| 词条 | Tomyris |
| 释义 |
Tomyris ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|oʊ|m|ᵻ|r|ɪ|s}}; from Eastern Iranian: Tahmirih "Brave"),[1] also called Thomyris, Tomris, Tomiride, or Queen Tomiri, was a Massagetean ruler who reigned over the Massagetae, an Iranian people from Scythian pastoral-nomadic confederation of Central Asia east of the Caspian Sea, in parts of modern-day Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, western Uzbekistan, and southern Kazakhstan.[2][3][4][5] Tomyris led her armies to defend against an attack by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire, and, according to Herodotus, defeated and killed him in 530 BC. Though other accounts differ. HistoryThe names of Tomyris, and her son Spargapises, who was the head of her army, are of Iranian origins.[1] Since the historians who first wrote of her were Greek, the Hellenic form of her name is used most frequently. Many Greek historians recorded that she "defeated and killed" Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire, during his invasion and attempted conquest of her country. Herodotus, who lived from approximately 484 to 425 BC, is the earliest of the classical writers to give an account of her career, writing almost one hundred years later. Her history was well known and became legendary. Strabo, Polyaenus, Cassiodorus, and Jordanes also wrote of her, in De origine actibusque Getarum ("The origin and deeds of the Goths/Getae") .[7] According to the accounts of Greek historians, Cyrus was victorious in his initial assault on the Massagetae. His advisers suggested laying a trap for the pursuing Scythians: the Persians left behind them an apparently abandoned camp, containing a rich supply of wine. The pastoral Scythians were not used to drinking wine—"their favored intoxicants were Hasheesh with fermented mare's milk"[6]—and they drank themselves into a stupor (with the alcohol deliberately left behind by Cyrus). The Persians attacked while their opponents were incapacitated, defeating the Massagetae forces, and capturing Tomyris' son, Spargapises, the general of her army. Of the one third of the Massagetae forces that fought, there were more captured than killed. According to Herodotus, Spargapises coaxed Cyrus into removing his bonds, thus allowing him to commit suicide while in Persian captivity.[9] Tomyris sent a message to Cyrus denouncing his treachery, and with all her forces, challenged him to a second battle. In the fight that ensued, the Massagetae got the upper hand, and the Persians were defeated with high casualties. According to Herodotus, Cyrus was killed and Tomyris had his corpse beheaded and then crucified,[7] and shoved his head into a wineskin filled with human blood. She was reportedly quoted as saying, "I warned you that I would quench your thirst for blood, and so I shall"[8][12] (Hdt 1.214)[9] Xenophon, on the other hand, says that Cyrus died peacefully in his bed,[9] and a number of other sources report different causes of death. LegacyEustache Deschamps added Tomyris to his poetry as one of the nine Female Worthies in the late 14th century. In Shakespeare's earliest play King Henry VI (Part I), the Countess of Auvergne while awaiting Lord Talbot's arrival speaks these lines (Act II, Sc.iii): {{quote|The plot is laid: if all things fall out right,I shall as famous be by this exploit As Scythian Tomyris by Cyrus' death.|source=Henry VI ptI, act II, sc.iii.[10]}} Shakespeare's reference to Tomyris as 'Queen of the Scythians', rather than the usual Greek designation 'Queen of the Massagetae', points to two possible likely sources, Marcus Junianus Justinus' "Abridged Trogus Pompeius"[11] in Latin, or Arthur Golding's translation (1564).[12] The history of Tomyris has been incorporated into the tradition of Western art; Rubens,[18] Allegrini,[19] Luca Ferrari,[20] Mattia Preti, Gustave Moreau and the sculptor Severo Calzetta da Ravenna[21] are among the many artists who have portrayed events in the life of Tahm-Rayiš and her defeat of Cyrus and his armies. She is one of the subjects grouped under the Power of Women topos by art historians. The name "Tomyris" also has been adopted into zoological taxonomy, for the tomyris species-group of Central Asian Lepidoptera.[13] 590 Tomyris is the name given to one of the minor planets. In popular cultureToʻmarisning Koʻzlari (The Eyes of Tomyris) is a 1984 book of poems and stories by Uzbek author Xurshid Davron. Toʻmarisning Aytgani (The Sayings of Tomyris) is a 1996 book of poetry by Uzbek poet Halima Xudoyberdiyeva. The Kazakhstani film studio "Kazakhfilm" is making a film named "Томирис" (Tomyris).[14] Tomyris leads the Scythian civilization in the 2016 4X video game Civilization VI developed by Firaxis Games.[15][16] Washington D.C. based, female-fronted, heavy metal band A Sound of Thunder, features a song titled "Tomyris" based on the historical figure, on their sixth full-length album It Was Metal released in 2018.[17] See also
FootnotesReferences
External links{{Commons category|Queen Tomyris}}
7 : Women in ancient Near Eastern warfare|6th-century BC women rulers|Nomadic groups in Eurasia|Iranian women royalty|Ethnic Iranian women|Iranian rulers|Massagetae |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。