 prefecture.{{sfn|Statistics|1941}}
  • 1931 – National Defense Women's Association founded in Osaka.[25][26]
  • 1932 – City wards established: Asahi and Taishō.
  • 1933
    • Subway Midōsuji Line begins operating.
    • Sanwa Bank established.[11]
  • 1936
    • Osaka Tigers baseball team formed.
    • {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Municipal Museum of Art|ja|3=大阪市立美術館}} opens.
  • 1940
    • January 28: Train crash at Ajikawaguchi Station.[6]
    • Population: 3,252,340 city;[27] 4,843,032 prefecture.{{sfn|Statistics|1941}}
  • 1942
    • {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Shimbun|ja|3=大阪新聞}} (newspaper) in publication.[11]
    • Subway Yotsubashi Line begins operating.
  • 1943
    • City wards established: Abeno, Fukushima, Higashisumiyoshi, Ikuno, Jōtō, and Miyakojima.
    • Hitachi Zosen Corporation in business.[8]
  • 1945
    • March 13: Bombing of Osaka during World War II begins.
    • August 14: Bombing of Osaka ends.
    • Population: 1,102,959.[28]
    • Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau established.
  • 1947
    • Kansai Symphony Orchestra founded.
    • Population: 1,559,310.[27]
  • 1948 – Grand Sumo tournament begins.[29]
  • 1949 – Osaka City University and Osaka Securities Exchange[11] active.

1950s–1990s

  • 1950 – Population: 1,956,136.[28]
  • 1955
    • Cinerama Gekijo opens.[30]
    • Sankei Sports newspaper begins publication.[11]
    • Population: 2,547,321.[20]
  • 1956
    • Tsūtenkaku (tower) built.
    • Osaka designated a government ordinance city.[31]
  • 1957 – Sister city relationship established with San Francisco, USA.[32]
  • 1958 – Radio Osaka begins broadcasting.
  • 1961
    • September: Typhoon Muroto II occurs.[6]
    • Subway Chūō Line begins operating.
  • 1964
    • Tokyo-Osaka Tōkaidō Shinkansen (hi-speed train) begins operating.[6]
    • Nagai Stadium opens.
  • 1967 – Subway Tanimachi Line begins operating.
  • 1968 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Sports|ja|3=大阪スポーツ}} newspaper in publication.[33]
  • 1969 – Subway Sakaisuji Line and Sennichimae Line begin operating.
  • 1970
    • April: Gas explosion in Kita-ku.[6]
    • Expo '70 (world's fair) held in Osaka.[34]
  • 1972
    • May 13: Sennichi Department Store Building fire.
    • Osaka Expo '70 Stadium opens.
  • 1974 – City wards established: Hirano, Suminoe, Tsurumi, and Yodogawa.
  • 1975 – Population: 2,780,000.[35]
  • 1977 – National Museum of Art, Osaka opens.
  • 1979 – Capsule Inn Osaka in business.[36]
  • 1980 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Symphony Orchestra|ja|3=大阪交響楽団}} established.[37]
  • 1982
    • Osaka International Ladies Marathon begins.
    • Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka established.
  • 1983 – Osaka-jō Hall (arena) opens.
  • 1984 – National Bunraku Theatre opens.{{sfn|Schellinger|1996}}
  • 1987 – Kincho Stadium opens.
  • 1989
    • City wards established: Chūō and Kita.
    • Osaka Science Museum opens.
  • 1990
    • Subway Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line begins operating.
    • Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan opens.
    • Garden and Greenery Exposition held in city.[38]
  • 1993 – Umeda Sky Building constructed.
  • 1995
    • January 17: The 6.9 {{M|w}} Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of VII, leaving 5,502–6,434 people dead, and 251,301–310,000 displaced in the region.
    • Takafumi Isomura becomes mayor.
  • 1996 – Osaka Prefectural Central Library opens.[39]
  • 1997 – Tempozan Ferris Wheel and Kyocera Dome open.
  • 1999 – Momofuku Ando Instant Ramen Museum opens in nearby Ikeda.

21st century

  • 2001 – June 8: Osaka school massacre occurs in nearby Ikeda.
  • 2006 – Subway Imazatosuji Line begins operating.
  • 2007 – Kunio Hiramatsu becomes mayor.
  • 2009 – Kansai Music Conference begins.
  • 2010 – Population: 2,665,314.[40]
  • 2011 – Tōru Hashimoto becomes mayor.[41]
  • 2013 – Festival Hall opens.
  • 2014 – Population: 2,685,218.[42]

See also

  • Osaka history
  • Osaka history (in Japanese; includes timeline)
  • {{Interlanguage link multi|List of mayors of Osaka|ja|3=大阪市長}}

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Kenneth Henshall|title=Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945 |year=2014|publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-8108-7872-3 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR15}}
2. ^{{cite book|editor= Mark L. Blum and Shin'ya Yasutomi |title=Rennyo and the Roots of Modern Japanese Buddhism|year= 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535099-9 |chapter=Chronology of Rennyo's Life |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=osIbxmUlCssC&pg=PA233 }}
3. ^{{cite book|author=Christine Guth|title=Art of Edo Japan: The Artist and the City 1615–1868 |chapter=Timeline |year=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-16413-8}}
4. ^{{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |publication-place = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |publication-date = 1910 |chapter= Japan |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776?urlappend=%3Bseq=784 |via=Hathi Trust }}
5. ^{{cite book|author= G. C. Allen |title= Short Economic History of Modern Japan, 1867–1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sW0cJ0e9yrEC|year= 1946|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-31303-2}}
6. ^{{Citation |publisher = Prentice Hall |publication-place = New York |title = New York Public Library Book of Chronologies |author = Bruce Wetterau |publication-date = 1990 |ol=1885709M |url= https://archive.org/stream/newyorkpubliclib00wett }}
7. ^{{cite journal |title=Spread of Timepieces in the Meiji Period |author= Hoshimi Uchida |journal= Japan Review |number= 14 (Birth of Tardiness: The Formation of Time Consciousness in Modern Japan) |year=2002 |jstor=25791261 }}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hitachizosen.co.jp/english/company/history.html |title=Corporate Chronology |publisher=Hitachi Zosen Corporation |location=Osaka |accessdate=July 30, 2015 }}
9. ^{{cite book|title= Financial and Economical Annual of Japan |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000532250 |via=Hathi Trust |year=1904|publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Tokyo |author=Department of Finance }}
10. ^{{cite web |url= http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/amser/chrono.html |title=Comparative Chronology of Money |author1= Glyn Davies |author2= Roy Davies |year=2002 |via=University of Exeter }}
11. ^{{cite book|author= Norio Tamaki |title=Japanese Banking: A History, 1859–1959|chapter=Genealogy of leading Japanese banks, 1859–1959 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJZVJz1YMzMC&pg=PR18 |year= 1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02233-0}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Jasper Sharp|title=Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema|year=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7541-8 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=oAYsyZRRqzcC&pg=PR19 }}
13. ^{{citation |work=The Bookman |location=New York |date=July 1904 |title= Japanese Humor and Caricature |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101077276929?urlappend=%3Bseq=487 |via=Hathi Trust }}
14. ^{{cite book|editor=Hans Harder and Barbara Mittler |title=Asian Punches: a Transcultural Affair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RpGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA353 |year= 2013|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-28607-0}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/e/index.html |title=Expositions: where the modern technology of the times was exhibited |publisher=National Diet Library |location=Tokyo |year=2011 }}
16. ^{{cite book|editor=Vernon N. Kisling|title=Zoo and Aquarium History|year= 2000|publisher=CRC Press |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4200-3924-5 |chapter=Zoological Gardens of Japan (chronological list) |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC&pg=PA384 }}
17. ^{{cite book|author= André Sorensen |title=The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LomFAgAAQBAJ|year=2002 |series=Japanese Studies Series |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-73657-7}}
18. ^{{cite book|editor= Hugh de Ferranti and Alison Tokita |title=Music, Modernity and Locality in Prewar Japan: Osaka and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkOiAgAAQBAJ|year= 2013|publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-1-4724-0989-8}}
19. ^{{cite book|author= Kazuo Usui |title=Marketing and Consumption in Modern Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYH8AgAAQBAJ|year= 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-35074-2}}
20. ^{{cite journal |title=Growth of Urban Population in Japan |author= Ayanori Okasaki |journal= Genus |volume= 13 |year=1957 |jstor= 29787368}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://sharp-world.com/corporate/info/his/chronology/ |title=Corporate Info: Chronology |publisher=Sharp Corporation |location=Osaka |accessdate=July 30, 2015 }}
22. ^{{cite book|title=History of Japanese Photography|year=2003|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts, Houston |location=USA |isbn=978-0-300-09925-6 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=gQkHWBEbFxIC&pg=PT339 }}
23. ^{{cite book|editor= Yoshio Sugimoto |title=Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture|year= 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-49546-3 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=s80AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 }}
24. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bgci.org/garden_search.php?action=Find&ftrCountry=JP |title=Garden Search: Japan |publisher= Botanic Gardens Conservation International |location=London |accessdate=July 30, 2015 }}
25. ^{{cite web |publisher=Japan Society |location=New York |url=http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/timeline_modern |title= Timeline of Modern Japan (1868–1945) |work= About Japan: A Teacher's Resource }}
26. ^{{cite book|author=Gregory James Kasza|title=The Conscription Society: Administered Mass Organizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjfUEM89uj4C|year= 1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06242-7}}
27. ^{{Citation |publisher = Columbia University Press |publication-place = New York |editor = Leon E. Seltzer |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6112221M/The_Columbia_Lippincott_gazetteer_of_the_world |title = Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World |publication-date = 1952 |ol=6112221M |page= 1394 }}
28. ^{{cite web |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 1955 |year= |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |title=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
29. ^{{cite book|author=J.A. Sargeant |title=Sumo: the Sport and the Tradition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PzLRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |year=1959 |publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Co.|isbn=978-1-4629-0422-8}}
30. ^{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/japan/osaka?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Osaka |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |accessdate=July 30, 2015 }}
31. ^{{cite book|editor=Philip Shapira|title=Planning for Cities and Regions in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWrHO8-maUYC&pg=PA16 |year=1994|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-0-85323-248-3|display-editors=etal}}
32. ^{{cite web |publisher=City & County of San Francisco |title= San Francisco Sister Cities |accessdate=December 1, 2015 |url= http://www.oewd.org/index.aspx?page=100 |location=USA }}
33. ^{{cite book|title=Europa World Year Book |year=2004|publisher=Europa Publications |isbn=978-1-85743-254-1 |chapter=Japan |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC&pg=PA2354 }}
34. ^{{cite book|author=Gary D. Allinson|title=Japan's Postwar History|year=2004 |edition=2nd |publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-8912-1 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=_yWAqHe-TO8C&pg=PR9 }}
35. ^{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 }}
36. ^{{citation |work=The Economist |date= August 22, 2014 |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2014/08/capsule-hotels-airports |title=Sleep Tight }}
37. ^{{cite book|editor= Colin Lawson |title= Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00132-8 |chapter= Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list) |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DW1WyiooSMC&pg=PA277 }}
38. ^{{cite book|author= Brian Moeran |title=A Japanese Advertising Agency: An Anthropology of Media and Markets |isbn=978-1-136-79533-6 |chapter=Chronology of Japanese Advertising and Media from 1862 to 1991 |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=Za7dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA298 |publisher= University of Hawaii Press |year=1996 }}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://guides.nccjapan.org/content.php?pid=338268&sid=5485626 |title= Institutions in Japan: Browse by Region (Kinki) |work=Research Access in Japanese Museums, Libraries, and Archives Resources |publisher=North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources |accessdate=July 30, 2015 }}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants }}
41. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/japanese-mayors.html |title=Japanese Mayors |location=London |work=City Mayors.com |publisher=City Mayors Foundation |accessdate=July 30, 2015 }}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/city_administration/about_osaka/index.html |title= About Osaka City |publisher=City of Osaka |accessdate=July 30, 2015 }}
This article incorporates information from the Japanese Wikipedia.

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}{{Globalize|section|date= July 2015 }}
Published in the 19th century
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Published in the 20th century
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  • {{cite book

|editor=James L. McClain and Wikita Osamu |title=Osaka: The Merchants' Capital of Early Modern Japan|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-3630-3 |chapter=Chronology |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=yb0rftAN3oQC&pg=PR17
| ref = {{harvid|McClain|1999}}
}}
  • {{cite book

|author=Ian Martin Röpke
|title=Historical Dictionary of Osaka and Kyoto |series=Historical Dictionaries of Cities of the World |year=1999
|publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Maryland, USA |isbn=978-0-8108-3622-8
}}
Published in the 21st century
  • {{cite book

|author=Carl Mosk|title=Japanese Industrial History: Technology, Urbanization, and Economic Growth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwus6rN7-PUC
|year= 2001
|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3855-7 |chapter=Manchester of the Far East
| ref = {{harvid|Mosk|2001}}
}}
  • {{cite book

|author= Blair A. Ruble |title=Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nN3JA4b8rAYC
|year= 2001
|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80179-9
| ref = {{harvid|Ruble|2001}}
}}
  • {{cite book

|author= Jeffrey E. Hanes |title=The City As Subject: Seki Hajime and the Reinvention of Modern Osaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWbce0VjzYUC
|year=2002
|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92683-7
| ref = {{harvid|Hanes|2002}}
}}
  • {{cite book

|author=Richard Tames|title=A Traveller's History of Japan|year=2008 |edition=4th |publisher=Interlink Books |location=USA |isbn=978-1-56656-404-5 |chapter=Historical Gazetteer: Osaka |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIPs5fF2ehUC&pg=PA277
}}
  • {{cite book|editor=Hugh Cortazzi |title=Victorians in Japan: In and Around the Treaty Ports |year=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-78093-977-3 |chapter= Osaka |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4akVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |pages=137- }} (first published in 1987)
{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Osaka}}
  • [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=osaka+japan&rows=96 Items related to Osaka], various dates (via Europeana).
  • Items related to Osaka, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
{{Osaka}}{{Years in Japan}}

5 : Osaka|History of Osaka Prefecture|Timelines of cities in Japan|Japan-related lists|Years in Japan

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