| 词条 | Tom Flanagan (political scientist) |
| 释义 |
| name = Tom Flanagan | honorific_suffix = CM FRSC | image =Tom Flanagan.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name =Thomas Eugene Flanagan | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|3|5|mf=yes}} | birth_place = Ottawa, Illinois, U.S. | nationality = Canadian[1] | education = University of Notre Dame, Free University of West Berlin, Duke University | alma_mater = Duke University | occupation = Professor Political Science, Political Consultant,[2] | years_active = | employer = | organization =University of Calgary | known_for = | notable_works = | party = | movement = Calgary School | boards = Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | awards = | website = | footnotes = }} Thomas Eugene "Tom" Flanagan, {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|CM|FRSC}} (born March 5, 1944) is an American-born author, conservative political activist, and former political science professor at the University of Calgary. Flanagan has been on "research and scholarship leave" from the University of Calgary since January 2013.[4] He also served as an advisor to Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper until 2004. Flanagan has focused on challenging Native and Métis rights. In connection with his multi-year research and publications on Louis Riel, Flanagan published a reinterpretation of the North-West Rebellion, defending the federal government's response to Métis land claims.[5] He began publishing works on Louis Riel (leader of the 1885 North-West Rebellion) in the 1970s, which evolved into a multi-year 'Louis Riel Project' that he coordinated. During the 2012 provincial elections he served as the campaign manager of the Wildrose Party, an Alberta libertarian/conservative provincial party.[6] As an offshoot of his political activism, Flanagan began to write as a columnist in 1997, publishing in media such as The Globe and Mail, National Post, Calgary Herald, Ottawa Citizen, Maclean's, and Time. He has regularly made appearances on Canadian television and radio as a commentator. Education and teachingFlanagan earned a B.A. at Notre Dame University in Indiana.[7] Studying political science under John Hallowell, Flanagan earned an M.A. in 1967 and a Ph.D. in 1970, both at Duke University in North Carolina.[7] He also studied at the Free University of Berlin.[7] Flanagan began teaching at the University of Calgary in 1968 and co-authored an introductory Canadian politics textbook.[8] He served as Head of the Political Science Department and Assistant to the President of the University.[7] Since January 2013 Flanagan was on "research and scholarship leave" and officially retired June 30, 2013.[9] Since the 1970s Tom Flanagan published numerous scholarly studies "debunking the heroism of Métis icon Louis Riel, arguing against native land claims, and calling for an end to aboriginal rights (McDonald 2004)." [10] Flanagan developed his concept of aboriginal orthodoxy in which he argued against aboriginal collective rights. He claimed that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982 ) Section 35 amendment, which stated that "The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed" resulted in thousands of cases involving aboriginal and treaty rights—indeed thousands of cases including residential school claims. Flanagan decried the increased influence of the courts and "[t]he sheer volume of these cases" which threaten "to take policy-making out of the hands of elected representatives and put it into the hands of a small cadre of judges, lawyers, law professors, and expert witnesses (Flanagan 2001:9) Although Flanagan admits that he has profited as expert witness, he also believes that "[this] flood of litigation is detrimental to democracy" (Flanagan 2001:9).[11] Research and scholarshipTom Flanagan has widely published in areas such as political science, public policy, political theory and aboriginal land claims, from a libertarian perspective.[12] Louis RielFlanagan has written about his change of views regarding Métis leader Louis Riel: I had earlier accepted that the Métis had serious unresolved grievances;The government of Canada never gave a satisfactory response to the complaints; the Riel resorted to violence only after legal means of action it failed; and that he received a trial of questionable validity before being executed by vengeful government. As I sifted the evidence this became less and less convincing to me until I concluded that the opposite was closer to the truth: that the Métis grievances were at least partly of their own making; that the government was on the verge of resolving them when the Rebellion broke out; That Riel's resort to arms could not be explained by the failure of constitutional agitation and that he received a surprisingly fair trial.[13] Flanagan developed a theory that Riel could be understood as a millenarian prophet, not just as a political figure. He translated and edited Riel's diaries[14] and co-edited a volume of Riel's youthful poetry which won the 1978 Prix Champlain.[15] He also published the book Louis 'David' Riel: {{'}}Prophet of the New World{{'}}, which won the Canadian Biography Award from the University of British Columbia.[16] Flanagan later participated in the "Louis Riel Project", collecting and publishing all of Riel's writings, which have been dispersed among more than 40 archives in Canada and the United States. The University of Alberta Press published the work in 1985 to commemorate the centennial of the North-West Rebellion.[17] In connection with this work, Flanagan also published a reinterpretation of the North-West Rebellion, highlighting how the government had responded to Métis land claims.[5] Litigation over Métis claimsFlanagan was retained by the federal Department of Justice in litigation over Métis claims in Manitoba. His 1991 book Metis Lands in Manitoba, won the 1992 Margaret McDonald/McWilliams Medal, awarded by the Manitoba Historical Society for the best book of the year on Manitoba history.[18] First Nations, Second ThoughtsFlanagan later published the controversial First Nations, Second Thoughts,[19] which critiqued the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. The book received the Donner Prize for the best book of the year on Canadian public policy in 2000,[20] and the Donald Smiley Prize from the Canadian Political Science Association for the best book on Canadian government and politics.[25] In his 2002 review, Yale D. Belanger,[21] compared Alan Cairn's publication entitled Citizens Plus [22] with Flanagan's First Nations? Second Thoughts. He concluded that the ideas in First Nations? Second Thoughts should be made publicly available and read as a companion piece with Cairn's Citizens Plus. The books were written for very different audiences: Flanagan wrote First Nations, Second Thoughts (2000) for the lay reader while Cairns wrote for an informed academic audience. Belanger questioned why Flanagan as a professional academic did not access more robust peer-reviewed scholarly resources regarding analysis and statistics preferring instead to make extensive use of newspaper clippings from the Calgary Herald, the National Post, and The Globe and Mail and the conservative magazine the Alberta Report. Flanagan did not visit any First Nation communities to research the publication nor did he quote any Aboriginal leader in support land privatization in exchange for the end of the reserve system (Belanger 2002:107) Belanger described Flanagan's tone as "distasteful", "militant", and "sensationalist." He claimed he echoed "the assimilation rhetoric of 19th century policy makers and politicians" which perpetuates a stereotyped image of First Nations as "uncivilized" and "unwilling to shake the social pathologies he suggests proliferate all reserve communities." But he felt that readers would have a more holistic understanding of the complexities of the debate by reading both books.[21] Pamela Palmater, a Mi'kmaq lawyer who holds new chair in indigenous governance at Ryerson University, argued in her review that First Nations, Second Thoughts provides a summary of Flanagan's convictions that "since First Nations in Canada are uncivilized and their governments produce 'wasteful, destructive, familistic factionalism,' they should not be entitled to self-governing powers, special tax exemptions or federal funding, but should be assimilated and their reserves divided up into parcels of individually owned, 'fee simple' lands available for sale to non-aboriginal people and corporations." [23]{{quote box |quote=In order to become self-supporting and get beyond the social pathologies that are ruining their communities, aboriginal people need to acquire the skills and attitudes that bring success in a liberal society, political democracy, and market economy. Call it assimilation, call it integration, call it adaptation, call it whatever you want: it has to happen.|source=-- Flanagan, 2000. First Nations? Second Thoughts p.195) |width = 75% |align = center}}Flanagan claimed that "European civilization was several thousand years more advanced than the aboriginal cultures of North America" and colonization was therefore "inevitable" and "justifiable." [24] Flanagan wrote a book on property rights in 1979,[25] a book on game theory in 1988,[26] and another about conservative Canadian political parties in 1995.[27] His books on Preston Manning and the Reform Party, and Stephen Harper and the Conservative Party, were based on his experiences as political adviser and campaign manager (discussed below). In 1996, Flanagan was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (Academy II). The citation mentioned his contribution to the study of Louis Riel and the Métis, Western Canadian history, and Canadian political parties. Beyond the Indian ActIn their widely-read 2010 publication, Beyond the Indian Act: Restoring Aboriginal Property Rights,[28] co-authors Thomas Flanagan, Christopher Alcantara and André Le Dressay,[29] introduced the First Nations Property Ownership Initiative (FNPOI).[28] The book, with a forward by C.T. (Manny) Jules,[30] was a finalist for the Donner Prize. According to an August 28, 2016 article by Sasha Boutilier in Policy Options, they misrepresented the FNPOI in Canada, which Boutilier described as a "proposed piece of opt-in legislation that would have allowed First Nations to grant fee-simple interests to First Nations members".[31] Boutilier said that their criticisms of the First Nations Land Management Act (FNLMA) which he calls a "quiet success", are "quite simply inaccurate", and that the authors, while acknowledging the FNLMA’s "effectiveness in reducing transaction costs", would leave "each First Nation on its own to develop its own system of property rights and failed "to provide technical assistance in the form of model land codes and zoning regulations."[31] Boutlier says that these "criticisms ignore the First Nations Lands Advisory Board, in existence prior to 1996, and the First Nations Land Management Resource Centre, operating since 1999 and incorporated in 2004, which provide exactly the support Flanagan and his co-authors say is lacking. Indeed, the 1996 Framework Agreement specifically states that the role of the Lands Advisory Board and the Resource Centre is “developing model land codes, laws and land management systems” as well as “assisting First Nation[s] in developing and implementing” such laws and systems."[31] Role as historical consultant and expert witnessIn 1986 Tom Flanagan became the historical consultant and primary expert witness for the Federal Department of Justice in the Manitoba Métis Federation v Canada case (Flanagan, Metis Lands vii). He criticized the recognition of the Indian title of the Métis (1885 Reconsidered) and of the "Métis as an Aboriginal people in the Constitution Act, 1982 (Case Against; Metis Rights) and traced the original evolution of what can be called the 'doctrine of the derivative aboriginal rights' (History)8. Among other things, the Calgary School political scientist has asserted that, during the Resistance in 1869-70, not only did the Métis "never describe themselves as an aboriginal people with special land rights" (Blais 160) nor demand "special treatment as an Aboriginal people" (History 73) but that there "was never a demand for special treatment of the Métis as a group" (Case against 316; Metis Rights 231), nor for a land grant or anything like it" (Reconsidered 2nd ed. 65) (O'Toole 2010:140)." [32] Substantial grants of land provided to the Metis by the Manitoba Act were rapidly transferred from Metis to immigrants from Ontario who had arrived in large numbers. New research in the 1970s and 1980s shifted the blame to the government's lack of administration of the land grants. Flanagan and Ens (1996) argued that the government acted appropriately and that the Metis had gained financially.[33] The Manitoba Métis Federation has been in and out of provincial and federal courts for decades in a high-stakes land-claims negotiation. The case involves Sir John A. Macdonald and Louis Riel and unfulfilled promise of land for the Métis people. Manitoba Métis Federation v Canada & Manitoba court case was argued before the Supreme Court of Canada in 2012. In 2012 Tom Berger, the renowned aboriginal rights lawyer represented the Manitoba Métis Federation in front of the Supreme Court (SCC Case Information: #33880 Manitoba Métis Federation Inc., et al. v. Attorney General of Canada, et al.) claiming that the federal government never "lived up to the 1870 deal that settled the Red River Rebellion, fought by Métis struggling to hold on to their land in the face of growing white settlement." "A Métis win would probably lead to high-stakes land-claim negotiations — and fulfil a prophesy made by Métis leader Louis Riel more than a century ago." [34] [35][36]In 1976 Tom Flanagan published The Diaries of Louis Riel. [37] was one of three Louis Riel biographers, along with Gilles Martel and Glen Campbell who collected and published Riel's poetry under the title Poésies de Jeunesse in 1977.[38] Flanagan became the coordinator for a multi-year Louis Riel Project. In 1979 he published Louis "David" Riel: Prophet of the New World.[39] In 1983 he published Riel and the Rebellion.[40] In 1985 he co-edited The Collected Writings of Louis Riel/Les Ecrits complet de Louis Riel [41] Tom Flanagan's research on Louis Riel situated him at the apex of debates on Métis rights and land claims. The 1970s saw a new age of land claims negotiations that would change the relationships between First Nations, Inuit and Métis of Canada. In 1973 Canadian law acknowledged that aboriginal title to land existed prior to the colonization of the continent Calder case (1973) [42] It is not surprising then that there was a "virtual "explosion in Métis scholarship" that emerged in the 1970s,[43] to determine the causes for the large scale migration of Métis in Manitoba. "With native political organizations and the governments of Canada and Manitoba embroiled in an on-going court battle, various scholars have received generous financial support to investigate Métis land claims in Manitoba." Tom Flanagan, acting as "historical consultant for the Federal Department of Justice" argued that the "federal government fulfilled the land provisions of the Manitoba Act." Donald Sprague, a "historian retained by the Manitoba Métis Federation to undertake research into Métis land claims, argues that through a process of formal and informal discouragement, the Métis were victims of a deliberate conspiracy in which John A. Macdonald and the Canadian government successfully kept them from obtaining title to the land they were to receive under terms of the Manitoba Act of 1870." [43] WitnessFlanagan has served as a witness for Alberta, Manitoba, and Canada in litigation involving native rights and land claims, providing testimony about the Numbered Treaties and the administration of federal programs for Métis and Indians in Western Canada. He has since stated that he will no longer be serving in this capacity for ethical reasons. The Blais decision,[44] as well as the later Manitoba Metis Federation case, upheld the efficacy of the nineteenth-century distribution of land and scrip in extinguishing Métis land rights in Manitoba.,[45] the decision was overturn on appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.[46] Benoit established that Treaty Eight did not grant immunity from taxation to Indians living off reserve.[47]In Victor Buffalo, the Samson Cree band, located near Hobbema, Alberta, unsuccessfully challenged the federal government's implementation of Treaty Six.[48] Flanagan was also a witness for the University of Alberta in the Dickason case in which the Supreme Court of Canada ultimately upheld the validity of mandatory retirement for university professors.[49] ViewsTom Flanagan adopts a libertarian point of view and defends personal freedom particularly in academia.[12] He self describes as a Hayekian[61] and was considered as among the most conservative members of the Reform Party in 1998.[50] Superiority of western civilization and colonialism as justifiable and inevitableFlanagan adopts the philosophical analysis of John Locke (1632-1704) and Emer de Vattel that European colonization of North America by western civilization, was justifiable and inevitable.[52][53] Flanagan asserts that "European civilization was several thousand years more advanced than the Aboriginal cultures of North America both in technology and social organization" (Flanagan 2000:6).[52] Child PornographyIn February 2013, Flanagan made controversial comments regarding child pornography (see below). He has since expanded on his views, stating that the controversy was the result of a hostile crowd creating a Gotcha! moment where he was unable to fully or properly explain his views before being booed: I'm the first to admit that I'm not an expert on sexual offences and never will be; I was dragged into the field by others who were seeking to undermine my academic and political reputation. But I have now read enough about it to be convinced that, in a laudable desire to protect our children, Canada has gone too far in the direction of trying to regulate personal conduct. Our child pornography law covers too many types of material, does not adequately distinguish between natural adolescent sexuality and pathological desires for pre-pubescent children, and imposes penalties that are too harsh on offenders whose offences take place only in the mind.[54] AffiliationsFlanagan is often described as a member of the Calgary School, which includes a group of conservatively inclined professors at the University of Calgary, such as Barry F. Cooper, F.L.(Ted) Morton, Rainer Knopff and history professor David Bercuson [51][50][55] who are strongly committed to strategic and direct influence on public affairs with a long term vision. [56] By 1998, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a public policy research institution based in Washington, DC had already observed the ascendancy of the role of Calgary-based academics on Canadian public policy, specifically the Calgary School of political science (Rovinsky 1998:10).[50] {{quote|In The Court Party, Knopff and Morton took on judicial activism. Cooper and Bercuson's Deconfederation undermined the Meech Lake agenda of endless concessions to Quebec. In First Nations? Second Thoughts, I stood up against the juggernaut of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. All these books were widely discussed in the media and have had some impact on the course of public affairs.|Tom Flanagan|Advice to progressives from the Calgary School|Literary Review of Canada}}He is also a senior fellow of the conservative think tank the Fraser Institute. Political influenceIn a jocular [59] letter written to the Literary Review of Canada (2010–12),[60] Flanagan commented that, "Sylvia Bashevkin's plaintive cri de coeur confirmed my belief that conservatives are winning the war of ideas in Canada. The Calgary School of political science—Barry Cooper, Ted Morton, Rainer Knopff and I, along with our historian outrider David Bercuson—did not cause this transformation, but we and our students have played an honourable part in making it happen." [51] Reform Party of CanadaTom Flanagan joined the right-wing populist Reform Party of Canada in 1990 [61] and began working there in 1991 as director of policy research (Rovinsky 1998:11).[50] Flanagan, who was among the most conservative of Preston Manning's advisers, was fired before the 1993 federal election.[50][62][50][63][64] Tom Flanagan and Stephen HarperTom Flanagan and Stephen Harper began publishing together in 1996-7 with "Canadian conservatism is at its strongest level in many years".[65] Their controversial opinion piece entitled "Our Benign Dictatorship: Canada's system of one-party-plus rule has stunted democracy. Two prominent conservatives present the case for more representative government"[65] which argued that the Liberal Party only retained power through a dysfunctional political system and a divided opposition. Harper and Flanagan argued that national conservative governments between 1917 and 1993 were founded on temporary alliances between Western populists and Quebec nationalists, and were unable to govern because of their fundamental contradictions. The authors called for an alliance of Canada's conservative parties, and suggested that meaningful political change might require electoral reforms such as proportional representation. "Our Benign Dictatorship" also commended Conrad Black's purchase of the Southam newspaper chain, arguing that his stewardship would provide for a "pluralistic" editorial view to counter the "monolithically liberal and feminist" approach of the previous management.[65] Flanagan and Harper co-authored their last article in 2001.[10] Flanagan was a key player in Stephen Harper's political rise to Prime Minister of Canada. Flanagan managed his leadership campaigns for the Canadian Alliance (2002) and the Conservative Party of Canada (2004). He also managed the Conservative Party's national election campaign in 2004. He was the Senior Communications Adviser for the Conservatives successful 2005–2006 election campaign.[66] In 2007 Flanagan published his book entitled Harper's Team: Behind the Scenes in the Conservative Rise to Power.[67] By 2010 Government House Leader John Baird announced during question period in the House of Commons that "Mr. Flanagan speaks for himself ... He doesn't speak for the government and he hasn't advised the Prime Minister Office Stephen Harper for years. I certainly don't share his views."[68] CivitasFlanagan was a founding member and president of the Canadian conservative society , founded in 1996 by William Gairdner, and[64] described the Society's raison d'être this way: {{quote|For those of you who are not yet familiar with Civitas, it grows out of Canadians' desire to take up one of the great challenges of Western civilization: how to reconcile our desire for individual freedom with the need for social order. Every society and age throws up new challenges requiring us to balance these precious values. As a "society where ideas meet," Civitas is an organization dedicated to promoting and nurturing that conversation in Canada today. We bring together people with an interest in conservative, classical liberal and libertarian ideas and allow them to engage with some of the world's finest minds who are grappling with these questions.|Brian Lee Crowley |Civitas Regional Dinner, Halifax, 27 October 2005}}His critics claimed he had too much power in the shadows, advising Canadian politicians, to whittle "aboriginal claims on land and self-determination down to individual property rights and municipal self-government." [10] Society for Academic Freedom and ScholarshipTom Flanagan has served on the Board of Directors of the Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship since 2004. Political ActivismIn 2001, Flanagan helped Harper seek the leadership of the Canadian Alliance. Flanagan managed Harper's leadership campaign, and Harper went on to win the Alliance leadership in March 2002. Flanagan then served for one year as chief of staff to Harper, who was then the Leader of the Opposition. Flanagan returned to Calgary in 2003 but continued as campaign manager. Before the next election could take place, the Alliance merged in late 2003 with the Progressive Conservatives to form the new Conservative Party of Canada. Flanagan then managed Harper's successful leadership race against Belinda Stronach and Tony Clement. After that was concluded, Flanagan organized and managed the Conservative national campaign for the general election of June 28, 2004. The Conservative Party lost that election but did succeed in bringing Paul Martin's Liberals down to a minority government, which set the stage for future Conservative victories. ControversiesWikileaksIn 2010, Flanagan made controversial comments, later retracted, advocating the assassination of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange.[68] While appearing on the CBC television program "Power & Politics", he called for WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange to be killed. "I think Assange should be assassinated," Flanagan stated, before noting to host Evan Solomon, "I'm feeling pretty manly today." Flanagan subsequently retracted his call for the death of Assange while reiterating his opposition to WikiLeaks.[68] Dimitri Soudas, spokesman to Prime Minister Stephen Harper, decried Flanagan's comments and said the former Tory strategist "should be charged with incitement to commit murder." The call for prosecution was joined by both Assange and Vancouver attorney Gail Davidson, who filed a police complaint against Flanagan.[69] Ralph Goodale, deputy leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons, called Flanagan's remarks "clearly contrary to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms."[70] Flanagan apologized acknowledging that his words were "glib and thoughtless."[68] Accusation of corruptionIn 2008, Flanagan and Doug Finley were accused by Dona Cadman of offering her late husband, MP Chuck Cadman, a million-dollar life insurance policy (on behalf of the Conservative Party of Canada) in exchange for his vote against the Liberal budget in May 2005. This vote would have caused the government to fall and triggered an election.[71] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police found no evidence to support criminal charges.[72] Child pornographyIn November 2009, Flanagan was attending a lecture on Canadian election campaigning at the University of Manitoba. He was asked about Stockwell Day's claim that a lawyer that defends a person against child pornography charges is defending the legitimacy of child pornography. Flanagan responded, then made a "side-bar" comment: "But that's actually another interesting debate or seminar: what's wrong with child pornography, in the sense that they're just pictures?"[73] Flanagan says no one complained or criticized his comment, and maintains that he used the phrase "just pictures" to shock students into questioning pre-held ideas, which is the job of a teacher. The University of Manitoba Aboriginal Students' Association (UMASA) wrote a letter of complaint to the head of the political studies department, Dr. George MacLean, but Flanagan's comments did not receive widespread attention.[74][75] On February 27, 2013, Flanagan was invited to give a speech on whether it was time to repeal the Indian Act to a group of students at the University of Lethbridge. Flanagan was warned that members of Idle No More were planning on attending and disrupting the speech. Flanagan learned after the event that the Idle No More protesters had organized the event with the intent of creating a "Gotcha!" moment and denouncing Flanagan's views on aboriginals.[76] In fact, the video of Flanagan's comments distinctly includes the protester exclaiming "Gotcha Tom!" as Flanagan responded.[77] One of the protesters, "Levi Little Moustache," stood and quoted Flanagan's 2009 comments on child pornography. Flanagan responded that "I certainly have no sympathy for child molesters, but I do have some grave doubts about putting people in jail because of their taste in pictures. I don't look at these pictures."[77] A video of the remarks was posted to YouTube overnight and his remarks proved controversial: Wildrose Party leader Danielle Smith cut her ties with Flanagan because "there is no language strong enough to condemn [his] comments"; Andrew McDougall (the Director of Communications for the Prime Minister of Canada) considered them to be "repugnant, ignorant, and appalling," and CBC News immediately announced that, "In light of recent remarks made by Tom Flanagan at the University of Lethbridge, CBC News has taken the decision to end our association with him as a commentator on Power and Politics. While we support and encourage free speech across the country and a diverse range of voices, we believe Mr Flanagan's comments to have crossed the line and impacted his credibility as a commentator for us (McGuire February 28, 2013)".[78][79] Flanagan subsequently apologized for his remarks, stating that his words were "badly chosen".[80] On March 5, 2013 Flanagan, on an interview with The Agenda talk show host Steve Paikin, Flanagan defended his position, and explains that he was cut off and unable to explain fully his position. He also states he was posing a question to provoke thought, as he would have done in his role as a professor.[81] In his book Persona Non Grata, Flanagan explains that his remarks were taken as if he was in favour of child pornography or supportive of child molesters. In fact, he was intending to question whether mandatory jail time for simple possession of child pornography was an appropriate punishment.[76] Selected publications in reverse chronological orderBooks
|title=The Collected Writings of Louis Riel/Les Ecrits complet de Louis Riel |editor=George G.F. Stanley |editor2=Raymond J.A. Huel |editor3=Gilles Martel |editor4=Thomas Flanagan |editor5=Glen Campbell |publisher=University of Calgary |location=Calgary, Alberta |year=1985 }}
Selected journal articles
|journal=Social History |author1=Thomas Flanagan |title=Metis Land Grants in Manitoba: A Statistical Study |author2=Gerhard Ens |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/hssh/article/viewFile/16539/15398 |format=PDF |year=1996 |volume=27 |number=53 |pages=65–87 }}
|author=Flanagan, Thomas |year=1990 |title=The History of Métis Aboriginal Rights: Politics, Principles and Policy |journal=Canadian Journal of Law and Society |volume=5 |pages=71–94 |doi=10.1017/s0829320100001721}}
|author=Flanagan, Thomas |year=1986 |title=Louis Riel: A Review Essay |journal=Journal of Canadian Studies |volume=21 |number=2 |pages=157–164 }}
|author=Flanagan, Thomas |year=1983 |title=The Case Against Métis Aboriginal Rights |journal=Canadian Public Policy |volume=9 |number=3 |pages=314–325 |doi=10.2307/3550780}} Book chapters
|author=Flanagan, Thomas |year=1985 |chapter=Métis Aboriginal Rights: Some Historical and Contemporary Problems |title=The Quest for Justice: Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal Rights |editor=Menno Boldt|location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=230–245 |display-editors=etal}}
|author=Flanagan, Thomas |year=1983 |chapter=Louis Riel and Aboriginal Rights |title=As Long as the Sun Shines and Water Flows: A Reader in Canadian Native Studies |editor=Ian A. L. Getty |editor2=Antoine S. Lussier |location=Vancouver, BC |publisher=University of British Columbia Press }}
|author=Flanagan, Thomas |year=1979 |chapter=The Political Thought of Louis Riel |title=Riel and the Métis |editor=Antoine S. Lussier |location=Winnipeg, Manitoba |publisher=Métis Federation Press |pages=131–160 }} Notes1. ^Tom Flanagan, Persona Non Grata: The Death of Free Speech in the Internet Age, (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2014), p. 92. 2. ^{{cite report |title = Waking Up to Dream Time: The Illusion of Aboriginal Self-Determination |editor=Gary Johns |url=http://www.quadrant.org.au/Johns%20Waking%20up%20to%20Dreamtime.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Quadrant Online |date=2001–2011 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |journal=Walrus |author=Marci McDonald |title=The Man Behind Stephen Harper |url=http://thewalrus.ca/the-man-behind-stephen-harper/?ref=the-man-behind-stephen-harper-tom-flanagan&page= |date=October 2004 |accessdate=2013-01-18 }} 4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/inside-politics-blog/2013/02/flanagan-out-as-cbc-commentator-following-child-porn-comments.html |title=UPDATE: Flanagan offers 'unreserved' apology for 'child porn' comments - Inside Politics |first=Kady |last=O'Malley |work=cbc.ca |year=2013 |quote='research and scholarship leave' |accessdate=February 28, 2013}} 5. ^1 Thomas Flanagan, Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1983). Second edition, University of Toronto Press, 2000. 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.wildrose.ca/campaign-ads/balanced-budget-ad/|title=Balanced Budget Ad|accessdate=31 March 2012}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/008004/f2/H-50_en.pdf|format=PDF|location=Ottawa, ON|isbn=0-88798-180-1|issn =1715-8621 |year=1992|title=Louis Riel|author=Thomas Flanagan|publisher=Canadian Historical Association|editor1-first=Terry |editor1-last = Cook|editor2-first=Gabrielle | editor2-last=Blais}} 8. ^{{cite book |author1=Mark O. Dickerson, |author2=Thomas Flanagan |author3=Brenda O'Neill |title=An Introduction to government and politics: A Conceptual Approach |edition=8 |location=Toronto |publisher=Nelson |year=2009}} 9. ^{{cite web |url= http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/28/ex-harper-advisor-tom-flanagan-apologizes-after-widespread-condemnation-of-appalling-child-porn-remarks/ |title=Tom Flanagan apologizes after condemnation of 'appalling' child porn remarks | Canadian Politics|first=Chris |last=Purdy |work=nationalpost.com |year=2013 |accessdate=March 1, 2013}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |journal=Walrus |author=Marci McDonald |title=The Man Behind Stephen Harper |url=http://thewalrus.ca/the-man-behind-stephen-harper/?ref=the-man-behind-stephen-harper-tom-flanagan&page= |date=October 2004 |accessdate=2013-01-18 }} 11. ^{{cite book |title=Waking Up to Dream Time: The Illusion of Aboriginal Self-Determination |author=Tom Flanagan |chapter=Aboriginal Orthodoxy in Canada |pages=|editor=Gary Johns |url=http://www.quadrant.org.au/Johns%20Waking%20up%20to%20Dreamtime.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Quadrant Online |date=2001–2011 }} 12. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://ww3.tvo.org/video/188880/tom-flanagan-responds |publisher=TVO |title=The Agenda with Steve Paikin: Tom Flanagan Responds |accessdate=March 9, 2013 |date=March 5, 2013 }} 13. ^Thomas Flanagan, Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered (University of Toronto Press, 2000). p. x 14. ^Thomas Flanagan, ed., The Diaries of Louis Riel (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1976) 15. ^Gilles Martel, Glen Campbell, and Thomas Flanagan, eds., Louis Riel: Poésies de jeunesse (St. Boniface, MB: Les Editions du Blé, 1977). 16. ^Thomas Flanagan, Louis 'David' Riel: {{'}}Prophet of the New World{{'}} (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979). Second edition, 1996. 17. ^G.F.G. Stanley et al., eds., The Collected Writings of Louis Riel/Les Ecrits complets de Louis Riel (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1985). 18. ^Thomas Flanagan, Metis Lands in Manitoba (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1991). 19. ^{{citation|title=First Nations, Second Thoughts|author=George Pierre Castile|journal= Ethnohistory|year=2002|pages=875–877|doi=10.1215/00141801-49-4-875 }} 20. ^Harper and Flanagan (Winter 1996-1997) accredited the Donner Canadian Foundation, a newly formed foundation "with real money to spend" that promoted Canadian conservatism, with the "acceleration of the growth of a conservative intellectual network" along with the National Citizens' Coalition, the Fraser Institute, Alberta Report and others (Harper and Flanagan 2006-2007)." 21. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Book Review of Citizen's Plus and First Nations? Second Thoughts|author=Yale D. Belanger|journal=The Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development|year=2002|volume=2|number=2|pages=104–108|url=http://iportal.usask.ca/docs/Journal%20of%20Aboriginal%20Economic%20Development/JAED_v2no2/JAED_v2no2_Article_pg104-107.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=January 20, 2013}} 22. ^{{cite book |author=Alan Cairns |title=Citizen's Plus: Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian Nation State |publisher=UBC Press |year=2000 }} 23. ^{{cite journal |date=April 2010 |title=Opportunity or Temptation? Plans for private property on reserves could cost First Nations their independence |author=Pamela D. Palmater |url=http://reviewcanada.ca/reviews/2010/04/01/opportunity-or-temptation |journal=Literary Review of Canada }} 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.quillandquire.com/reviews/review.cfm?review_id=1738 |author=Suzanne Methot |title=Review of Tom Flanagan's |publisher=Quill and Quire |date=April 2000 |accessdate=2013-01-18 }} 25. ^Anthony Parel and Thomas Flanagan, eds., Theories of Property: Aristotle to the Present (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1979). 26. ^Thomas Flanagan, Game Theory and Canadian Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998). 27. ^Tom Flanagan, Waiting for the Wave: The Reform Party and Preston Manning (Toronto: Stoddart, 1995); second edition 2009. Tom Flanagan, Harper's Team: Behind the Scenes in the Conservative Rise to Power (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007); second edition 2009. 28. ^1 {{cite book |title=Beyond the Indian Act: Restoring Aboriginal Property Rights |first1=Tom |last1=Flanagan |first2=Christopher |last2=Alcantara |first3=André |last3=Le Dressay |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |date=2010}} 29. ^Dr. André LeDressay, who completed his Ph.D. in Economics at Simon Fraser University in 1996, is managing director of Fiscal Realities Economists managing director and Director of Thompson Rivers University's Tulo Centre of Indigenous Economics in Kamloops, British Columbia. 30. ^{{Cite news| title = Give us full rights to our home and native land| accessdate = 2019-03-12| url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/give-us-full-rights-to-our-home-and-native-land/article542613/ |date=February 1, 2012|first=C.T. (Manny) |last=Jules}} 31. ^1 2 {{Cite web| title = An unsung success: The First Nations Land Management Act| work = Policy Options| accessdate = March 12, 2019| url = http://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/august-2016/an-unsung-success-the-first-nations-land-management-act/ |date=August 18, 2016 |first=Sasha |last=Boutilier}} 32. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/300268/Thomas_Flanagan_on_the_Stand_Revisiting_Metis_Land_Claims_and_the_Lists_of_Rights_in_Manitoba|year=2010|author=Darren O'Toole|journal=International Journal of Canadian Studies|title=Thomas Flanagan on the Stand: Revisiting Metis Land Claims and the Lists of Rights in Manitoba}} 33. ^{{cite journal|journal=Social History|author1=Thomas Flanagan|title=Metis Land Grants in Manitoba: A Statistical Study|author2=Gerhard Ens|url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/hssh/article/viewFile/16539/15398|format=PDF|year=1996|volume=27|number=53|pages=65–87}} 34. ^{{cite news |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, ON |date=September 2012 |url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/last-battle-of-the-red-river-rebellion/article4247445/?service=mobile |title=Last battle of the Red River Rebellion |author= Bob Weber |accessdate=January 21, 2013}} 35. ^In 2012 Tom Berger, the renowned aboriginal rights lawyer represented the Manitoba Métis Federation in front of the Supreme Court claiming that the federal government never "lived up to the 1870 deal that settled the Red River Rebellion, fought by Métis struggling to hold on to their land in the face of growing white settlement." "A Métis win would probably lead to high-stakes land-claim negotiations — and fulfil a prophesy made by Métis leader Louis Riel more than a century ago." "White settlers from Ontario and the United States were pouring into what is now Manitoba, alarming Métis who had lived and farmed there for generations. In an attempt to assert control, Mr. Riel declared a provisional Métis government in 1870 to negotiate with Ottawa — a government backed by armed Métis insurgents. In response, the federal government passed the Manitoba Act, which carved the province out of the sprawling region called the Northwest Territories and established Canadian dominion. The act promised 5,565 square kilometres of land would be set aside for the 7,000 children of the Red River Métis (Weber 2012)." 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metisnation.org/news--media/news/mmf-scc-case |title=Manitoba Métis Case Reaches The Supreme Court |publisher=Metis Nation of Ontario}} 37. ^{{cite book |editor=Thomas Flanagan |title=The Diaries of Louis Riel |year=1976 }} 38. ^{{cite book |author1=Gilles Martel |author2=Glen Campbell |author3=Thomas Flanagan |title=Louis Riel: Poesies de jeunesse |publisher=Les Editions du Ble |location=St. Boniface |year=1977}} 39. ^{{cite book |author=Thomas E. Flanagan |title=Louis "David" Riel: Prophet of the New World |year= 1979}} 40. ^{{cite book|author=Tom Flanagan |year=1983 |title=Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered }} 41. ^{{cite book|title=The Collected Writings of Louis Riel/Les Ecrits complet de Louis Riel|editor=George G.F. Stanley|editor2=Raymond J.A. Huel|editor3=Gilles Martel|editor4=Thomas Flanagan|editor5=Glen Campbell|publisher=University of Calgary|location=Calgary, Alberta|year=1985}} 42. ^Although Chief Calder of the Nisga'a natives of northwestern BC lost their Supreme Court case in 1973, it was the first time that Canadian law acknowledged that aboriginal title to land existed prior to the colonization of the continent and was not merely derived from statutory law. The decision led to federal willingness to negotiate native land claims. 43. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/30/metislanddispersal.shtml |title=The Historiography of Métis Land Dispersal, 1870-1890 |author=Brad Milne |location=History Department, University of Manitoba |journal=Manitoba History |number=30 |date=Autumn 1995 |accessdate=January 21, 2013}} 44. ^R. v. Blais, 2003 SCC 44, [2003] 2 S.C.R. 236. 45. ^Manitoba Metis Federation et al. v. Canada and Manitoba, 2007 MBQB 293. 46. ^Manitoba Metis Federation Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2013 SCC 14, [2013] 1 S.C.R. 623. . 47. ^Canada v. Benoit, 2003 CAF 236 (2003). 48. ^Buffalo v. Canada, 2001 CAF 282 (2001). 49. ^Dickason v. University of Alberta, [1992] 2 S.C.R. 1103. 50. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite report |title=The Ascendancy of Western Canada in Canadian Policymaking |author=David J. Rovinsky |date=February 16, 1998 |series=Policy Papers on the Americas |publisher=The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/pp0902.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=January 18, 2013}} 51. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|title=Advice to progressives from the Calgary School: Response to Sylvia Bashevkin|publisher=Literary Review of Canada |ISSN=1188-7494|location=Toronto, CA|author=Tom Flanagan|year=2010|accessdate=20 January 2013}} 52. ^1 2 {{cite book |author1=Flanagan, Thomas |title=First Nations? Second Thoughts |location=Montreal and Kingston |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |edition=1 |pages=304 |date=June 2000 |isbn=9780773568525}} 53. ^John Locke, the Father of Classical Liberalism,(Locke, John. A Letter Concerning Toleration Routledge, New York, 1991. p. 5 (Introduction))(Delaney, Tim. The march of unreason: science, democracy, and the new fundamentalism Oxford University Press, New York, 2005. p. 18) (Godwin, Kenneth et al. School choice tradeoffs: liberty, equity, and diversity University of Texas Press, Austin, 2002. p. 12). Locke's contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence(Becker, Carl Lotus. The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas Harcourt, Brace, 1922. p. 27) 54. ^Tom Flanagan, Persona Non Grata: The Death of Free Speech in the Internet Age, (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2014), p. 196. 55. ^Frédéric Boily, ed., Stephen Harper: De l'Ecole de Calgary au Parti conservateur: les nouveaux visages du conservatisme canadien (Québéc: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2007). 56. ^"There are tensions between the socially conservative and economically conservative factions within the school. Bercuson publicly criticized Morton's social policies, saying "[they] were hard to stomach for a libertarian." (McLean, Archie. "Morton would use Alberta as his 'guinea pig': Social, religious views will drive policy, expert says", Edmonton Journal, 2 December 2006.)Such division brings into question whether its members reflect a coherent "school" of thought (Wikipedia article on Calgary School)." 57. ^{{cite journal |title=No More Thinking With Think Tanks |date=June 2012 |url=http://www.utne.com/politics/think-tanks-zm0z12mjzros.aspx |author=Troy, Tevi |series= National Affairs |journal=Utne }} 58. ^This has become common to think tanks and to other academics and is perceived as polarizing and divisive (Troy 2012). 59. ^Flanagan has been described as "colourful", "provocative", "no stranger to controversy" with an "off-the-cuff sense of humour" who sometimes talks "tongue-in-cheek".(CBC 2010) 60. ^{{cite journal|title=Advice to progressives from the Calgary School: Response to Sylvia Bashevkin|publisher=Literary Review of Canada|url=http://reviewcanada.ca/magazine/2010/12/|ISSN=1188-7494|location=Toronto, CA|author=Tom Flanagan|year=2010|accessdate=20 January 2013}} 61. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2010/Flanagan.pdf |author=Tom Flanagan |title="Something Blue....": Conservative Organization in an Era of Permanent Campaign |date=June 3, 2010 |publisher=Canadian Political Science Association | location=University of Calgary |accessdate=January 21, 2012 }} 62. ^Flanagan supported conservative economic and social policies which were popular in the west but not elsewhere in Canada at that time. Manning was transforming the party into a broader center-right party (Rovinsky 1998:11). 63. ^{{cite news |author=J. Sheppard |title=Tom Flanagan on the Harper election campaign |url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tom-flanagan-on-the-harper-election-campaign/article709791/?service=mobile |date=March 31, 2009 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, ON}} 64. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.conservativeforum.org/authquot.asp?ID=391 |title=Quotations by Tom Flanagan |publisher=Conservative forum | accessdate=18 January 2013}} 65. ^1 2 {{cite journal |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/51938443/Stephen-Harper-and-Tom-Flanagan-Our-Benign-Dictatorship-Next-City-Winter-1996-97 |year= Winter 1996–1997 |journal=Next-City |title=Our benign dictatorship: Canada's system of one-party-plus rule has stunted democracy. Two prominent conservatives present the case for more representative government |author2= Tom Flanagan |author1=Stephen Harper |accessdate=January 20, 2013}} 66. ^{{cite web |url=http://migs.concordia.ca/MembersoftheRSC.htm |title=Members Page: The Research Steering Committee of MIGS' Will to Intervene Project |publisher=Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Right Studies (MIGS) Concordia |location=Montreal, PQ (W2I)}} 67. ^{{cite book |author=Flanagan, Thomas |title=Harper's Team: Behind the Scenes in the Conservative Rise to Power |year=2007 |location=Montreal and Kingston |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press}} 68. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |publisher=CBC |title=Flanagan regrets WikiLeaks assassination remark: Liberals file complaint with CBC ombudsman |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2010/12/01/flanagan-wikileaks-assange.html |date= December 1, 2010 |accessdate=20 January 2013 }} 69. ^{{cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Charge+Harper+aide+assassinate+Julian+Assange+comment+lawyer/3931327/story.html|title=Charge ex-Harper aide for 'assassinate Julian Assange' comment: lawyer|last=Barber|first=Mike|date=December 5, 2010|work=The Gazette|accessdate=9 December 2010}} 70. ^{{cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/WikiLeaks+founder+professor+Flanagan+comments+criminal/3926597/story.html|title=WikiLeaks founder: U of C professor Flanagan's comments criminal|last=O'Neill|first=Juliet|date=December 4, 2010|work=The Gazette|accessdate=9 December 2010|location=Ottawa|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207120808/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/WikiLeaks+founder+professor+Flanagan+comments+criminal/3926597/story.html|archivedate=7 December 2010|df=}} 71. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080227.wcadmann0227/BNStory/National/home |title = Tories tried to sway vote of dying MP, widow alleges |publisher = The Globe and Mail |accessdate = 2008-02-27 |last = Gloria Galloway and Brian Laghi |location = Toronto |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302105906/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080227.wcadmann0227/BNStory/National/home |archivedate = 2008-03-02 |df = }} Cadman was receiving chemotherapy treatment for malignant melanoma (to which he later succumbed) at the time of the vote. 72. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/16/rcmp-cadman.html|title=No charges to be laid in Cadman Affair: RCMP|publisher=CBC News|date=2008-05-16|accessdate=2008-07-09}} 73. ^Tom Flanagan, Persona Non Grata: The Death of Free Speech in the Internet Age (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2014), p. 41. 74. ^{{cite web|title=Flanagan speak|url=http://www.themanitoban.com/2009/11/flanagan-speaks/500|publisher=The Manitoban: the Students' Newspaper of the University of Manitoba|date=November 12, 2009 |author=Laura Blakley |accessdate=28 February 2013}} 75. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/03/06/tom-flanagan-2009-child-_n_2812103.html |title=Tom Flanagan's 2009 Child Porn Comments Led To 2013 Uproar (AUDIO) |first=Michael |last=Bolen |work=huffingtonpost.ca |year=2013 |quote=Tom Flanagan |accessdate=March 6, 2013}} 76. ^1 Tom Flanagan, Persona Non Grata: The Death of Free Speech in the Internet Age (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2014), p. 44. 77. ^1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqS4qKkE_SY 78. ^{{cite web|title=Ex-Harper advisor Tom Flanagan fired from CBC after saying viewing child pornography does no harm|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/28/ex-harper-advisor-tom-flanagan-fired-from-cbc-after-saying-theres-nothing-wrong-with-viewing-child-pornography/|publisher=National Post|accessdate=28 February 2013}} 79. ^{{cite web|title=CBC News statement regarding Tom Flanagan|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1122007/cbc-news-statement-regarding-tom-flanagan|location=Toronto, Ontario|date=February 28, 2013|publisher=CNW|author=Jennifer McGuire|accessdate=March 6, 2013}} 80. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/inside-politics-blog/2013/02/flanagan-out-as-cbc-commentator-following-child-porn-comments.html |title=UPDATE: Flanagan offers 'unreserved' apology for 'child porn' comments - Inside Politics |first=Kady |last=O'Malley |work=cbc.ca |year=2013 |quote=Tom Flanagan |accessdate=February 28, 2013}} 81. ^http://theagenda.tvo.org/episode/188772/tom-flanagan-responds-and-dropping-the-ball References{{reflist|2}}External links{{wikiquote|Thomas Flanagan (political scientist)}}
9 : Living people|Canadian political scientists|University of Calgary faculty|Duke University alumni|University of Notre Dame alumni|People from Ottawa, Illinois|Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada|1944 births|American emigrants to Canada |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。