| 词条 | Tominaga Nakamoto |
| 释义 |
He took a deep critical stance against normative systems of thought, partially based on the Kaitokudō's emphasis on objectivity, but was clearly heterodox in eschewing the dominant philosophies of the institution. He was critical of Buddhism, Confucianism and Shintoism.[4] Whereas each of these traditions drew on history as a source of authority, Tominaga saw appeals to history as a pseudo-justification for innovations that try to outdo other sects vying for power. For example, he cited the various Confucian Masters who saw human nature as partially good, neither good nor bad, all good, and inherently bad; analysing later interpreters who tried to incorporate and reconcile all Masters. He criticised Shintoism as obscurantist, especially in its habit of secret instruction. As he always said, "hiding is the beginning of lying and stealing".[5][6] In his study of Buddhist scriptures, he asserted that Hinayana school of scriptures preceded Mahayana scriptures but also asserted that the vast majority of Hinayana scriptures are also composed much later than the life of Gautama Buddha, the position which was later supported by modern scriptural studies. His work represents an early and indigenous example of Buddhist studies and reflects awareness of Manichaeism and its possible relationship with Buddhism.[7] While Michael Pye has argued that Tominaga represents a non-European example of religious studies,[8] this view has been challenged by Jason Josephson, who argues that Tominaga does not treat non-Buddhist traditions as systematic religions. [7] Bibliography
References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Katō|first=Shūichi|title=Tominaga Nakamoto, 1715-1746: A Japanese Iconoclast|journal=Monumenta Nipponica|year=1967|volume=22|issue=1/2|pages=177–193|jstor=2383230|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/t2xrznwdbldbimj/1967-shuichi.pdf}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamoto, Tominaga}}{{Japan-philosopher-stub}}2. ^Kato 1967, pg183 3. ^"The Writings of an Old Man", translator Kato Shuichi, 1967 4. ^Tetsuo Najita, Visions of Virtue, ChicagoL UOC Press, pp102-106. 5. ^Hajime Nakamura, [https://books.google.es/books?id=sePiBcehtYcC&pg=PA487&lpg=PA487&dq=%22Nakamoto+Tominaga+%22+lying&source=bl&ots=FUqMZ2GIKi&sig=LZuz47oXF9DTp7HpN8eGzzVDgJ0&hl=es&ei=neDkTq_iKsnDhAeP7-zZAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA# Ways of Thinking of Eastern People: India, China, Tibet, Japan] 6. ^{{cite book|last=Ketelaar|first=James Edward|title=Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and Its Persecution|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02481-3|pages=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy0Wp6OpIPkC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|last=Josephson |first=Jason |title=The Invention of Religion in Japan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=7-8|location = Chicago|year=2012|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo13657764.html}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last=Pye |first=Michael |title=Modern Japan and the Science of Religions |url=http://www.gwern.net/docs/tominaga/2003-pye.pdf |journal=Method & Theory in the Study of Religion |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |publisher=Brill}} 6 : Japanese philosophers|1715 births|1746 deaths|Japanese merchants|18th-century Japanese businesspeople|18th-century merchants |
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