| 词条 | Tomoe | |||||
| 释义 |
A {{transl|ja|tomoe}} (Japanese: {{Nihongo|巴}}, also written {{Nihongo|鞆絵}}{{efn|There are in fact seven variants for writing tomoe:ともゑ,巴, 鞆画, 鞆,鞆絵, 艫絵 and 伴絵.{{sfn|Brown|1998|p=186}}}}), commonly translated as "comma",{{sfn|Turnbull|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|van Gulik|1982|p=168}} is a comma-like swirl symbol used in Japanese {{transl|ja|mon}} (roughly equivalent to a heraldic badge or charge in European heraldry). It closely resembles the usual form of a {{transl|ja|magatama}}. The {{transl|ja|tomoe}} appears in many designs with various uses. The simplest, most common patterns of the device contain from one to four {{transl|ja|tomoe}}, and are reminiscent of similar designs that have been found in wide distribution around the world. When circumscribed in a circle, it often appears in a set of three, with this design known as the {{nihongo|mitsudomoe|三ツ巴}}.{{sfn|Repp|2002|p=171}} EtymologyThe character 巴 (Chinese pronunciation bā) has several meanings, ranging from a Sichuan toponym to a crust formed by dryness, parts of the body such as hands or cheeks, and, as a verb, bearing the sense of "to hope", "expect" or "be anxious over". The Chinese character used to depicted, according to Bernhard Karlgren's interpretation of the small seal script graph, a python.{{sfn|Karlgren|1974|p=211}} The Japanese word itself may be of Altaic origin, since it bears comparison with Middle Mongolian {{transl|xng|tomuγa}} (twisted horse headdress, from the verb {{transl|ja|tomu}} (plait, twist)) and Ordos t'omok ('a little bag hung on a horse's head'). In this latter connection Tang ceramic figures of horses show small sacks tethered to the lower neck, perhaps to stop the horse from throwing its head back.{{sfn|Miller|1967|p=78}} One view is that the word refers to a picture {{Nihongo|e|絵||}} of a {{Nihongo|tomo|鞆||}}, or drawings on the latter, the {{transl|ja|tomo}} in question, in archaic Japanese {{transl|ojp|tömö}},{{efn|Roy Andrew Miller vocalizes it tömo. (止毛) I have followed Ōno et al.{{sfn|Miller|1967|p=77}}{{sfn|Ōno|Satake|Maeda|1974|p=926}}}} being a round leather arm protector, like the bracer or gauntlet tab of European archery.{{sfn|Munro|1911|p=49}} Roy Andrew Miller describes it as "a small hollow sack or bulb of sewn leather with leather tie straps, sometimes embossed with a comma like decorative device ({{transl|ja|tomoe}}) of continental origin".{{sfn|Miller|1967|p=77}} It was worn on the left elbow or wrist of an archer either to prevent chafing from the bowstring ({{transl|ja|tsuru}}: 弦) twanging back to position on the release of an arrow, or to strike fear into the enemy from the sharp sound caused by the bowstring hitting the wrist guard.{{sfn|SS|1966|p=121}}{{sfn|Heldt|2014|p=191}}{{sfn|Miller|1967|p=77}} The 'tomo picture' ({{transl|ja|tomoe}}) can therefore be interpreted either as a visual pun on the tomo represented, or, otherwise, as taking its name from that object. Several such examples are conserved in Nara at the Shōsōin. {{sfn|Miller|1967|p=77}} An alternative interpretation takes it to be a stylized magatama.{{sfn|Honda|2004|p=?}} Theories of its originThe origin of the {{transl|ja|tomoe}} design is uncertain. A pattern resembling the two-comma {{transl|ja|tomoe}} ({{transl|ja|futatsudomoe}}) has been found in ancient cultures on all inhabited continents. {{sfn|Darvas|2007|pp=37-39}} A stylized design on a Yangshao bowl dates back to 2,000 BCE.{{sfn|Darvas|2007|pp=36-37}} The motif of two encircling dolphins biting each other's tails has been found on Cretan ceramics dating from the Minoan period (1700-1400 BCE), and the two fish biting each other in circular fashion recurs in both Chinese and Central Mexican ware.{{sfn|Darvas|2007|p=38}} It is frequently seen on prehistoric Celtic remains, and one mirror from Balmaclellan is almost identical to the {{transl|ja|mitsudomoe}}. {{sfn|Munro|1911|p=52-53}} In China, the double comma form came to be assimilated to the Ying-Yang philosophy of opposing male/female principles, formalized in the {{transl|zh|Tàijítú}} design of the late Song Dynasty period.{{efn|Tàijí (太極) being the Primordial One from which the dualities emerged. {{sfn|Eberhard|1986|p=283}}}} This in turn recurs in the 7th century in Korea, where it was known as Taegeuk.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2015|p=569}} and replicated in the Japanese {{transl|ja|futatsudomoe}} and {{transl|ja|mitsudomoe}} patterns, the former in association with divinatory rites, the latter frequently linked to temple drums with apotropaic functions.{{sfn|van Gulik|1982|p=168}} According to Jean Herbert in these contexts, the {{transl|ja|mitsudomoe}} embodied three spirits, the yin-yang dyad being represented by an {{transl|ja|aramitama}} (rough kami) and a {{transl|ja|nigimitama}} (gentle kami), while the third comma denoted the {{transl|ja|sakimitama}}, or lucky spirit.{{efn|van Gulik citing Jean Herbert, Shintô; at the fountain-head of Japan, Stein and Day, 1967 p.61.{{sfn|van Gulik|1982|p=168}}}} N. Gordon Munro argued that the basis for the {{transl|ja|mitsudomoe}} pattern, a motif found also among the Ainu, was the eastern European and western Asian figure of the triskelion, which he believed lay behind the Chinese three-legged crow design, and, in his view, its reflex in the mythical Japanese crow, the {{transl|ja|Yatagarasu}} (八咫烏),{{sfn|Chamberlain|1982|p=168,n2.}}{{sfn|Munro|1911|pp=51,63}} cf. Proto-Indo-European religionTomoe emblem history in JapanAs a leather {{efn|The Engishiki states that the tomo consisted of an outer covering of bearskin, and an inner sheath of cowhide, though variants with deerskin were also manufactured.{{sfn|Munro|1911|p=50}}}}wrist protector {{transl|ja|tomo}} appear to have been employed at least as early as the Kofun period, where they are frequently attested on haniwa terracotta figurines depicting archers, {{sfn|Miki|960|p=149}} and may even have had, aside from their military function, a ritual or fetish value, perhaps related to their testicular shape.{{sfn|Miller|1967|p=78}} The tomoe emblem established itself as a common emblem during the Fujiwara ascendency of the late Heian period, around the 10th-11th centuries, and proliferated through to Kamakura times. It is thought that a resemblance between the tomoe and the Emperor Ōjin found in the Nihongi may also account for its rising popularity among samurai, since Ōjin was apotheosized as a god in Hachiman shrines.{{sfn|SS|1966|p=121}}{{sfn|Numata|1940|p=151}} In the Nihongi account, when Ōjin was born, inspection of his body revealed a fleshy growth on his arm similar to a warrior's wrist or elbow pad, and for this reason he was called {{transl|ja|homuta}} (誉田: lit.(Lord) Armguard){{sfn|Heldt|2014|p=209}} (OJ: {{transl|ojp|pomuda}}),{{efn|Pomuda-wakë-nö-mikötö.{{sfn|Philippi|1968|p=572}}}} an old word for a {{transl|ja|tomo}}.{{efn|既産之、宍生腕上、其形如鞆、是肖皇太后爲雄裝之負鞆肖、此云阿叡、故稱其名謂譽田天皇 ('When he was born there was flesh growing on his arm in shape like an elbow pad. As to this resemblance, the Emperor judged that it was the elbow-pad worn as a manly accoutrement. Therefore he was styled by this name, and called the Emperor Homuda'). {{sfn|Sakamoto|Inoue|Ienaga|Ōno|1967|pp=105,n.15,363}}{{sfn|Aston|1972|p=254}}}} Usage in Ryukyu{{multiple image| total_width = 227 | image_style = border:none; | image1 = Mitsudomoe_banner_blue.svg | width1 = 100 | image2 = Mitsudomoe banner white.svg | width2 = 100 | footer = Japanese-style banners seen on Ryukyuan ships. }} The Mitsudomoe was adopted as the emblem of the royal family of the Ryukyu Kingdom by the First Shō Dynasty's last ruler, Shō Toku, and continued to be used by the Second Shō Dynasty.{{sfn|Kerr|2011|p=101}} There it was called {{nihongo||左御紋|hidari gomon}}. Since it was the royal family's emblem, its usage was once severely restricted in Okinawa. Okinawans who visited Japan shortly after the Japanese annexation of Ryukyu in 1879 were surprised that mitsudomoe banners were flown everywhere.{{sfn|Taguchi|1978|p=7}} Nowadays the symbol can still be seen at historical sites and cultural events, but is now more widespread in use as a symbol for Okinawa. Symbolism and usesThe {{transl|ja|mitsudomoe}} is closely associated with Shinto shrines, in particular those dedicated to Hachiman, the god of war and archery. Hachiman in Shinto cosmology and ritual, as for example at Hakozaki Shrine, is repeatedly connected with the number three.{{sfn|Williams|2007|pp=163-164}} In Shintoist thinking, this number is taken to represent the three aspects of the four mitama or 'souls' (the other, the {{transl|ja|kushimitama}} being considered far rarer).{{sfn|Herbert|2010|pp=42-43}} It is also commonly displayed on banners and lanterns used in festivals and rituals related to Amaterasu-ōmikami,{{sfn|Munro|1911|p=48}} who in the Kojiki confronts her brother Susanowo when he usurps her terrain on earth by dressing as an archer, adorned with magatama beads and 'an awesome high arm-guard' ({{transl|ja|itu nö takatömö}}).{{efn|伊都之竹鞆.{{sfn|Philippi|1968|pp=74-75 and n.5}}}} A third element of its symbolic panorama concerns water, an association engendered by its swirling pattern. For this reason, it is said to be located on roofs and gables as a charm against fire.{{sfn|Takamori|Huffman|2007|p=108}} Since Hachiman was worshipped as the guardian of warriors, it was adopted as a common design element in {{nihongo|Japanese family emblems|家紋|kamon}} by various samurai clans{{sfn|Munro|1911|p=62}} such as Kobayakawa and Utsunomiya. Among aristocrats, the Saionji family used it as its family emblem. The Koyasan Shingon sect of Buddhism uses the mitsudomoe as a visual representation of the cycle of life. Tomoe also is a personal name, dating at least back to Tomoe Gozen (巴御前), a famous woman warrior celebrated in The Tale of the Heike account of the Genpei War. In Kyoto's Jidai Matsuri festival, she appears in the Heian period section of the procession in samurai costume, and parades as a symbol of feminine gallantry.{{sfn|Bauer|Carlquist|1965|p=43}} The tomoe has also been adopted as a corporate logo in Japan.{{sfn|Garcia|2011|p=23}} Similar designsThe two-fold {{transl|ja|tomoe}} is almost identical in its design elements to the Chinese symbol known as a taijitu, while the three-fold {{transl|ja|tomoe}} is very similar to the Korean tricolored taegeuk. Also note that the negative space in between the swirls of a fourfold {{transl|ja|tomoe}} forms a swastika-like shape, which is fairly prominent in many Indian religions such as Hinduism and Jainism and Buddhism. A similar design can also be found in the some forms of the Celtic spiral triskele as well as with the Basque lauburu. GallerySee also
Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| last = Aston | first = W. G. | author-link = W. G. Aston | publisher =Tuttle Publishing | volume =Volume 1 | year = 1972 | origyear =1896 | ref =harv }}
| last1 = Bauer| first1 = Helen | last2= Carlquist| first2 = Sherwin | author-link2 =Sherwin Carlquist | publisher =Tuttle Publishing | year = 1974 | origyear =1965 | ref =harv }}
| last = Brown| first =Steven T. | journal= Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | date = June 1998 | volume =58 | issue =1 | pages =183–199 | jstor = 2652649 | ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/2652649}}
| last = Chamberlain | first = Basil Hall | author-link = Basil Hall Chamberlain | publisher =Tuttle Publishing | year = 1982 | origyear =1882 | ref =harv }}
| last = Darvas |first =György | publisher =Springer Science & Business Media | year =2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B8aMAnOEu70C&pg=PA39 | isbn= 978-3-764-37554-6 | ref =harv }}
| last = Eberhard |first = Wolfram | author-link = Wolfram Eberhard | publisher =Routledge | year =1986 | url = | isbn= 978-0-415-00228-8 | ref =harv }}
| last = Garcia |first = Hector | publisher =Tuttle Publishing | year =2011 | url = https://books.google.co.il/books?id=6DnRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 | isbn= 978-1-462-90629-1 | ref =harv }}
| last = Heldt | first = Gustav | publisher =Columbia University Press | year = 2014 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jfbSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 | isbn =978-0-231-16388-0 | ref =harv }}
| last = Herbert | first = Jean | author-link =Jean Herbert | publisher =Routledge | year = 2010 | origyear =1967 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Sg_JBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 | isbn = 978-1-136-90376-2 | ref =harv }}
| last = Honda Sōichirō (本田 総一郎) | publisher=Gotō Shoin (梧桐書院) | year=2004 | location=Tokyo | isbn=978-4-340-03102-3 | ref =harv }}
| editor1-last = Takamori| editor1-first =Ikuya | editor2-last =Huffman| editor2-first =Jeff | publisher=Stone Bridge Press | year=2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ayfmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 | isbn= 978-1-933-33030-3 | ref =harv }}
| last = Karlgren | first = Bernhard | author-link =Bernhard Karlgren | publisher =Dover Publications | year =1974 | origyear =1923 |ref =harv }}
| last = Kerr | first = George H. | author-link =George H. Kerr | publisher =Tuttle Publishing | year =2011 | origyear = 1958 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=aCfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT92 | isbn =978-1-462-90184-5 | ref=harv }}
| last =Miki Fumio (三木文雄) | publisher =Tuttle Publishing | year =1969 |ref =harv }}
| last = Miller | first = R. A. | author-link =Roy Andrew Miller | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year =1967 | ref = harv }}
| last = Munro | first = N. Gordon | author-link=Neil Gordon Munro | journal = Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan | year =1911 | volume = 38 | pages = 1–74, 48ff | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.70927/2015.70927.Transactions-The-Asiatic-Society-Of-Japan-Vol38-1911.pdf | ref = harv }}
| last = Numata (沼田) | first = Yorisuke (頼輔) | publisher = Sōgensha (創元社) | year =1940 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Ōno Susumu (大野晋) | author-link1=Ōno Susumu | last2 = Satake Akihiro (佐竹昭広) | last3 = Maeda Kingorō(前田金五郎) | publisher = Iwanami Shoten | year =1974 | ref = harv }}
| last = Philippi | first = Donald L. | author-link =Don Philippi | publisher = Princeton University Press, Tokyo University Press | year =1968 | ref = harv }}
| last = Repp| first = Martin | title = Religion and National Identity in the Japanese Context | editor1-last= Kubota| editor1-first= Hiroshi | editor2-last= Antoni| editor2-first=Klaus J. | editor3-last= Nawrocki| editor3-first=Johann | editor4-last= Wachutka| editor4-first=Michael | publisher =LIT Verlag Münster | year = 2002 | pages =169–191 | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xjN4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 | isbn =978-3-825-86043-1 | ref= harv }}
| last1 = Sakamoto Tarō (坂本太郎) | last2 = Inoue Mitsusada (井上光貞) | last3 = Ienaga Saburō (家永 三郎) | author-link3 = Saburō Ienaga | last4 = Ōno Susumu (大野晋) | author-link4=Ōno Susumu | publisher = Iwanami Shoten | series = Iwanami Koten Bungaku Taikei | volume = Volume 67 | year =1967 | ref = harv }}
| journal = Contemporary Religions in Japan | publisher =Nanzan University | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | date = June 1966 | pages =89–142 | jstor =30232989 | ref ={{harvid|SS|1966}} }}
| last =Snodgrass| first = Mary Ellen | author-link = Mary Ellen Snodgrass | publisher = Routledge | year =2015 | origyear =2013 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xe1nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1444 | isbn =9781317451662 | ref = harv }}
| last=Taguchi Nishū (田口二州) | publisher = Hyakunensha (百年社) | year=1978 | ref =harv }}
| last =Turnbull| first =Stephen | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | year =2012 | origyear =2002 | url =https://books.google.coml/books?id=WZrvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | isbn =978-1-782-00014-3 | ref = harv }}
| last =van Gulik| first =Willem R. | publisher = Brill Archive | year =1982 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yuMUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168 | isbn =978-1-782-00014-3 | ref = harv }}
| last = Williams |first = E. Leslie | publisher =University Press of America | year =2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDqKsWFEf-4C&pg=PA164 | isbn= 978-0-761-83416-8 | ref =harv }}{{refend}} External links{{Commons category}}
2 : Visual motifs|Japanese heraldry |
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