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词条 Tom Hicks
释义

  1. Biography

  2. Politics

  3. Tom Hicks Elementary School

  4. Sports

     Dallas Stars  Texas Rangers  Cruzeiro and Corinthians  Liverpool F.C. 

  5. Philanthropy

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Other people|Thomas Hicks}}{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Tom Hicks
|image = Tom Hicks official photo.jpg
|office = Co-owner and Chairman of Liverpool F.C.
|alongside = George N. Gillett Jr.
|term_start = February 6, 2007
|term_end = October 15, 2010
|predecessor = Moores family
|successor = John W. Henry
|birth_name = Thomas Ollis Hicks Sr.
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|2|7|mf=y}}
|birth_place = Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.
|alma_mater = University of Texas
University of Southern California
|death_date =
|death_place =
}}Thomas Ollis Hicks Sr. (born February 7, 1946), is an American private equity investor and sports team owner living in Dallas, Texas. Forbes magazine estimated Hicks' wealth at $1 billion in 2009, but it dropped to $700 million in 2010.[1][2] Hicks co-founded the investment firm, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, previously owned 50% of the English football club Liverpool F.C., and is chairman of Hicks Holdings LLC, which owns and operates Hicks Sports Group, the company that formerly owned the Texas Rangers, the Dallas Stars, and the Mesquite Championship Rodeo. In 2010, Hicks was forced to sell the Rangers and Liverpool to satisfy his creditors, and the Stars went into bankruptcy the following year.[3][4][5]

Biography

The son of a Texas radio station owner, Hicks was born in Port Arthur, Texas, and graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School,[6] in Port Arthur, Texas, in 1964.[7] received his Bachelor's degree in Finance from the University of Texas in 1968, and received his MBA from the University of Southern California in 1970. He is a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity.

Hicks became interested in leveraged buyouts as a member of First National Bank of Austin's venture capital group. Hicks and Robert Haas formed Hicks & Haas in 1984. The next year that firm bought Hicks Communications, a radio outfit run by Hicks' brother Steven – the first of several media companies bought or created by the buyout firm that involved Steven (Capstar, Chancellor, and AMFM).

Hicks & Haas' in the mid-1980s bought several soft drink makers, including Dr Pepper and 7 Up. The firm took Dr Pepper/7 Up public just 18 months after merging the two companies. In all, Hicks & Haas turned $88 million of investor funding into $1.3 billion. The pair went their separate ways in May 1989.[8] He wanted to raise large pools to invest, while Haas preferred to work with investors deal by deal.[9]

In 1989, Hicks co-founded the investment firm, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst with former Prudential Securities banker John Muse. The firm raised $250 million, with early investments including a life insurance company, Life Partners Group (bought in 1990 and sold in 1996). In 1991, Morgan Stanley's Charles Tate and First Boston's Jack Furst became partners. Hicks was chairman from 1989 to 2004, Hicks Muse raised $12 billion of private equity funds, consummated over $50 billion of leveraged acquisitions, and grew to become one of the largest private investment firms in the country.[10]

But Hicks Muse hit a rough patch by the early 2000s, when investors in Equity Fund IV were burned by a $1.2 billion plunge into telecom investments in 1999. Hicks announced that he would leave the Hicks Muse on March 8, 2004, to spend more time with his family and his sports teams. (Hicks Muse was subsequently renamed HM Capital Partners.) He has remained active in his own ventures. He created Hicks Holdings, a vehicle for his sports and real estate empire, and then started buying companies again in the $10 to $250 million level, including:[11] a Chinese electronics firm, a venture with DirecTV selling bundled TV-telecom services to condos, a landscaping materials company in the Midwest, a pet food firm in Argentina, and Gammaloy – an oil field rental outfit he bought from his wife's family, paying approximately $20 million in the 1990s.

Additionally, he formed Hicks Acquisition Company I, Inc. (HACI). In September 2009, HACI merged into Resolute Energy Corporation (REN), an oil and gas firm.[12] Hicks does not sit on REN's board of directors, but his son, Thomas O. Hicks Jr., represents HACI on the board.[13]

As of August 13, 2010, the website for Hicks Sports Group appears to have disappeared. As for other websites for Hicks companies, while they are still operating, they appear to be empty of any data[14] and Hicks Sports Marketing now appears to be a Word Press blog site, with the first page advertising Online Gaming.

Politics

Hicks was a member of the political action committee for the 2008 presidential election campaign for former Republican Mayor of New York City, Rudy Giuliani.[15]

Hicks was previously neighbors with former U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush. Each neighbours property shared a boundary between Daria Place and Holloway Road, within a gated community of Preston Hollow, Dallas, Texas respectively.[16]

Tom Hicks Elementary School

Tom Hicks Elementary School in Frisco, Texas, part of the Lewisville Independent School District, was given its name after Hicks donated the land for the school.[17]

Sports

Hicks moved from the business pages to the sports section in December 1995 when he bought the National Hockey League Dallas Stars for $82 million.[18]

Dallas Stars

Hicks contracted to purchase the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise from Norman Green in December 1995. During his tenure as owner of the club, Hicks served as the Stars' Chairman of the Board and the club's representative on the NHL Board of Governors. Hicks played an instrumental role in the development and planning of American Airlines Center. Under his ownership, the Stars won seven division titles, two Western Conference crowns, two Presidents' Trophies (as the team with the best regular season record), two consecutive trips to the Stanley Cup Finals and the 1999 Stanley Cup Championship. In April 2010, Hicks' company defaulted on $525 million in bank loans backed by the Stars and a 50% interest in the American Airlines Center.[19]

On September 13, 2011, lenders voted to agree to have the Stars file for bankruptcy and sold at auction.[20]

On November 22, 2011, a bankruptcy court judge approved a bid by Vancouver businessman and Kamloops Blazers owner Tom Gaglardi to buy the team for $240 million.[21]

Texas Rangers

In June 1998, Hicks bought the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball’s American League from George W. Bush. Under Hicks' ownership, the Rangers won the American League West Division crown in 1998 and 1999, but failed to deliver a World Series. Hicks made headlines across all MLB when he personally negotiated and signed shortstop Alex Rodriguez to the biggest contract in MLB history at that time; a ten-year, $252 million deal at the December 2000 winter meetings.[22] That contract, however, severely limited the Rangers' ability to sign other players, and they would have only two more winning seasons during Hicks' ownership.[23][24] Years later, Hicks pointed to the blockbuster contract as "one of his biggest regrets".[25]

The Rangers also spent a large amount of money on Chan Ho Park, who signed a $65 million contract with the Rangers following the 2001 season. The Park signing would be a disaster for the Rangers as the new "staff ace" was unable to adjust to the move from pitcher-friendly Dodger Stadium to the hitter-friendly American League. After finishing in last place for the division three seasons in a row with Rodriguez, Hicks agreed to trade to the New York Yankees before the 2004 season.[22] Five years later, Hicks stated that he felt personally "betrayed" and "deceived" after Rodriguez admitted use of steroids while with the club from 2001 to 2003.

As part of the agreement, the Rangers would supplement a portion of his remaining contract. This agreement would continue until Rodriguez opted out of his contract in 2007. On January 23, 2010, it was announced Hicks had agreed to sell the Rangers to a group led by Chuck Greenberg and Nolan Ryan. Hicks would have been a minority share holder in the new ownership group.[26]

Prior to bids being placed by potential buyers, Hicks told the media the Rangers were operating under normal business with no interference from MLB. Regarding the Rangers' inability to sign 2009 first round pick Matt Purke, he said, "We were disappointed that the family insisted on $6 million. The Texas Rangers were not willing to do that. It had nothing to do with MLB restrictions. There is a clear misimpression we didn't sign Matt Purke because MLB wouldn't let us. That's not true. We didn't because of Tom Hicks, Nolan Ryan and Jon Daniels. We were not willing to go to $6 million."[27] After his group had completed the purchase agreement, Ryan told the media the Rangers were unable to offer the first round pick the $6 million signing bonus both parties had verbally agreed upon after the draft because MLB, who were strictly overseeing the Rangers budget by this time, would not approve the amount needed to sign Purke. After the announcement of the pending sale by Hicks Sports Group (HSG), several additional hurdles occurred which had to be remedied before the sale of the team could be finalized. Several of the lenders, who were owed over $500 million, vocally objected to the deal accusing Hicks of rejecting a higher offer by Jim Crane and stated they would not sign off on the deal.[28] Hicks has been sued by three different parties over the land adjacent to the stadium that was sold in a separate transaction as a part of the purchase by Greenberg and Ryan.[29][30]

On May 24, 2010, HSG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection/separation of the Texas Rangers from HSG and asked the courts to approve of the sale of the Rangers to the group headed by Greenberg and Ryan. The move was made to expedite the sale and resolve the sale prior to the MLB trade deadline and draft signing deadline.[31] Ironically, Alex Rodriguez was the largest unsecured creditor, owed nearly $25 million in deferred payments despite being traded six years earlier.[25]

Emails presented in court show that after Hicks agreed to an exclusive negotiation period with Greenberg attorneys for HSG were still in discussion with another bidder, Dennis Crane, about a sale price for the team and emailed the creditors on December 31, 2009 saying, "Basically, the response from the MLB was to prohibit us from negotiating with anyone other than Greenberg. Their intent seems to be to lock us into Greenberg even though Crane now has a clearly superior economic deal – and may always have had based on Greenberg's current position. We need help here. Unless the lenders weigh in, we are going to be stuck negotiating a deal that is clearly worse than Crane's."[32][33]

The bankruptcy court ordered a public auction to be held on August 4, 2010, and the winning bid was submitted by Greenberg/Ryan. Co-lead investors Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen.[34]

In March 2011, Greenberg resigned as chief executive, sold his interest,[35] and Nolan Ryan was named president and chief executive officer.[34] Ryan was subsequently designated the controlling owner of the club by a unanimous vote of the 30 owners of Major League Baseball on May 12, 2011.[35]

Cruzeiro and Corinthians

In 1999, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst entered into a partnership with Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, two popular Brazilian football clubs. Club directors and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst assured the fans that a new stadium was in development, but this never materialized.

In 2003, after legal/financial troubles and partner infighting, Hicks retired from the company and the ownership group eventually left the partnership with Corinthians. There was no new stadium.[36]

Liverpool F.C.

{{Main|Liverpool F.C.}}

On February 1, 2007, it was made known through the English press that he was involved in a consortium with one-time friend and Montreal Canadiens owner George N. Gillett Jr. to purchase English Premier League club Liverpool F.C.; this takeover proposal was believed to be the front-runner after Dubai International Capital (DIC) withdrew their bid.[37] On February 6, 2007, Hicks and Gillett's joint offer for Liverpool was formally accepted, valuing the club at £218.9 million ($432.9M) (£5,000 per share and £44.8M in debt).[38] Liverpool became the third Premier League club to be acquired by American businessmen, the others being Aston Villa and Manchester United. When taking over the club, Hicks and Gillett made a joint declaration: "Liverpool is a fantastic club with a remarkable history and a passionate fanbase. We fully acknowledge and appreciate the unique heritage and rich history of Liverpool and intend to respect this heritage in the future."[39][40] Hicks stated his foremost priority was gaining silverware, and vowed to build a new stadium for the club at Stanley Park Stadium.[39][41][42] The preexisting plans to build the stadium were revised but the stadium never materialized.[43][44][45]

Hicks became extremely unpopular among Liverpool fans[46] for his failure to deliver on the promise of a new stadium or on the promise that no debt would be placed onto the club[47][48][49] and for his allegedly misleading statements about planned and past investment in players.[50][51] Furthermore, a public spat with manager Rafael Benítez and an attack on chief executive Rick Parry in an interview with Sky Sports News just 24 hours after the 19th anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster enraged fans as disrespectful and totally oblivious of traditions at the club he part-owned.[52] During Hicks and Gillett's period of ownership, Liverpool became associated with frequent boardroom wranglings as the owners fell out with each other[53] and engaged in public battles with Parry and Benítez.[48][54][55] Anger was also directed at the Hicks family when Tom Hicks' son, Tom Jr., had to resign from the Liverpool board of directors after sending an abusive e-mail to a Liverpool fan saying, "Blow me fuck face. Go to hell. I'm sick of you."[56][57]

On January 22, 2008, a majority of Liverpool fans at the game between Liverpool and Aston Villa protested against Gillett and Hicks' running of the club, urging the pair to sell their shares in Liverpool to Dubai International Capital (DIC). Neither owner, nor their representative Foster Gillett, was present at the game. George Gillett was reportedly targeted by DIC to sell his shares. It was reported that he had fallen out with Hicks and he subsequently kept silent over his dealings with the club.[58] On March 7, 2008, it was reported that Gillett had agreed to sell 98% of his Liverpool stock to DIC,[59] but Hicks blocked the sale.[60] In an interview on Prime Time Sports in Canada, Gillett revealed that he and his family had received death threats from angry Liverpool fans: "The fans don't want him [Tom Hicks] to have even one share of my stake in the club, based on what they are sending to me. As a result of that we [my family] have received many phone calls in the middle of the night threatening our lives, death threats. A number came to the office and my son, Foster, and daughter-in-law, Lauren, have received them."[61] On April 16, 2010, the club was put up for sale.[62] Hicks claimed that he believed the club had tripled in value during his tenure,[63] and boasted that he would be looking for a price of four times what he purchased his stake for.[64] He claimed that, "Liverpool will be the most profitable investment I've ever made."[65] On June 16, 2010, Walton MP Steve Rotherham tabled a motion in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom expressing dismay at the continuing ownership of the club. Hicks and Gillett were described as "asset strippers" and the club was being "drained by their greed".[66]

In October 2010, as part of a fans' campaign against the ownership, a video entitled Dear Mr Hicks was released virally via YouTube. Produced and directed by Mike Jefferies, it featured celebrity fans of the club giving their reasons why they wanted to see a change of ownership.[67][68][69][70] The Independent newspaper praised the video, saying, "True to the city's capacity to create something out of adversity, a wonderfully inventive viral film, Dear Mr Hicks, has been published online to make it clear where he ought to go. The fans' view can be summarised thus: away, and soon."[71]

It was claimed that the video was watched 400 000 times in 42 hours.[72]

On October 15, 2010, Hicks lost ownership of Liverpool. Despite numerous attempts to prevent it, the club was sold to New England Sports Ventures (NESV), for a fee believed to be around £300 million, which was far below Hicks' valuation of "between £600M and £1 billion(B)", by the club's board of directors in a 3–2 vote. Hicks is pursuing a (max.) £1 billion suit against NESV and Kop Holdings for damages, claiming that, "This outcome... devalues the club..." and suggesting that he had been the victim of an "epic swindle".[73] From the time the club had been put up for sale, however, it had been widely reported that the fee that Hicks and Gillett were asking for was unlikely to be achieved.[74][75] The Wall Street Journal pointed out that the asking price of £600–800 million took no account of the fact that a new owner would have to spend £375 million building the new stadium which Hicks and Gillett had promised and failed to deliver.[65] The Daily Telegraph suggested that Hicks and Gillett were unlikely to achieve their estimated price because everyone knew that there was huge debt at the club and that these debts were due to be called in very shortly, meaning that the bankers would subsequently put the club into administration and then sell off the club at a bargain price anyway.[76] The likelihood of the club being placed in administration increased once, on September 7, 2010, the Royal Bank of Scotland, Hicks's main creditor, placed the Texan's indebtedness in the toxic debt category as he was considered unable to find refinancing or to pay off the debt.[77] In the end, none of the offers made were anywhere close to Hicks and Gillett's valuation and with the threat of administration looming the club was sold for £300 million.[78] This meant that the sale in 2010 fetched £80 million more than Hicks and Gillett had paid for the club in 2007, but because more than £200 million worth of debt had been piled on to the club, resulting in huge interest rates and penalty payments, the outgoing owners ended up losing an estimated £144 million on their investment.[79]

Liverpool fans were delighted to hear that the club had been sold.[80][81][82][83][84][85] Steve Horner, from the fans' group Kop Faithful, declared,

"It’s like a huge cloud has been lifted off us... Hicks and Gillett leave with no legacy, apart from one of chaos."[86] The chairman of Liverpool Supporters Club, Richie Pedder, announced to the Liverpool Echo, "This is the start of a new era. A lot has been taken off the club’s shoulders now. Good riddance to Hicks and Gillett."[86] Former Liverpool player Tommy Smith expressed his joy at the departure of Hicks and Gillett in his regular newspaper column: "But today they are out of our club - and I’m as happy as every one of the Liverpool fans who’ve made it clear they’re so sick of them. All they were ever interested in was making money - not in owning what is for me the greatest football club in the world, investing in it properly and taking good care of it. Good riddance."[87] After selling the club, Hicks admitted that his relationship with the fans had been strained: "Something went wrong with my ability to communicate with the fans. I am saddened by it."[88]

In the two years before Hicks and Gillett took control of the club, Liverpool won the UEFA Champions League in 2005 and the FA Cup in 2006 under manager Rafael Benítez. In the three-and-a-half years in which Hicks and Gillett owned the club, they won not a single trophy and at the time they left Liverpool the club were in the relegation zone of the Premier League standings.[89] [90]

Fans blame a lack of investment in players for the declining performances on the pitch.[91] Hicks has denied this claim, declaring that during his reign Liverpool's net spend on player transfers was £150 million (sometimes cited as $150 million).[92][93] The newspaper The Sunday Mirror calculated that the net spend probably did not exceed £25.1 million and has accused Hicks of "creative accountancy", stating "what is irrefutable is that Hicks has exaggerated the net spend by probably close to six fold".[51]

During Hicks and Gillett's period of ownership, the club struggled to meet the interest payments on the loans taken out as part of the leveraged buy-out. Christian Purslow, managing director of Liverpool since June 2009, publicly stated in September 2010 that the debt was an important burden for the club because it limited investment in players: "The issue is that too much of that profit is being used to service loans put into place when the club was bought."[94] Hicks admitted after the sale that the club's debt was too great but argued that he had not been given sufficient time by his main creditor, the Royal Bank of Scotland, to repay the debt: "It has a little bit too much debt, no question. But we were going to fix that and we were frustrated by others."[95] He has also suggested that the Royal Bank of Scotland prevented him paying back the debt to them: "I can't go into the details but I can confirm the funds were available to pay off Royal Bank of Scotland entirely but between Royal Bank of Scotland, the chairman and the employees that conspired against us, they would not let us."[95]

After more legal trouble with his other sports team, Hicks decided not to pursue his claims of a conspiracy against him.[96] On January 11, 2013, Hicks and Gillett finally decided to drop their case in the English Law Courts against Sir Martin Broughton, Christian Purslow and Ian Ayre, the three directors on the club's board of directors at the time of the sale of the club to NESV; they also agreed to drop their case against NESV and RBS Bank. The terms of the agreement are confidential, though it is believed that no monies were paid to Hicks or Gillett. Earlier in the week, Hicks and Gillett had lost a Court of Appeal bid to delay a High Court Trial so they could have more time to raise the monies needed to fund the multi-million pound lawsuit.[97]

Philanthropy

In addition to donating the land for aforementioned school in Frisco, Hicks donated a gymnasium to the St. Mark's School of Texas in Dallas. Hicks was also the 1996 co-chair of the Dallas Jewish Coalition for the Homeless "Vogel Alcove" project, and received the 2000 Henry Cohn Humanitarian Award from the Anti-Defamation League.[98]

References

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9. ^Kreutzer, Laura [https://blogs.wsj.com/privateequity/2010/02/12/til-key-man-do-us-part-famous-private-equity-break-ups/tab/article/ Til Key Man Do Us Part: Famous Private Equity Break-Ups] Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
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14. ^  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914162354/http://www.hicksholdings.com/|date=September 14, 2008 }}
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17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.greatschools.net/modperl/browse_school/tx/8845|title=Tom Hicks Elementary School |publisher=Greatschools.net |accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
18. ^{{cite news|author=Staff |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1998/01/08/archive/main69.shtml|title=Stars owner Hicks to buy Rangers for $250 million |publisher=CBS News|date=January 8, 1998|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/hockey/bidding-on-dallas-stars-stalls/article1751910|title=Bidding on Dallas Stars stalls|publisher=CTVglobemedia Publishing Inc.|date=October 10, 2010 |accessdate=October 10, 2010|location=Toronto}}
20. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-14/dallas-stars-lenders-said-to-vote-for-bankruptcy-court-auction.html|title= Dallas Stars Lenders Said to Vote for Bankruptcy Court Auction|author= Steven Church|publisher= Bloomberg Businessweek|date=September 14, 2011 |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102115343/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-14/dallas-stars-lenders-said-to-vote-for-bankruptcy-court-auction.html|archivedate= November 2, 2012|df= }}
21. ^[https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2011/11/22/dallas-stars-sale-to-tom-gaglardi-for-240-million-kills-creditors "Dallas Stars Sale To Tom Gaglardi For $240 Million Pummels Team's Creditors"], November 22, 2011, Forbes.com; accessed November 23, 2011
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24. ^{{cite web|last=Engel|first=Jen Floyd|title=Mega-deal doomed A-Rod from start |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/story/alex-rodriguez-downfall-began-with-252-million-texas-rangers-contract-072913|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=April 27, 2014|date=July 29, 2013}}
25. ^1 Marchand, Andrew Tom Hicks regrets A-Rod contract ESPN.com, accessed June 1, 2013
26. ^{{cite web|author=Staff|url=http://www.bbtia.com/the-clubhouse/2010/1/23/newsflash-final-agreement-reached-in-rangers-sale.html|title=Newsflash: Final Agreement Reached In Rangers Sale|publisher=Bbtia.com|date=January 23, 2010|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
27. ^{{cite web|author=Staff |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090912&content_id=6922070&vkey=news_tex&fext=.jsp&c_id=tex|title=Hicks: MLB not restricting Rangers' funds|publisher=Mlb.mlb.com|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
28. ^{{cite web|last=Calcaterra|first=Craig|url=http://bases.nbcsports.com/2010/01/the-rangers-deal-is-not-a-done-deal.html.php |title=The Rangers deal is not a done deal|publisher=Bases.nbcsports.com|date=January 26, 2010|accessdate=July 9, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
29. ^"Hicks Sued Over Glorypark", nbcdfw.com
30. ^Dallas News coverage of Tom Hicks, dallasnews.com, February 2, 2010
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bizofbaseball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4393:texas-rangers-voluntarily-go-into-chapter-11-bankruptcy-to-finish-sale-to-greenbergryan-group&catid=70:mlb-club-sales&Itemid=157|title=Texas Rangers Voluntarily Go Into Chapter 11 Bankruptcy to Finish Sale to Greenberg/Ryan Group|author=Maury Brown|date=May 24, 2010|work=bizofbaseball.com|accessdate=May 24, 2010|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526014546/http://bizofbaseball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4393%3Atexas-rangers-voluntarily-go-into-chapter-11-bankruptcy-to-finish-sale-to-greenbergryan-group&catid=70%3Amlb-club-sales&Itemid=157|archivedate=May 26, 2010|df=}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/139996|title=HSG Claims Crane Made Higher Offer Than Greenberg For Rangers|date=June 14, 2010|work=sportsbusinessdaily.com|accessdate=June 14, 2010}}
33. ^{{cite news |url=http://bats.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/11/rangers-sale-price-could-have-been-higher-creditors-say|title=Rangers’ Sale Price Could Have Been Higher, Creditors Say|author=Richard Sandomir|date=June 11, 2010|work=New York Times|accessdate=June 14, 2010}}
34. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/dallas/texas-rangers/post/_/id/4861208/club-release-on-chuck-greenbergs-departure|title=Club release on Chuck Greenberg's exit|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20110512&content_id=18980114&vkey=news_tex&c_id=tex|title=Nolan Ryan approved by MLB as controlling owner of Texas Rangers {{!}} texasrangers.com: News|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/01/27/brazilian-fans-hit-out-at-liverpool-owner-98487-20300636|title=Liverpool FC - Latest news, transfers, pictures, video, opinion - Mirror Football|website=www.mirror.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/6318091.stm|work=BBC News|title=Consortium pulls out of Reds bid|date=January 31, 2007|accessdate=May 25, 2010}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/6323037.stm|title=BBC SPORT | Football | My Club | Liverpool | US pair agree Liverpool takeover|publisher=BBC News|date=February 6, 2007|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
39. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/sports/soccer/07cnd-liverpool.html?_r=0|title=Americans Complete Liverpool Soccer Deal |author=Jack Bell|publisher=The New York Times|date=February 6, 2007}}
40. ^{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/6323037.stm|title=US pair agree Liverpool takeover|publisher=BBC Sport|date=February 6, 2007}}
41. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/liverpool/5498058/Liverpool-still-waiting-on-new-Stanley-Park-stadium.html |title= Liverpool still waiting on new Stanley Park stadium|author= Rory Smith|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=June 11, 2009}}
42. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/nick-harris-hicks-and-gillett-dig-themselves-deeper-into-trouble-1698056.html|title=Nick Harris: Hicks and Gillett dig themselves deeper into trouble|publisher=The Independent|date=June 6, 2009}}
43. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1319463/Tom-Hicks-George-Gillett--ways-got-wrong-Liverpool.html|title= The five ways Tom Hicks and George Gillett got it wrong at Liverpool|author=Dan Ripley|publisher=Daily Mail |date=October 11, 2010}}
44. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/liverpool/8044953/Liverpool-board-meet-to-discuss-new-bids-for-the-Anfield-club.html|title=Tom Hicks and George Gillett try to sack Liverpool board to prevent Red Sox takeover|author= Paul Kelso|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=October 5, 2010}}
45. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/oct/06/liverpool-takeover-hicks-gillett|title=Liverpool FC: Life under the control of Tom Hicks and George Gillett|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 6, 2010}}
46. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1255131/Angry-Liverpool-fans-protest-cowboy-owners-Tom-Hicks-George-Gillett-giant-poster-campaign.html|location=London|work=Daily Mail |title=Pictured: Angry Liverpool fans protest against 'cowboy' owners Tom Hicks and George Gillett with giant poster campaign |date=March 3, 2010}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/hicks-and-gillett-relaxed-about-debt-1697880.html|title=Hicks and Gillett 'relaxed' about debt|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
48. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/|title=The Times & The Sunday Times|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/jun/05/liverpool-tom-hicks-george-gillett|title=No new stadium. A huge debt. Despite their promises, Hicks and Gillett have 'done a Glazers' - David Conn|first=David|last=Conn|date=June 5, 2009|website=the Guardian|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2010/05/28/tom-hicks-you-couldn-t-make-it-up-well-actually-tom-can-100252-26544007/|title=Tom Hicks - You couldn't make it up (well actually, Tom can)|first=Liverpool|last=Echo|date=May 28, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
51. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Liverpool-fans-were-up-in-arms-after-Tom-Hicks-tried-to-say-he-had-spent-150million-net-on-transfers-article601899.html|title=Football News - all the latest breaking football stories - Mirror Online|website=www.mirrorfootball.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
52. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-559850/Liverpool-pays-tribute-96-Hillsborough-dead-amid-boardroom-feuding.html |location=London|work=Daily Mail|title=Liverpool pays tribute to 96 Hillsborough dead amid boardroom feuding|date=April 15, 2008}}
53. ^https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/odd-couple-who-agreed-about-everything-except-coach-finance-stadium-2106003.html https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/gillett-admits-failings-to-fans-as-anfield-owners-remain-divided-930999.html https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2327146/Liverpool-owner-Tom-Hicks-to-sell-Anfield-stake.html
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/oct/17/liverpool-fans-football|title=Liberation has Liverpool fans daring to dream about football again|first=Paul|last=Hayward|date=October 17, 2010|website=the Guardian|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-558968/Gillett-backs-chief-executive-Parry-Hicks-resignation-demands-Liverpool-civil-war-rages-on.html|title=Gillett backs chief executive Parry against Hicks' resignation demands as Liverpool civil war rages on|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jan/11/tom-hicks-jr-quits-liverpool-email|title=Tom Hicks Jr quits Liverpool board following row over obscene email|first=Andy|last=Hunter|date=January 11, 2010|website=the Guardian|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2010/01/you_kiss_your_father_with_that.php|title=You Kiss Your Father With That Mouth, Tom Hicks Jr.? Ah, More Anarchy in the U.K.|first=Robert|last=Wilonsky|date=January 9, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web |author=Anfield Online|url=http://www.anfield-online.co.uk/lfc-news/2008/the-anfield-divorce/|title=The Anfield Divorce |publisher=Anfield Online|date=February 26, 2008|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
59. ^{{cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/soccer/03/07/bc.soc.liverpool.ownership.ap/index.html|work=CNN|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403010722/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/soccer/03/07/bc.soc.liverpool.ownership.ap/index.html|archivedate=April 3, 2008|title=DIC accepts minority 'Pool stake|date=March 7, 2008|accessdate=November 1, 2015}}
60. ^{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Northcroft|title=Anfield anarchy|date=April 13, 2008 |publisher=News International Group |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/liverpool/article3736096.ece |work=The Sunday Times |accessdate=April 13, 2008|location=London}}
61. ^I can no longer work with Tom Hicks, says George Gillett Jr {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510162136/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/liverpool/article3638838.ece|date=May 10, 2008 }}
62. ^https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2010-04-16-liverpool-sale_N.htm {{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1266425/Kop-Liverpool-owners-Tom-Hicks-George-Gillett-confirm-club-sale.html |title=Kop out! Liverpool owners Tom Hicks and George Gillett confirm club is for sale | Mail Online|publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date=April 16, 2010|accessdate=July 9, 2010|location=London}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Tom-Hicks-ends-chance-of-a-quick-cut-price-Liverpool-sale-by-slapping-staggering-660million-price-tag-on-club-Exclusive-article395963.html|title=Football News - all the latest breaking football stories - Mirror Online|website=www.mirrorfootball.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.clickliverpool.com/sport/liverpool-fc/128769-tom-hicks-i-should-make-four-times-my-money-selling-liverpool-fc.html|title=I should make four times my money selling Liverpool FC, claims Tom Hicks > Liverpool FC > Sport|publisher=Click Liverpool|date=|accessdate=July 9, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120729143216/http://www.clickliverpool.com/sport/liverpool-fc/128769-tom-hicks-i-should-make-four-times-my-money-selling-liverpool-fc.html|archivedate=July 29, 2012}}
65. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303491304575188380003762918|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Matthew |last=Futterman|title=Hicks Venture to Sell Liverpool Soccer Club|date=April 17, 2010}}
66. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/10346345.stm|title=Liverpool FC owners Hicks and Gillett 'draining club' |publisher=BBC News|date=June 17, 2010|accessdate=July 9, 2010}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-11446785|title=Stars appear in Kop protest film|date=October 1, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/oct/06/liverpool-sale-fans-reaction|title=Liverpool FC fans: 'Don't pop the champagne open yet'|first=Barry|last=Glendenning|date=October 6, 2010|website=the Guardian|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
69. ^http://www.wikio.co.uk/video/dear-mr-hicks-4232946
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/8051324/Dear-Mr-Hicks.html|title=Dear Mr Hicks|first=4:56PM BST 08 Oct|last=2010|date=October 8, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
71. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/in-through-the-shankly-gates-out-through-the-high-court-2099909.html|location=London|work=The Independent|date=October 7, 2010|title=In through the Shankly Gates, out through the High Court?}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.empireofthekop.com/anfield/?p=22859|title="Dear Mr. Hicks" seen over 400,000 times in 42 hours|date=October 7, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
73. ^http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/9098046.stm{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/9094283.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=October 15, 2010 |accessdate=October 15, 2010|title=NESV completes Liverpool takeover}}
74. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.itv.com/sport/football/news/liverpool-questions-answered-28894/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017052709/http://www.itv.com/sport/football/news/liverpool-questions-answered-28894/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 17, 2010|accessdate=October 16, 2010}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/torres-returns-as-chinese-bid-to-take-control-at-anfield-2041099.html|title=Torres returns as Chinese bid to take control at Anfield|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
76. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/liverpool/7995539/RBS-ready-to-step-in-to-force-swift-Liverpool-sale.html|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Paul|last=Kelso|title=RBS ready to step in to force swift Liverpool sale|date=September 11, 2010}}
77. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/sep/09/rbs-tom-hicks-george-gillett-sell-liverpool|location=London|work=The Guardian |first=Matt|last=Scott|title=RBS moves to force George Gillett and Tom Hicks to sell Liverpool|date=September 9, 2010}}
78. ^http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/10/lims_new_offer_for_liverpool. html
79. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/liverpool/8047093/Tom-Hicks-vows-to-fight-all-way-as-Boston-Red-Sox-owners-lie-in-wait-to-take-over-Liverpool.html|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Paul|last=Kelso|title=Tom Hicks vows to fight all way as Boston Red Sox owners lie in wait to take over Liverpool|date=October 6, 2010}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/9097848.stm|title=A dramatic week for Liverpool|date=October 15, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}
81. ^http://football.uk.reuters.com/leagues/uk/news/2010/10/15/LDE69E228.php?rpc=401{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/David-Maddock-column-Hicks-astonishing-argument-against-selling-Liverpool-to-NESV-perfectly-sums-up-why-he-has-become-so-despised-by-fans-article600611.html|title=Sport: News, exclusives, reports, previews, live feeds - Mirror Online|website=www.mirrorfootball.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shanklygates.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=853:new-ownership-welcomed&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=18|title=New ownership welcomed|first=Darren|last=Phillips|website=www.shanklygates.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Liverpool-Supporters-Club-secretary-Les-Lawson-has-expressed-his-delight-at-the-High-Court-ruling-against-owners-Tom-Hicks-and-George-Gillett-article600475.html|title=Football News - all the latest breaking football stories - Mirror Online|website=www.mirrorfootball.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/blogs/football-banter/3PM-Extra-Liverpool-special-Tom-Hicks-and-George-Gillett-s-best-bits-the-American-duo-in-their-own-words-article601333.html|title=Football: News, opinion, previews, results & live scores - Mirror Online|website=www.mirrorfootball.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
86. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2010/10/16/hicks-and-gillett-were-outclassed-liverpool-fc-fans-give-verdict-on-the-nesv-takeover-100252-27482669/|title="Hicks and Gillett were outclassed" - Liverpool FC fans give verdict on the NESV takeover|first=Liverpool|last=Echo|date=October 16, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2010/10/16/tommy-smith-on-lfc-thank-god-we-ve-got-rid-of-hicks-and-gillett-at-last-100252-27482104/|title=Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on|website=www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
88. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/9098046.stm|work=BBC News|title=Hicks fury at Liverpool 'swindle' |date=October 15, 2010}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/14/sports/soccer/14liverpool.html|title=British Court Rules for Red Sox Group in Liverpool Takeover|first=Rob|last=Hughes|date=October 13, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=June 8, 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}
90. ^{{http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2010/10/05/relegation-is-stretching-credulity-says-liverpool-fc-manager-roy-hodgson-92534-27401811/
91. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1191785/Skint-Liverpool-paying-owners-Hicks-Gillett-2m-year-expenses--Rafa-struggles-build-title-challenging-team.html|location=London|work=Daily Mail|title='Skint' Liverpool paying owners Hicks and Gillett £2m a year in expenses - while Rafa struggles to bring in new players|date=June 9, 2009}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/soccer/2010/1016/1224281278067.html|title=Soccer News - Results, Fixtures & Tables - The Irish Times|website=The Irish Times|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}
93. ^http://sportinglife.com/football/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/10/10/15/SOCCER_Liverpool_Hicks.html {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716023240/http://sportinglife.com/football/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F10%2F10%2F15%2FSOCCER_Liverpool_Hicks.html|date=July 16, 2011 }}
94. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/sep/22/christian-purslow-liverpool-board|location=London|work=The Guardian|first=David |last=Conn|title=Christian Purslow admits Liverpool can barely service loans|date=September 22, 2010}}
95. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/oct/15/tom-hicks-rafael-benitez-liverpool |location=London|work=The Guardian|title=Tom Hicks blames Rafael Benítez after bitter Liverpool battle|date=October 15, 2010}}
96. ^http://thelfczone.com/site/2011/05/06/fan-power-wins-the-day-liverpool-fc-an-epic-swindle-part-two/{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}
97. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jan/11/liverpool-tom-hicks-george-gillett |title=Tom Hicks and George Gillett drop allegations against Liverpool directors|author=Sachin Nakran|publisher=The Guardian |date=January 11, 2013}}
98. ^{{cite web |url=http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/tex/community/executives/hicks.html|title=Texas Rangers Executives |publisher=Texas.rangers.mlb.com |accessdate=July 9, 2010}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080129192228/http://stars.nhl.com/team/app?service=page&page=NHLPage&bcid=sta_bio-hicks Bio at Dallas Stars]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080914162354/http://www.hicksholdings.com/ Hicks Holdings Official Website]
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