“Tongzhou District, Beijing”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Tongzhou District ({{zh|s={{linktext|通|州|区}} |t={{linktext|通|州|區}} |p={{linktext|Tōng|zhōu| Qū}}|w=T'ung¹chou¹ Ch'ü¹}}, alternate spellings Tungchow Tungchou (T'ung-chou), or Tong County during 1914–1997) is a district of Beijing. It is located in southeast Beijing and considered the eastern gateway to the nation's capital. Downtown Tongzhou itself lies around {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of central Beijing, at the northern end of the Grand Canal (on the junction between the Tonghui Canal and the Northern Canal) and at the easternmost end of Chang'an Avenue. The entire district covers an area of {{convert|906|km2|abbr=on}}, or 6% of Beijing's total area. It had a population of 673,952 at the 2000 Census, and has seen significant growth and development since then, growing to a population of 1,184,000 at the 2010 Census. The district is subdivided into four subdistricts, ten towns, and one ethnic township.

History

Tongzhou was founded in 195 BC during the Western Han Dynasty under the name of Lu (路) County, although there is evidence for human settlement in the Neolithic. At the start of the Eastern Han Dynasty the character Lu by which it was known was altered by the addition of a water radical to become Lu (潞). In 1151 under the Jin dynasty Lu County was renamed Tongzhou, roughly meaning 'the place for passing through', in recognition of its importance as the land and water approach to Beijing.

Qing & Republican era

In July 1937, subsequent to the galvanising Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Tongzhou became another site of determined Chinese resistance. In the Tongzhou Mutiny troops of the nominally Japanese-puppet East Hopei Army rebelled and came to the aid of hard-pressed Guomindang troops, and attacked the Japanese garrison. In the fall of Tongzhou to the Nationalists, many civilians were murdered and abused as well as captured Japanese military personnel.

People's Republic

The place name changed to Tong County ({{zh|t=通縣 |s=通县 |p=Tōng Xiàn |links=no}}) when the area was placed under the new municipal region of Beijing in 1914. It reverted again to Tongzhou when the area was upgraded in 1997 to a district.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151931/http://english.bjtzh.gov.cn/Default.aspx?tabid=653]

On 11 July 2015, Tongzhou became the second administrative seat of Beijing as a "sub-administrative center" for the municipality.^[1] Numerous local government departments will be moved to Tongzhou to reduce crowding within the city center of Beijing.^[2]

Economy

In 2017,the regional GDP of the district is 75.8 billion yuan^[3],with GDP per capita at 50.3 thousand yuan.

Geography and environment

Tongzhou District borders the Beijing districts of Shunyi, Chaoyang and Daxing, Wuqing District of Tianjin Municipality, and Langfang City (both the Sanhe City−Dachang County−Xianghe County exclave and Guangyang District) of Hebei province, and is 12 miles from Tiananmen Square and 10 miles from Beijing Capital International Airport.

Tongzhou is situated on the North China Plain with an average elevation of {{convert|20|m}}. Its climate belongs to the mild temperate zone, with distinct seasons including hot summers and freezing winters. Dust storms are common. It has an annual mean temperature of {{convert|11.3|°C|1}}. and {{convert|620|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall. Several large rivers, amongst them the Wenyu, the Liangshui and Chaobai flow through the district.

Administrative divisions

Tongzhou District is divided into six subdistricts, ten towns, and one ethnic township. Two of the towns of which carry the "area" ({{lang|zh-hans|地区}}) label.^[4]^[5]

Transportation

Downtown Tongzhou is connected to downtown Beijing by Jingtong Expressway and Batong Line, Beijing Subway. Beijing's Fifth and Sixth Ring Road are roughly equidistant from Tongzhou's CBD. Highways lead to Shenyang, Harbin and Tianjin/Tanggu. A seventh ring road, a sixth subway line, a Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway and a Beijing-Tianjin shuttle are under construction.

Metro

Industry and tourism

There are seven industrial zones with a total area of {{convert|64|km2}} in Tongzhou, focusing on modern manufacturing and high-tech industries. Downtown Tongzhou is earmarked for redevelopment into a comprehensive central business district with an emphasis on consumer retail. In agriculture, the district places emphasis on horticulture, fruit-farming, seed-growing and aquatics. The district government is currently promoting Tongzhou's position at the head of the Grand Canal to attract tourists to its Grand Canal Cultural Park. {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

The Songzhuang artists' village, where many Chinese contemporary artists live and work, is located in the Tongzhou District.^[7]

Education and health

Tongzhou has good education facilities including 113 kindergartens, 141 primary schools, 51 high schools and many adult education colleges{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}. It also boasts the Beijing Materials Institute, Beijing University of Technology and the Beijing Institute of Music. Its hospitals include a specialist tuberculosis treatment centre and a hospital specializing in traditional Chinese medicine.

References

1. ^{{cite web |script-title=zh:北京加快"行政副中心"建设将聚焦通州|url=http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20150711/13833744_0.shtml|website=ifeng.com|publisher=iFeng (Phoenix Television)|accessdate=15 July 2015}}
2. ^{{cite web|author=Johnson, Ian|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/world/asia/china-aims-to-move-beijing-government-out-of-citys-crowded-core.html|title=China Aims to Move Beijing Government Out of City’s Crowded Core|publisher=The New York Times|date=2015-06-25|accessdate=2016-11-03}}
3. ^ "Regional Yearbook of Beijing,2018"
4. ^These towns are officially classified as subdistricts, but as they coincide with the area of the same name, they are commonly named "areas" ({{lang|zh-hans|地区}})
5. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110112.html |script-title = zh:2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：通州区 |publisher = National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |language = Chinese |accessdate = 2013-01-07 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130411010019/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110112.html |archivedate = 2013-04-11 |df = }}
6. ^{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=China Statistics Print|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}
7. ^{{cite episode| title = Branding Songzhuang| series = Studio 360:Made in China| airdate = 2007-11-16}}
8. ^{{Cite web| title =SongZhuang Artists Community| url =http://www.songzhuangart.com/en_index.htm| accessdate =November 28, 2008 }}