| 词条 | Toparches |
| 释义 |
Toparchēs ({{lang-el|τοπάρχης}}, "place-ruler"), anglicized as toparch, is a Greek term for a governor or ruler of a district, which in Byzantine times came to be applied to independent or semi-independent rulers in the periphery of the Byzantine world. Ptolemaic KingdomThe term originates in Hellenistic times, when topos (τόπος, "place, locale") was established as an administrative unit, most notably in the Ptolemaic Kingdom, but also among the Seleucids and Attalids, although less well attested in comparison to Ptolemaic practice.[1] The Ptolemaic topos comprised a number of villages (komai, sing. komē) under a toparchēs and was in turn grouped into a larger nomos (nome or province). In Ptolemaic Egypt, the toparches was usually an Egyptian, and was responsible for the collection of revenue and administration, much as the nomarchēs for the nomos and the komarchēs for each komē.[1] The title remained in use under the Roman Empire in the Greek East, for the governor of a district. Such districts were then called "toparchies" (sing. toparchy, from Greek τοπαρχία, toparchia).[2] Byzantine EmpireIn the 6th century, in the Novellae Constitutiones of Emperor Justinian I, the term toparchēs was used to encompass all local magistrates, both civilian and military.[3] More often, however, Byzantine writers use the term to refer to local monarchs, especially during the 10th–13th centuries, when, according to the Byzantinist Paul Lemerle, "a toparchēs is the independent ruler of a foreign territory adjoining the Empire... He is in some manner under the influence of the Empire, as it is supposed that he may rebel against the Byzantines". This usage extended not only to actual breakaway or de facto autonomous Byzantine governors, who appear during the military crises and administrative disintegration of the 11th–12th centuries, but was also applied to independent rulers, usually on the periphery of the Byzantine Empire (e.g. the Emir of Crete, various Turkish lords in Anatolia, or the rulers of Bulgaria or Serbia), of territories which the Byzantines considered rightfully theirs.[3][4] In this context, the late 11th-century writer Kekaumenos dedicates a large part of his Strategikon to advising the toparchēs on his conduct and dealings with the emperor and the other Byzantine governors.[3] References1. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia | last = Eder | first = Walter | title = Topos | encyclopedia = Brill’s New Pauly | publisher = Brill Online | doi = 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1217420 }} 2. ^{{cite encyclopedia | last = Kießling | first = Emil |title = Toparches | encyclopedia = Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft | volume = Band VIA, Halbband 12, Timon-Tribus | year = 1937 | page=1716}} 3. ^1 2 {{ODB|last=Kazhdan|first=Alexander|authorlink=Alexander Kazhdan|title=Toparches|page=2095}} 4. ^{{cite journal|title=Toparque et topotèrètès à la fin du 11e siècle|first=Jean-Claude|last=Cheynet|journal=Revue des Études Byzantines|year=1984|volume=42|pages=215–224|language=French|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1984.2156}} Further reading
4 : Byzantine titles and offices|Greek words and phrases|Ancient Greek titles|Government of the Ptolemaic Kingdom |
| 随便看 |
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。