| 词条 | Tomsk | |||||||||
| 释义 |
| en_name = Tomsk | ru_name = Томск | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Ленина-30-DSN57425.jpg | image_caption = Tomsk Polytechnic University | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|56|30|N|84|58|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Tomsk city flag.png | image_coa = Tomsk city coat of arms.png | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = June 7 | holiday_ref = | federal_subject = Tomsk Oblast | federal_subject_ref = | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [1] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Tomsk Oblast | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [1] | adm_ctr_of2 = Tomsky District | adm_ctr_of2_ref = [1] | adm_ctr_of3 = Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction | adm_ctr_of3_ref = [1] | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [1] | inhabloc_type = City Under Oblast Jurisdiction | inhabloc_type_ref = [1] | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Tomsk Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [7] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Tomsk Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [7] | mun_admctr_of2 = Tomsky Municipal District | mun_admctr_of2_ref = [1] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_title_ref = | leader_name = Ivan Klyayn | leader_name_ref = [2] | representative_body = Duma of Tomsk | representative_body_ref = [3] | elevation_m = | area_km2 = 297.2 | area_km2_ref = [4] | pop_2010census = 524669 | pop_2010census_rank = 32nd | pop_2010census_ref = [5] | pop_latest = | pop_latest_date = | pop_latest_ref = | population_demonym = | established_date = 1604 | established_title = | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | current_cat_date_ref = | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 634xxx | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 3822 | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.admin.tomsk.ru/ }} Tomsk ({{lang-rus|Томск|p=tomsk}}) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. The city's population was {{ru-census|p2010=524,669|p2002=487,838|p1989=501,963}} Tomsk is considered one of the oldest towns in Siberia. It celebrated its 410th anniversary in 2014. The city is a notable educational and scientific center with six state universities, over 100,000 students, and the oldest university in Siberia.[6] HistoryTomsk originated with a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604 after {{Interlanguage link multi|Toian|ru|3=Тоян}}, the Tatar duke of {{Interlanguage link multi|Eushta|ru|3=Эушта}}, asked for the Tsar's protection against Kirghiz bandits.[7] The Tsar sent 200 Cossacks under the command of {{Interlanguage link multi|Vasily Fomich Tyrkov|ru|3=Тырков, Василий Фомич}} and Gavriil Ivanovich Pisemsky to construct a fortress on the bank of the Tom River, overlooking what would become the city of Tomsk. Toian ceded the land for the fortress to the Tsar.[8] In 1804 the Imperial Russian government selected Tomsk as the seat of the new Tomsk Governorate, which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, and Krasnoyarsk, as well as the territories now in Eastern Kazakhstan. The new status brought development and the city grew quickly.[8] The discovery of gold in 1830 brought further development to Tomsk in the 19th century; however, when in the 1890s the Trans-Siberian Railway bypassed the city in favor of the village of Novonikolayevsk (Novosibirsk), development began to move south to connect with the railway. In time, Novosibirsk would surpass Tomsk in importance. In the mid-19th century one fifth of the city's residents were exiles. However, within a few years, the city reinvented itself as the educational center of Siberia with the establishment of Tomsk State University, founded in 1880, and Tomsk Polytechnic University, founded in 1896. By World War II, every twelfth resident of the city was a student,[8] giving rise to the city's nickname, the Siberian Athens. After the October Revolution of 1917 the city became a notable center of the White movement, led by Anatoly Pepelyayev and Maria Bochkareva, among others. After the victory of the Red Army in the 1920s, Soviet authorities incorporated Tomsk into the West Siberian Krai and later into Novosibirsk Oblast. Like many Siberian cities, Tomsk became the new home for many factories relocated out of the war zone from 1941. The resulting growth of the city led the Soviet government to establish the new Tomsk Oblast, with Tomsk serving as the administrative center.[8] During the Cold War, Tomsk became one of many designated closed cities,[9] which outsiders and, in particular, foreigners, could not visit. In 1949 matters went a stage further with the establishment of a secret city, known as "Tomsk-7" (or sometimes simply as "Postbox 5") {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} north-west of Tomsk; the new settlement became the home of the Tomsk Nuclear Plant (subsequently{{when|date=September 2015}} renamed the Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant), the Soviet Union's first industrial-scale nuclear-power station. Tomsk-7 received municipal status in 1956 and was renamed Seversk in 1992. Administrative and municipal statusTomsk serves as the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Tomsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[10] As an administrative division, it is, together with seven rural localities, incorporated separately as Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[10] As a municipal division, Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Tomsk Urban Okrug.[11] City divisionsTomsk is divided into four city districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, and Sovetsky. ClimateTomsk has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) barely escaping a subarctic classification. The annual average temperature is {{convert|+0.87|C}}. Winters are severe and lengthy, and the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-55|C}} in January 1931. However, the average temperature in January is between {{convert|-21|C}} and {{convert|-13|C}}. The average temperature in July is {{convert|+18.7|C}}. The total annual rainfall is {{convert|568|mm|sp=us}}. In 2006, Tomsk experienced what might have been its first recorded winds of hurricane force, which toppled trees and damaged houses.[12] {{Weather box|location=Tomsk |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 3.7 |Feb record high C = 7.1 |Mar record high C = 17.7 |Apr record high C = 26.5 |May record high C = 34.4 |Jun record high C = 34.7 |Jul record high C = 35.1 |Aug record high C = 33.8 |Sep record high C = 31.7 |Oct record high C = 25.1 |Nov record high C = 11.6 |Dec record high C = 6.5 |year record high C = 35.1 |Jan high C = −13.0 |Feb high C = −9.6 |Mar high C = −1.1 |Apr high C = 7.0 |May high C = 17.5 |Jun high C = 22.3 |Jul high C = 24.8 |Aug high C = 21.7 |Sep high C = 14.4 |Oct high C = 6.0 |Nov high C = −4.7 |Dec high C = −11.1 |year high C = 6.2 |Jan mean C = −17.1 |Feb mean C = −14.7 |Mar mean C = −7.0 |Apr mean C = 1.3 |May mean C = 10.4 |Jun mean C = 15.9 |Jul mean C = 18.7 |Aug mean C = 15.7 |Sep mean C = 9.0 |Oct mean C = 1.7 |Nov mean C = −8.3 |Dec mean C = −15.1 |year mean C = 0.9 |Jan low C = −20.9 |Feb low C = −18.9 |Mar low C = −12.0 |Apr low C = −3.3 |May low C = 4.7 |Jun low C = 10.5 |Jul low C = 13.7 |Aug low C = 11.0 |Sep low C = 5.1 |Oct low C = −1.4 |Nov low C = −11.4 |Dec low C = −18.9 |year low C= −3.5 |Jan record low C = −55.0 |Feb record low C = −51.3 |Mar record low C = −42.4 |Apr record low C = −31.1 |May record low C = −17.5 |Jun record low C = −3.5 |Jul record low C = 1.5 |Aug record low C = −1.6 |Sep record low C = −8.1 |Oct record low C = −29.1 |Nov record low C = −48.3 |Dec record low C = −50.0 |year record low C = −55.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 35 |Feb precipitation mm = 24 |Mar precipitation mm = 25 |Apr precipitation mm = 33 |May precipitation mm = 41 |Jun precipitation mm = 60 |Jul precipitation mm = 75 |Aug precipitation mm = 67 |Sep precipitation mm = 50 |Oct precipitation mm = 56 |Nov precipitation mm = 52 |Dec precipitation mm = 49 |year precipitation mm = 567 |Jan rain days = 0.3 |Feb rain days = 0.3 |Mar rain days = 2 |Apr rain days = 12 |May rain days = 16 |Jun rain days = 17 |Jul rain days = 17 |Aug rain days = 17 |Sep rain days = 19 |Oct rain days = 15 |Nov rain days = 5 |Dec rain days = 1 |year rain days = 122 |Jan snow days = 23 |Feb snow days = 21 |Mar snow days = 17 |Apr snow days = 13 |May snow days = 4 |Jun snow days = 0.3 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 2 |Oct snow days = 14 |Nov snow days = 22 |Dec snow days = 26 |year snow days = 142 |Jan humidity = 81 |Feb humidity = 78 |Mar humidity = 72 |Apr humidity = 65 |May humidity = 61 |Jun humidity = 70 |Jul humidity = 76 |Aug humidity = 79 |Sep humidity = 79 |Oct humidity = 80 |Nov humidity = 83 |Dec humidity = 82 |year humidity = 76 |Jan sun = 57 |Feb sun = 104 |Mar sun = 169 |Apr sun = 224 |May sun = 258 |Jun sun = 314 |Jul sun = 316 |Aug sun = 253 |Sep sun = 171 |Oct sun = 86 |Nov sun = 51 |Dec sun = 41 |year sun = 2044 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[13] |source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[14] |date=January 2012 }} PoliticsTomsk is governed by a mayor and a 33-member Duma. The current mayor, appointed in 2013, is Ivan Klyayn,[15] a member of The United Russia party. Of the 33 members, 16 are elected from the eight double mandate districts while 17 are chosen from party lists. In the October 2005 local elections, United Russia was expected to cruise to a solid victory; however, the Pensioners Party put up a strong showing. The final count was (proportional representation):
EconomyEnergy generationTomsk has the oldest electrical grid in Siberia. There are three power stations in the city:
Tomsk consumes more electric energy than it produces. The bulk of the city's electric and thermal energy is produced by the GRES-2 (281 MWt) and TEC-3 (140 MWt) powerplants, belonging to Tomskenergo Inc. Tomsk supplements its energy needs with electricity generated at Seversk. TransportationRoad network:
There is a commercial and passenger port on the Tom River. The city is served by the Bogashevo Airport. RailwaysTomsk is a small railway center that is situated on the Tayga—Bely Yar line (Tomsk branch) of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The main line of the Trans-Siberian railway, built in 1896, passes {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} south of Tomsk and bypasses Tomsk. Access from Tomsk to the Trans-Siberian railway is available via the town of Tayga. A regional rail line links Tomsk with Tayga. The Tomsk Railway existed as an independent entity until 1961. At the present time, the Tomsk line belongs to the West-Siberian Railway, branch of Russian Railways Corp.. Trains link Tomsk to Anapa, Asino, Barnaul, Bely Yar, Moscow, Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Sochi, and Tayga. Public transportationThe main part of inner-city and suburban transportation is provided by marshrutkas (routed taxis), mainly PAZ) minibuses, which serve about forty routes. Additionally, the city has eleven proper bus routes, eight trolleybus lines (built in 1967), and five tram lines (constructed in 1949). Private taxis are also readily available. Air transportationTomsk Bogashevo Airport is the airport serving the city. The airport is also served by charter flights operated by UTair and Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise. Education{{Main|Education in Siberia}}Tomsk has a number of prominent institutions of higher education, including:
A large number of educational institutions in the city have contributed to making Tomsk a major center for Russia's IT industry. Tomsk was one of the first cities in Russia to gain access to the Internet, which became available in the early 1990s owing to grants received by universities and scientific cooperation. CultureTomsk has many local cultural institutions including several drama theaters as well as a children's theater and a puppet theater. Major concert venues in the city include the Conservatory Concert hall and the Tomsk Palace of Sport. The city also boasts cultural centers dedicated to German, Polish and Tatar languages and culture. One of the city's prominent theaters was destroyed in an act of terrorism in 1905. The Korolevsky Theater (built in 1884–85) was being used by a group of communist revolutionaries when the theater was attacked and set on fire by members of the Black Hundred, a hard-line nationalist organization. Those who escaped the flames were gunned down by Black Hundred members waiting outside the theater. Estimates put the number of casualties between 200 and 1000.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} There are a number of museums in Tomsk devoted to various subjects, most notably art, local history and wood carving. There is also a Museum of Oppression, housed in a former KGB dungeon. Tomsk State University has a number of small museums with exhibits on archaeology, paleontology, zoology, as well as a herbarium and a botanical garden As in many other cities in the former Soviet Union, the revolutionary government destroyed a number of old churches in the city including two that had existed since the 17th century. However, Tomsk managed to save some of its churches by transforming them into machine shops, warehouses, archives, and even residential buildings. Since the end of the communist era some of the churches have been renovated and returned to their congregations. Tomsk is well known for its intricate "gingerbread" decoration of traditional wooden houses in the area. However, the number of old homes in this style is decreasing due to redevelopment or some of them catching fire, as the structures have little to no fire protection. Trud (Labor) Stadium, in central Tomsk is the base for matches with the FC Tom Tomsk, the city's professional football club. The team's 2004 promotion to the Russian Premier League gave local fans a chance to see some of the nation's best teams play at the city's own stadium. Tomsk has many local media outlets including the {{ill|TV2 (Tomsk)|ru|ТВ2}} television station, shut down by the authorities and turned into an internet TV medium,[16] the radio stations Radio Siberia and Echo of Moscow in Tomsk along with several newspapers (Tomskaya Nedelya, Krasnoye Znamya and Vechernii Tomsk). In April 2006 Tomsk received international media attention as the venue of a major summit on economic cooperation, held in the city between Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Tomsk was the name given by children's author Elizabeth Beresford to one of her fictional characters The Wombles, all of whom are named after places. Notable people{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
International relationsTomsk is the only non-capital member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21. {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Twin towns and sister citiesTomsk is twinned with:
See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^Law #241-OZ 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.tomsk.ru/pgs/3q|script-title=ru:Мэр города|publisher=Tomsk official web portal|language=Russian|accessdate=28 May 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://duma.admin.tomsk.ru|script-title=ru:Дума города Томска|publisher=Tomsk City Duma|language=Russian|accessdate=28 May 2015}} 4. ^Official website of the City of Tomsk. Structure of the Territory's Economy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629020056/http://www1.admin.tomsk.ru/www/passport.nsf/passport_web?OpenView&RestrictToCategory=8BBBF7799B19CA50C6256DA9002BE913 |date=June 29, 2008 }} {{ru icon}} 5. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 6. ^A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors {{ISBN|978-1-606-23933-9}} p. 398 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/1600tomsk.html |title=Томская Хроника XVII—XVIII вв. |publisher=Хронос. Всемирная история в Интернете |author=Хахалкин А.А. |accessdate=2015-09-25 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65A378NSO?url=http://www.hrono.ru/1600tomsk.html |archivedate=February 2, 2012 |quote=1603.12. - 1604.01. Поездка Тояна в Москву. Тоян подал челобитную царю Борису Годунову с просьбой принять его со всеми 'томскими людьми под высокую государеву руку'. [December 1603 to January 1604: Toyan's visit to Moscow. Toyan swore homage to Tsar Boris Godunov, requesting him to take himself and all 'the people of the Tom under his Lordship's protection'.] |deadurl=yes |df= }} 8. ^1 2 3 General Information about Tomsk, Kommersant Daily {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207013219/http://www.kommersant.com/t-72/r_5/n_416/Tomsk_Region/ |date=February 7, 2007 }} 9. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1233562/Emails-rocked-climate-change-campaign-leaked-Siberian-closed-city-university-built-KGB.html | title= Were Russian security services behind the leak of 'Climategate' emails? | publisher= Daily Mail | date= December 6, 2009 | accessdate= 13 January 2015 | author= Stewart, Will}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Law #271-OZ 11. ^1 2 Law #238-OZ 12. ^Погода и климат - Климат Томска (Weather and climate - Climate of Tomsk) 13. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/29430.htm| title = Pogoda.ru.net| accessdate = 30 November 2015| publisher = | language = Russian}} 14. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/RA/29430.TXT| title = Tomsk Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = 30 November 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.admin.tomsk.ru/pgsml/08|title=Official Portal of «The city of Tomsk»|website=en.admin.tomsk.ru|accessdate=January 1, 2018}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/russia-tomsk-tv/2644267.html|title=Томский телеканал ТВ2, закрытый властями, работает в Интернете|date=14 February 2015|publisher=Voise of America|language=Russian|accessdate=29 October 2015}} Sources
External links{{commonscat}}{{wikivoyage|Tomsk}}
4 : Tomsk|1604 establishments in Russia|Populated places established in 1604|Tomsk Governorate |
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