1. History
     Protégés   Battle against the press  Battle against the Chambre 

2. Balenciaga today

3. Creative directors

4. In popular culture

5. Controversies

6. References

7. External links

History

Cristóbal Balenciaga opened his first boutique in San Sebastián, Spain, in 1917, which expanded to include branches in Madrid and Barcelona.^[3] The Spanish royal family and the aristocracy wore his designs, but when the Spanish Civil War forced him to close his stores, Balenciaga moved to Paris.^[3][4]

Balenciaga opened his Paris couture house on Avenue George V in August

1937, and his first fashion show featured designs heavily influenced by the Spanish Renaissance.^[3] Balenciaga's success in Paris was nearly immediate. In the period of two years, the French press lauded him as a revolutionary, and his designs were highly sought-after.^[3] Carmel Snow, the editor of Harper's Bazaar was an early champion of his designs.^[5]

Customers risked their safety to travel to Europe during World War II to see Balenciaga's clothing.^[3] During this period, he was noted for his "square coat," with sleeves cut in a single piece with the yoke, and for his designs with black (or black and brown) lace over bright pink fabric.^[3]

However, it was not until the post-war years that the full scale of the inventiveness of this highly original designer became evident. His lines became more linear and sleek, diverging from the hourglass shape popularized by Christian Dior's "New Look".^[3] The fluidity of his silhouettes enabled him to manipulate the relationship between his clothing and women's bodies.^[3] In 1951, he totally transformed the silhouette, broadening the shoulders and removing the waist. In 1955, he designed the tunic dress, which later developed into the chemise dress^[3] of 1958. Other contributions in the postwar era included the spherical balloon jacket (1953), the high-waisted baby doll dress (1957), the cocoon coat (1957), the balloon skirt (1957), and the sack dress (1957).^[3] In 1959, his work culminated in the Empire line, with high-waisted dresses and coats cut like kimonos. His manipulation of the waist, in particular, contributed to "what is considered to be his most important contribution to the world of fashion: a new silhouette for women."^[3]

In the 1960s, Balenciaga was an innovator in his use of fabrics: he tended toward heavy fabrics, intricate embroidery, and bold materials.^[3] His trademarks included "collars that stood away from the collarbone to give a swanlike appearance" and shortened "bracelet" sleeves.^[3] His often spare, sculptural creations—including funnel-shape gowns of stiff duchess satin worn to acclaim by clients such as Pauline de Rothschild, Bunny Mellon, Marella Agnelli, Hope Portocarrero, Gloria Guinness, and Mona von Bismarck—were considered masterworks of haute couture in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1960, he designed the wedding dress for Queen Fabiola of Belgium made of ivory duchess satin trimmed with white mink at the collar and the hips. Jackie Kennedy famously upset John F. Kennedy for buying Balenciaga's expensive creations while he was President because he feared that the American public might think the purchases too lavish. Her haute couture bills were eventually discreetly paid by her father-in-law, Joseph Kennedy.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Protégés

Several designers who worked for Balenciaga would go on to open their own successful couture houses, notably Oscar de la Renta (1949), Andre Courreges (1950), Emanuel Ungaro (1958), but his most famous and noted protégé was Hubert de Givenchy, who was the lone designer to side with Balenciaga against the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture Parisienne and also the press over the scheduling of his shows.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Battle against the press

In 1957, Balenciaga famously decided to show his collection to the fashion press the day before the clothing retail delivery date, not the standard four weeks before the retail delivery date the fashion industry followed at the time. By keeping the press unaware of the design of his garments until the day before they were shipped to stores, he hoped to curtail ongoing piracy and copying of his designs. The press resisted, finding it nearly impossible to get his work into their print deadlines, but Balenciaga and protégé Givenchy stood firm, seriously impacting their coverage and press of the era. His supporters would argue that rival Christian Dior would gain acclaim from copying Balenciaga's silhouettes and cuts, claiming them as his own original work; because Balenciaga was not interested in press coverage, the media, and consumers never knew.

In 1967, both designers reversed their decision and joined the traditional schedule.

Battle against the Chambre

Balenciaga defiantly resisted the rules, guidelines, and bourgeoisie status of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture parisienne, and, thus, was never a member. Although he is spoken of with immense reverence, technically, Balenciaga couture was never haute couture.^[6]

Cristóbal Balenciaga closed his fashion house in 1968 and died in 1972. The house lay dormant until 1986.^[3]

Balenciaga today

In 1986, Jacques Bogart S.A. acquired the rights to Balenciaga, and opened a new ready-to-wear line, "Le Dix". The first collection was designed by Michel Goma in October 1987, who remained at the house for the next five years to mixed reviews. He was replaced in 1992 with Dutch designer Josephus Thimister who began the restoration of Balenciaga to high-fashion status.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} During Thimister's term, Nicolas Ghesquière would join as a license designer, and eventually was promoted to head designer in 1997.^[6]

In 1992, for the Summer Olympic Games, House of Balenciaga designed the French team's clothes.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Balenciaga is now owned by Kering, formerly known as PPR, and its womenswear and menswear was headed by Nicolas Ghesquière.^[7] Ghesquière, like Balenciaga, is a self-taught designer, and apprenticed to Jean-Paul Gaultier and Agnes B. The fresh interpretation of Balenciaga classics, such as the semifitted jacket and the sack dress, caught the attention of the media as well as such celebrities as Madonna and Sinéad O'Connor.^[6]

In 2002, Balenciaga's star, Nicolas Ghesquiere, imitated the work of Kaisik Wong, a designer from San Francisco. Ghesquiere created a patchwork vest in his spring collection that resembled one that Wong designed in 1973. Ghesquiere admitted in an interview in Paris that he had copied the garment.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

There was some conflict within the House of Balenciaga on Ghesquiere's designs, with the Gucci group saying that if Balenciaga didn't make any money in 2007 they would replace him.{{citation needed|date=March 2007}} Ghesquière's F/W 2005 line showed that the house was not only making money, but also attracted a number of celebrity customers including editor-in-chief at Vogue, Anna Wintour.

The House of Balenciaga designed the dresses worn by Jennifer Connelly and Nicole Kidman to the 2006 Academy Awards, as well as the wedding gown Kidman wore when she married Keith Urban.^[8] Kylie Minogue also wore a Balenciaga dress for her "Slow" and "Red Blooded Woman" music videos and for her concert tour.^[9]

Today, the brand is best known for its line of motorcycle-inspired handbags, especially the "Lariat".^[10] Balenciaga has eight exclusive boutiques in the United States. One Balenciaga store is located on 22nd St in New York City, New York. A second store is located in Los Angeles, California, on Melrose Avenue. Recently, a third store opened at the South Coast Plaza, in Costa Mesa, California. This store is {{convert|1200|sqft|m2}} and includes coffin-like inset displays. The New York and Los Angeles boutiques carry both men's and women's ready-to-wear, while the South Coast Plaza boutique carries only women's clothing. A fourth, located in Las Vegas inside Caesars Palace, carries only accessories. An additional location on the Las Vegas Strip, in Crystals at CityCenter, sells accessories as well as women's ready-to-wear. The boutique at Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, offers men's and women's ready-to-wear and accessories. There is a store at the Bal Harbour shops in Bal Harbour, Florida. An eighth store is opening spring 2014 in Dallas, Texas, at the Highland Park Village to become the first boutique in Texas. The Highland Park Village boutique is opening next to Christian Dior and will carry men's and women's ready to wear and accessories. All of the boutiques employ spirited architecture, with white paneling, marble, and glass work as well as black leather seats and light green, black and navy carpets or white tiles, emphasizing the brand's lean toward avant-garde and the drama of fashion.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Balenciaga's Fall/Winter 2007 show impressed Teen Vogue editor-in-chief Amy Astley so much that an entire spread in the magazine, titled "Global Studies" and shot in Beijing, was influenced by it. The line included skinny jodhpurs, tight, fitted blazers, beaded embellished scarves, and other multicultural mixes.

Balenciaga is known for creating avant-garde structural pieces, straddling the edge of fashion and forecasting the future of women's ready-to-wear fashion. Vintage Balenciaga garments are very popular among influential fashion editors, Hollywood stars, and top models, and have been seen on Sienna Miller,^[11] Lara Bingle, Raquel Zimmerman,^[12] Caroline Trentini, Emmanuelle Alt,^[13] Tatiana Sorokko,^[14] Hilary Rhoda, Jennifer Garner, and Stephanie Seymour, among others.^[15] Balenciaga is also frequently worn by actress Chloë Sevigny, who is also a muse of Nicolas Ghesquiere.

On 24 March 2011 at San Francisco's M. H. de Young Museum, House of Balenciaga celebrated the opening of Balenciaga and Spain, a 120-piece fashion retrospective of Cristóbal Balenciaga's career. The exhibition included many Balenciaga designs from the museum's encyclopedic costume collection, which boasts impressive holdings of creations by the designer. "You can't even measure it," said Rodarte designer Laura Mulleavy of Cristóbal Balenciaga's influence.^[16] The $2,500-a-ticket fund-raiser for the museum drew 350 guests, including Denise Hale, Marissa Mayer, Vanessa Getty, Victoria Traina, Vanessa Traina, Jamie Tisch, Gwyneth Paltrow, Orlando Bloom, Balthazar Getty, Maggie Rizer, Connie Nielsen, Maria Bello, and Mia Wasikowska.^[16]

On 5 November 2012, Balenciaga announced that it was parting with creative director Nicolas Ghesquière, ending his 15-year tenure.^[17][18] The brand announced Alexander Wang its new creative director.^[18][19] Wang presented his first collection for the label on 28 February 2013 at Paris Fashion Week. In 2014, the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris set a trial date for the lawsuit between Balenciaga vs. Ghesquière.^[20] Kering-owned Balenciaga claimed that Ghesquière's comments in the magazine System had hurt the company's image.^[21] The highly publicized suit was mediated out of court.

On 30 July 2015, Balenciaga announced it was parting with creative director Alexander Wang after three years. The Spring/Summer 2016 show was his last, featuring white lounge wear made from soft, natural fabrics.^[22] In early-October 2015, the brand announced Demna Gvasalia as its new creative director.^[23]

Creative directors

• Cristóbal Balenciaga – 1919 to 1968
• Michel Goma – 1987 to 1992
• Josephus Thimister – 1992 to 1997
• Nicolas Ghesquière – 1997 to 2012
• Alexander Wang – 2013(fall) to 2015
• Demna Gvasalia – 2015 to present

In popular culture

On January 29, 2014, the character Myrtle Snow cries "Balenciaga!" as her dying words on the season finale of FX television show Coven.^[24][25]

The brand is mentioned in the single "New Americana" by Halsey. Nicki Minaj references the brand in her first single from the album Pink Print, "Bed of Lies": "Balenciaga's on my boot with the python strap". It is also mentioned in A$AP Rocky's song "Fashion Killa" and Tee Grizzley's "F*** It Off" with Chris Brown. Ghanaian rapper EL makes reference to the brand in his hit single "Koko"—"See me rocking my Balenciaga for my God oo." The brand is also referenced to by Bronx rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie in his song "Not a Regular Person" with the lyrics "I'm done with these Balenciagas..." Cheat Codes has a song called Balenciaga. In the single OKRA by rapper Tyler, the Creator, Balenciaga is referenced in the lyric "F*** it travel bag Balenciaga 30, 000 just for luggage"

The brand is mentioned in the single “P Secondiglian” by New Trap Neapolitan Singer Geôlier.

RuPaul's Drag Race contestant Elijah Kelly uses the brand as the last name of his drag persona, Mariah Paris Balenciaga.

In 2018, singer Ozuna released a single featuring Ele a el Dominio called Balenciaga.

In Cardi B's hit single I Like It, the rapper references the brand in the line, "I like those Balenciagas, the ones that look like socks." On the same song, featured artist J Balvin mentions the brand in Spanish: "Mis tenis Balenciaga, me reciben en la entrada."

6LACK and Offset also released a song called "Balenciaga Challenge" in his album "East Atlanta Love Letter.^[27]

Global Dan references the brand in his song "Dark out" stating that the brand is on him everytime he walks outside.

Controversies

On April 25, 2018, a Chinese customer was allegedly assaulted by a group of other customers who refused to enter the Printemps Balenciaga store in Paris in an orderly fashion. The Chinese customer, who is an elderly lady, protested to the group of queue-jumping customers, who responded by allegedly shoving the Chinese customer. A skirmish broke out in front of the fashion house between the Chinese customer's son and the group of queue-jumping customers. Employees for the fashion house and department store security reacted quickly to contain the incident. Security guards apparently wearing Balenciaga uniform can be seen restraining the son of the Chinese customer.^[29] Employees for the fashion house were also heard insulting the Chinese customer and her son, who were ultimately removed from the premise.^[30]

A viral video of the incident quickly swept through Chinese social media website Weibo, which enraged Chinese customers, and are calling for a boycott of the fashion house.

On April 27, 2018, two days after the incident, the House of Balenciaga issued a public notice and apology concerning the April 25, 2018, incident. The fashion house apparently suspended the management staff present during the incident and is working closely with Printemps store management to investigate the matter.^[31]

Users on social media are questioning the sincerity of the fashion house's public apology.^[32]

The hashtag #Boycott BalenciagaDiscriminatesChinese have been viewed 23 million times on Weibo as of Friday, April 27, 2018.^[33]

References

External links

• Official Website
• Paris Fashion Show 2007: Balenciaga Catwalk
• The Cristobal Balenciaga Museum in Getaria, Spain
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051824/http://www.otis.edu/life_otis/faculty_life/faculty_development/grantee_reports/aiko_beall.html Professor Aiko Beall of Otis College of Art and Design on Balenciaga]
• {{fashionlabel|id=balenciaga}}

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