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词条 Timeline of women in science in the United States
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  1. References

This is a timeline of women in science in the United States.

  • 1848: Maria Mitchell became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; she had discovered a new comet the year before.[1]
  • 1853: Jane Colden was the only female biologist mentioned by Carl Linnaeus in his masterwork Species Plantarum.[2]
  • 1889: Mary Emilie Holmes became the first female Fellow of the Geological Society of America.[3]
  • 1893: Florence Bascom became the second woman to earn her Ph.D in geology in the United States, and the first woman to receive a Ph.D from Johns Hopkins University.[4][5] Geologists consider her to be the "first woman geologist in this country [America]."[6]
  • 1896: Florence Bascom became the first woman to work for the United States Geological Survey.[7][8]
  • 1901: Florence Bascom became the first female geologist to present a paper before the Geological Survey of Washington.[9]
  • 1912: Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied the bright-dim cycle periods of Cepheid stars, then found a way to calculate the distance from such stars to Earth.[10]
  • 1924: Florence Bascom became the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America.[9]
  • 1925: Florence Sabin became the first woman elected to the National Academy of Science.[11]
  • 1928: Alice Evans became the first woman elected president of the Society of American Bacteriologists.[12]
  • 1936: Edith Patch became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America.[13]
  • 1942: American geologist Marguerite Williams became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in geology in the United States. She completed her doctorate, entitled A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Drainage Basin, at Catholic University.[14][15]
  • 1947: Gerty Cori became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which she received along with Carl Ferdinand Cori "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen", and Bernardo Alberto Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar".[16][17][18]
  • 1950: Isabella Abbott became the first Native Hawaiian woman to receive a PhD in any science; hers was in botany.[19][20]
  • 1950: Esther Lederberg was the first to isolate lambda bacteriophage, a DNA virus, from Escherichia coli K-12.[21]
  • 1952: Grace Hopper completed what is considered to be the first compiler, a program that allows a computer user to use English-like words instead of numbers. It was known as the A-0 compiler.[22]
  • 1956: The Wu experiment was a nuclear physics experiment conducted in 1956 by the physicist Chien-Shiung Wu, born in China but having become an American citizen in 1954, in collaboration with the Low Temperature Group of the US National Bureau of Standards.[23][24][25][26] That experiment showed that parity could be violated in weak interaction.[27]
  • 1960: Rosalyn Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" along with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally who received it "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain".[28]
  • 1963: Maria Goeppert Mayer became the first American woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics; she shared the prize with J. Hans D. Jensen "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure” and Eugene Paul Wigner "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".[29][30][31] She was born in Poland, but became a U.S. citizen in 1933.[31][32]
  • 1965: Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science.[33] Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns."[34]
  • 1975: Chien-Shiung Wu, born in China but having become an American citizen in 1954, became the first female president of the American Physical Society.[25][26][24]
  • 1976: Margaret Burbidge, born in England, was named as the first female president of the American Astronomical Society.[35][36]
  • 1978: Anna Jane Harrison became the first female president of the American Chemical Society.[37]
  • 1978: Mildred Cohn served as the first female president of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, then called the American Society of Biological Chemists.[38][39][40]
  • 1983: Barbara McClintock received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of genetic transposition; she was the first woman to receive that prize without sharing it, and the first American woman to receive any unshared Nobel Prize.[41][42][43][44][45]
  • 1988: Gertrude B. Elion received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment".[46]
  • 1991: Doris Malkin Curtis became the first woman president of the Geological Society of America.[47]
  • 1992: Edith M. Flanigen became the first woman awarded the Perkin Medal (widely considered the highest honor in American industrial chemistry) for her outstanding achievements in applied chemistry.[48][49] The medal especially recognized her syntheses of aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves as new classes of materials.[49]
  • 2004: Linda B. Buck received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Richard Axel "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system".[50]
  • 2009: Carol W. Greider received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Elizabeth H. Blackburn (Blackburn was a native of Australia, but lived in the United States since 1975, and became a naturalized citizen in September 2003[51]) and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase".[52]
  • 2010: Marcia McNutt became the first female director of the United States Geological Survey.[53]
  • 2016: Marcia McNutt became the first woman president of the American National Academy of Sciences.[54]
  • 2018: Frances Arnold received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the directed evolution of enzymes"; she shared it with George Smith and Gregory Winter, who received it "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies".[55] This made Frances the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[56]
  • 2019: Karen Uhlenbeck won the Abel Prize for "her pioneering achievements in geometric partial differential equations, gauge theory, and integrable systems, and for the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics."[57] She is the first woman to win the prize.[58]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Mary Wyer|title=Women, Science, and Technology: A Reader in Feminist Science Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_omcYIJx_8C&pg=PA3|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-92606-5|page=3}}
2. ^Oakes, Elizabeth H., Encyclopedia of World Scientists,Infobase Publishing, 2007, p. 147
3. ^{{cite book|author=Edwin Butt Eckel|title=The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTpRE_p1xnwC&pg=PR9|year=1982|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=978-0-8137-1155-3|page=36}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_BMC_USPBmBMC198001 |title=Florence Bascom papers, 1883-1938 |publisher=Dla.library.upenn.edu |date= |accessdate=2018-07-28}}
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Clary|first1=R.M.|title=Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists|url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/content/281/1/123|website=Geological society of London Publications|publisher=Special Publications|accessdate=10 October 2017|ref=281, 123-135}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gsahist.org/gsat/gt98feb8_9.pdf|title=A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom|last=Schneidermann|first=Jill|date=July 1997|website=GSA Today|publisher=Geological Society of America|access-date=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/the-stone-lady-florence-bascom.htm |title=The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=Nps.gov |date=1945-06-18 |accessdate=2018-07-28}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/8/7/pdf/i1052-5173-8-7-8.pdf|title=A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom|last=Schneidermann|first=Jill|date=July 1997|website=GSA Today|publisher=Geological Society of America|access-date=}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|author=irishawg |url=https://irishawg.wordpress.com/2017/12/01/women-in-geoscience-part-2/ |title=Women in Geoscience Series – Irish Association for Women in Geosciences |publisher=Irishawg.wordpress.com |date=2016-08-20 |accessdate=2018-07-28}}
10. ^Lemelson-MIT Program
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.k-grayengineeringeducation.com/blog/index.php/2008/04/25/engineering-education-blog-first-women-elected-to-national-academy-of-science/ |title=Engineering Education Blog: First Woman Elected to National Academy of Science |publisher=K-grayengineeringeducation.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-16}}
12. ^{{cite journal|work=Time|date=January 9, 1928|title=Medicine:Bacteriologists|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881734,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|accessdate=November 26, 2009}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Tiffany K. Wayne|title=American Women of Science Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&pg=PA514|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-158-9|page=514}}
14. ^{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Marguerite|title=A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Basin|url=http://uolibraries.worldcat.org/title/history-of-erosion-in-the-anacostia-drainage-basin/oclc/14408300|publisher=World Cat|accessdate=8 March 2014}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.udc.edu/2017/03/27/womens-history-month-marguerite-thomas-williams/|title=Women’s History Month – Marguerite Thomas Williams|website=University of the District of Columbia|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-24}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-gt/facts/ |title=Gerty Cori - Facts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=1957-10-26 |accessdate=2018-08-19}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/nobel-prize-for-medicine-2015-winners_art5613655a7d6b1.html#.W3rg7NQrK9I |title=Nobel Prize for Medicine 2015 winners |publisher=Erewise |date= |accessdate=2018-08-20}}
19. ^{{cite book|author1=Arlene B. Hirschfelder|author2=Paulette Fairbanks Molin|title=The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Un1QWo2Nx8C&pg=PA278|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7709-2|pages=278–}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.montereyherald.com/20101117/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies |title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies |publisher=Montereyherald.com |date=2018-08-19 |accessdate=2018-08-23}}
21. ^"Lederberg, E. M., 1950, "Lysogenicity in Escherichia coli strain K-12", Microbial Genetics Bulletin, 1, pp. 5-9, Jan. 1950, Univ. of Wisconsin (Evelyn Maisel Witkin, Editor), Ohio State University, {{ISSN|0026-2579}}, call No. 33-M-4, {{OCLC|04079516}}, Accession Number: AEH8282UW" http://www.estherlederberg.com/Censorship/LambdaW.html
22. ^Computer History Museum | Timeline of Computer History : Year 1952 Entries
23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=C. S. |last2=Ambler |first2=E. |last3=Hayward |first3=R. W. |last4=Hoppes |first4=D. D. |last5=Hudson |first5=R. P. |year=1957 |title=Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay |url=http://iktp.tu-dresden.de/uploads/media/Experimental_test_of_parity_in_beta_decay_-_Wu.pdf |journal=Physical Review |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=1413–1415 |bibcode=1957PhRv..105.1413W |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413}}
24. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.hep.caltech.edu/~hitlin/wuobit.htm |title=Chien-Shiung Wu |author=William Dickie |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 18, 1997 |accessdate=2014-02-16}}
25. ^1 Chiang, Tsai-Chien (2014). Madame Chien-Shiung Wu: The First Lady of Physics Research. pg. 80-81. World Scientific. {{ISBN|978-981-4374-84-2}}.
26. ^1 Wang, Zuoyue (1970–80). "Wu Chien-Shiung". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 25. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 363–368. {{ISBN|978-0-684-10114-9}}.
27. ^{{cite book|author=Eberhard Zeidler|title=Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miwuxaEXvOsC&pg=PA196|date=17 August 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-22421-8|pages=196–}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007}}
29. ^{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/index.html |accessdate=9 October 2008}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date= |accessdate=2013-09-06}}
31. ^1 {{cite book|author=Des Julie|title=The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HULGDNDSenYC&pg=PA163|year=2010|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-655-4|page=163}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/MAYER.html |title=Mayer, Maria Goeppert |publisher=Astr.ua.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-09-06}}
33. ^{{cite web |last=Steel |first=Martha Vickers |year=2001 |url= http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/teaching/papers/research/steel.pdf |format=PDF |title=Women in Computing: Experiences and Contributions Within the Emerging Computing Industry |publisher= Computing History Museum}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.wisc.edu/includes/textfiles/phds.65-70.txt|title=UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970|publisher=UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department|accessdate=2010-11-08}}
35. ^{{cite book|author=Tiffany K. Wayne|title=American Women of Science Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&pg=PA1021|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-158-9|page=1021}}
36. ^The Bruce Medalists: Margaret Burbidge
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/president/acspresidents/anna-harrison.html |title=ACS President: Anna Jane Harrison (1912-1998) |publisher=Acs.org |date= |accessdate=2014-02-16}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asbmb.org/ |title=ASBMB |publisher=ASBMB |date= |accessdate=2018-12-20}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/AboutUs/ASBMB_History/Past_Presidents/1970s/1978Cohn.html |title=ASBMB Presidents :: 1978 – Mildred Cohn |publisher=Asbmb.org |date= |accessdate=2018-12-20}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/women-scientists/mildren-cohn.html |title=Mildren Cohn (1913–2009) - American Chemical Society |publisher=Acs.org |date= |accessdate=2018-12-20}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52803.html |title=Barbara McClintock |publisher=Nasonline.org |date=2018-03-30 |accessdate=2018-08-19}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007}}
43. ^ISSUU - BioNoticias by Biblioteca Biología
44. ^{{citation | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/us/dr-barbara-mcclintock-90-gene-research-pioneer-dies.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | title = Dr. Barbara McClintock, 90, Gene Research Pioneer, Dies | work = The New York Times | date = September 4, 1992 | last = Kolata | first = Gina | accessdate = December 28, 2012 }}
45. ^{{citation | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/ | work = Nobelprize.org | publisher = Nobel Media AB | accessdate = July 8, 2010 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100706044749/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/ | archivedate = July 6, 2010 | deadurl= no | ref = {{sfnRef|Nobel Prize 1983}} }}
46. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007}}
47. ^{{cite book|author=Margaret W. Rossiter|title=Women Scientists in America: Forging a New World Since 1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_PU_TupLosC&pg=PA249|date=21 February 2012|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0233-8|pages=249–}}
48. ^http://www.soci.org/Awards/America-Group-Awards/Perkin-Medal
49. ^1 {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/cen-v070n010.p025 | volume=70 | title=Edith M. Flanigen Wins Perkin Medal | journal=Chemical & Engineering News | page=25 | author=Stinson S}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2009/10/410881/ucsfs-elizabeth-blackburn-receives-nobel-prize-physiology-or-medicine |title=UCSF’s Elizabeth Blackburn Receives Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | UC San Francisco |publisher=Ucsf.edu |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2018-08-20}}
52. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007}}
53. ^https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/marcia-k-mcnutt?qt-staff_profile_science_products=6#qt-staff_profile_science_products
54. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.aaas.org/news/science-editor-chief-marcia-mcnutt-elected-president-national-academy-sciences|title=Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2016-02-16|work=AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en}}
55. ^Press Release: [https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.67876817.1135025470.1538548911-1481862404.1538548911 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018]
56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frances-arnold-nobel-prize-chemistry_us_5bb4d3d7e4b0876eda9a34ad |title=Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize In Chemistry | HuffPost |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2018-10-04}}
57. ^{{cite web |title=Citation by the Abel Prize Committee |url=http://www.abelprize.no/c73996/binfil/download.php?tid=74095 |publisher=The Abel Prize |accessdate=March 19, 2019}}
58. ^{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Karen Uhlenbeck Is First Woman to Receive Abel Prize in Mathematics – Dr. Uhlenbeck helped pioneer geometric analysis, developing techniques now commonly used by many mathematicians. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/science/karen-uhlenbeck-abel-prize.html |date=March 19, 2019 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=March 19, 2019}}

4 : History of women in the United States|Timelines of women in history|United States history timelines|Science timelines
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