| 词条 | Total Carbon Column Observing Network | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Total Carbon Column Observing Network | image ={{image array|perrow=2|width=120|height=100 | image1 = Caltech LRbuilding TCCON dome.JPG | text1=Caltech TCCON site | caption1=Caltech | image2 = Lamont TCCON container.JPG | text2=Lamont TCCON site | caption2=Lamont | image3 = ParkFalls TCCON container.JPG | text3=Park Falls TCCON site | caption3=Park Falls }} | image_size = | alt = | caption = | abbreviation = TCCON | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | formation = {{start date and age|2004|05|26|df=y}} | purpose = | type = International collaborative network | products = column GHG measurements | methods = near-IR solar spectroscopy | fields = | leader_title = Chair | leader_name = Paul Wennberg (2014-17) | leader_title2 = Co-chair (Europe) | leader_name2 = Justus Notholt (2014-17) | leader_title3 = Co-chair (W. Pacific) | leader_name3 = David Griffith (2014-17) | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | affiliations = | staff = | staff_year = | slogan = | mission = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }}
The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a global network of instruments that measure the amount of carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and other trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere. The TCCON ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|k|ɒ|n}} {{respell|TEE|kon}}) began in 2004 with the installation of the first instrument in Park Falls, Wisconsin, USA, and has since grown to 23 operational instruments worldwide, with 7 former sites.[1] The TCCON is designed to investigate several things, including the flow (or flux) of carbon between the atmosphere, land, and ocean (the so-called carbon budget or carbon cycle). This is achieved by measuring the atmospheric mass of carbon (the airborne fraction). The TCCON measurements have improved the scientific community's understanding of the carbon cycle,[2][3] and urban greenhouse gas emissions.[4] The TCCON supports several satellite instruments by providing an independent measurement to compare (or validate) the satellite measurements of the atmosphere over the TCCON site locations.[5][6] The TCCON provides the primary measurement validation dataset for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) mission,[7] and has been used to validate other space-based measurements of carbon dioxide. HistoryPart of the reason the TCCON was established because of modeling errors between mixing efficiency between the PBL and the free troposphere.[2] Because TCCON measurements are of the entire column of atmosphere above a site (PBL and free troposphere are simultaneously measured) the measurements are an improvement over the traditional in situ near surface measurements in this regard. TCCON has improved the CO2 mass gradient measurements between the northern and southern hemispheres. The first annual TCCON meeting was in San Francisco, California in 2005. Every year a meeting is held in a location that rotates between North America, the Western Pacific, and Europe hosted by a participating institution. In 2015 the meeting was held at the University of Toronto.[8] {{CSS image crop|Image = Column Measurements Representation.png |bSize = 330 |cWidth = 200 |cHeight = 310 |oTop = 75 |oLeft = 120 |Location = left |Description = Cartoon oversimplification of column gas measurements by TCCON & satellite. O2 & the gas of interest are measured & ratioed for a column averaged amount.}} Measurement techniqueThe main instrument at each TCCON site is a Bruker IFS 125HR (HR for high resolution, ~0.02 cm−1) or occasionally 120HR Fourier transform spectrometer. Sunlight is directed into the spectrometer by solar tracking mirrors and other optics. The spectrometers measure the absorption of direct sunlight by atmospheric trace gases primarily in the near infrared region. This remote sensing technique produces a precise and accurate measurement of the total column abundance of the trace gas. The main limitation to this technique is that measurements can not be recorded when it is not sunny (i.e. there are no measurements available at nighttime or when there is heavy cloud cover).[9] Participating sites and InstitutionsCurrent TCCON sites are located in the United States, Canada, Germany, Poland, France, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Réunion, and Ascension Island.[1] A former site was in Brazil. Sites can change when an instrument needs to be moved to a new location. TCCON members collaborate from a variety of different institutions. In North America some of these include Caltech, JPL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NASA Ames, and the University of Toronto. In Europe some of these include Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, University of Bremen, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Finnish Meteorological Institute, and Pierre and Marie Curie University. In the western Pacific some of these include University of Wollongong, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, JAXA, and National Institute of Meteorological Research of the Republic of Korea. New sites are admitted into the network when site investigators demonstrate required hardware, and data processing ability. Uniformity is maintained across the network by using the same FTS model and the same retrieval software. GGG is the software of the TCCON.[1] It includes the I2S (interferogram to spectrum) FFT, and GFIT spectral fitting subroutines. GFIT is also the fitting algorithm that was used for ATMOS which flew on the Space Shuttle,[10] and is used for spectral fitting of spectra obtained by a balloon borne spectrometer.[11] Map{{Location map+ | World| width = 750 | float = center | caption = TCCON sites around the globe, as of March 2017.[8] {{color box|#00ff00}} green = active and public data available, {{color box|Cyan}} cyan = active and no public data yet, {{color box|White}} white= former and public data, {{color box|Yellow}} yellow = potential future site | relief = 1 | places = | label = Anmyeondo | position = | background = | mark = Cyan pog.svg | alt = Anmyeondo, Korea | link = Anmyeondo | lat_deg = 36.5382 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 126.3311 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Ascension | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Ascension Island | link = Ascension Island | lat_deg = 7.9165 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = S | lon_deg = 14.3325 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Białystok | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Białystok, Poland | link = Białystok | lat_deg = 53.23 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 23.025 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = br | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Bremen, Germany | link = Bremen | lat_deg = 53.10 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 8.85 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = ci | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Pasadena, California | link = Pasadena, California | lat_deg = 34.136 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 118.127 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Darwin | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Darwin, Australia | link = Darwin, Northern Territory | lat_deg = 12.424 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = S | lon_deg = 130.892 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = df | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Edwards, California | link = Edwards Air Force Base | lat_deg = 34.958 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 117.882 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Eureka | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Eureka, California | link = Eureka, Nunavut | lat_deg = 80.05 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 86.42 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = fc | position = | background = | mark = White pog.svg | alt = Four Corners, USA | link = Four Corners | lat_deg = 36.79749 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 108.48009 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = gm | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Garmisch, Germany | link = Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district) | lat_deg = 47.476 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 11.063 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Izana | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Izana | link = Teide Observatory | lat_deg = 28.3 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 16.5 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = ka | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Karlsruhe, Germany | link = Karlsruhe | lat_deg = 49.100 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 8.439 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = oc | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Lamont, Oklahoma | link = Lamont, Oklahoma | lat_deg = 36.604 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 97.486 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Lauder | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Lauder, New Zealand | link = Lauder, New Zealand | lat_deg = 45.038 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = S | lon_deg = 169.684 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Ny-Ålesund | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Ny-Ålesund, Norway | link = Ny-Ålesund | lat_deg = 78.9 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 11.9 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = or | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Orléans, France | link = Orléans | lat_deg = 47.97 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 2.113 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = pr | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Paris, France | link = Paris | lat_deg = 48.486 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 2.356 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Park Falls | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Park Falls, Wisconsin | link = Park Falls, Wisconsin | lat_deg = 45.945 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 90.273 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Réunion | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Réunion Island | link = Réunion | lat_deg = 20.901 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = S | lon_deg = 55.485 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Rikubetsu | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Rikubetsu, Japan | link = Rikubetsu, Hokkaido | lat_deg = 43.4567 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 143.7661 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Saga | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Saga, Japan | link = Saga Prefecture | lat_deg = 33.240962 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 130.288239 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Sodankylä | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Sodankylä, Finland | link = Sodankylä | lat_deg = 67.3668 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 26.6310 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = tk | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Tsukuba, Japan | link = Tsukuba, Ibaraki | lat_deg = 36.0513 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 140.1215 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Wollongong | position = | background = | mark = Green 00ff00 pog.svg | alt = Wollongong, Australia | link = Wollongong | lat_deg = 34.406 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = S | lon_deg = 150.879 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = if | position = | background = | mark = White pog.svg | alt = Indianapolis, Indiana | link = Indianapolis | lat_deg = 39.861389 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 86.003611 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Manaus | position = | background = | mark = White pog.svg | alt = Manaus, Brazil | link = Manaus | lat_deg = 3.2133 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = S | lon_deg = 60.5983 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Poker Flat | position = | background = | mark = Yellow pog.svg | alt = Poker Flat, Alaska | link = Poker Flat Research Range | lat_deg = 65.12 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 147.43 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = E. Trout Lake | position = | background = | mark = Yellow pog.svg | alt = East Trout Lake, Canada | link = Saskatchewan | lat_deg = 54.353738 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 104.986667 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = UK | position = | background = | mark = Yellow pog.svg | alt = Oxfordshire, England | link = Oxfordshire | lat_deg = 51.567 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 1.314 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = W }} {{Location map~| World| label = Burgos | position = | background = | mark = Yellow pog.svg | alt = Burgos, Philippines | link = Burgos, Ilocos Norte | lat_deg = 18.5325 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 120.6496 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} {{Location map~| World| label = Hefei | position = | background = | mark = Yellow pog.svg | alt = Hefei, China | link = Hefei | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 0 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 117 | lon_min = 0 | lon_dir = E }} Highlights of Data UseData from each site is processed by the investigators that head that particular site. Atmospheric abundances of gases are uploaded and saved in uniform formats and data are hosted at Caltech with the Caltech Library and are available from http://tccondata.org. Data are made publicly available provided the data license is followed.[12] Data have been used for a variety of analyses. Some of these include
Satellite supportThe satellite missions supported by the TCCON include the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT),[23][24][25] SCIAMACHY,[26] and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2).[7] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Wunch|first1=D.|last2=Toon|first2=G. C.|last3=Sherlock|first3=V.|last4=Deutscher|first4=N. M.|last5=Liu|first5=X.|last6=Feist|first6=D. G.|last7=Wennberg|first7=P. O.|title=The Total Carbon Column Observing Network's GGG2014 Data Version|date=2015|location=Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.|publisher=Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory|doi=10.14291/tccon.ggg2014.documentation.R0/1221662|url=ftp://tccon.ornl.gov/2014Public/documentation/tccon_ggg2014.pdf|accessdate=12 May 2016}} 2. ^1 Yang, Z., R. A. Washenfelder, G. Keppel-Aleks, N. Y. Krakauer, J. T. Randerson, P. P. Tans, C. Sweeney, and P. O. Wennberg (2007), New constraints on Northern Hemisphere growing season net flux, Geophysical Research Letters, 34(12), 1-6, {{doi|10.1029/2007GL029742}}. Available from: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL029742.shtml 3. ^Chevallier, F. et al. (2011), Global CO 2 fluxes inferred from surface air-sample measurements and from TCCON retrievals of the CO2 total column, Geophysical Research Letters, 38(24), 1-5, {{doi|10.1029/2011GL049899}}. Available from: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/201...GL049899.shtml 4. ^Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Methods to Support International Climate Agreements, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12883.html 5. ^http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/eng/gosat/page6.htm 6. ^Boland, S. et al. (2009), The Need for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Measurements from Space : Contributions from a Rapid Reflight of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/363474main_OCO_Reflight.pdf 7. ^1 http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/science/validation/ 8. ^1 TCCON Webpage, https://tccon-wiki.caltech.edu/Sites, accessed February 6, 2016 9. ^Wunch, D., G. C. Toon, J.-F. L. Blavier, R. A. Washenfelder, J. Notholt, B. J. Connor, D. W. T. Griffith, V. Sherlock, and P. O. Wennberg (2011), The total carbon column observing network, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369(1943), 2087-2112, {{doi|10.1098/rsta.2010.0240}}. Available from: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.o.../2087.full.pdf 10. ^JPL NASA ATMOS webpage, http://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/atmos/onshuttle.html, accessed February 6, 2016 11. ^NASA JPL MkIV interferometer webpage https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/MkIV, accessed February 6, 2016 12. ^TCCON data use policy webpage https://tccon-wiki.caltech.edu/Network_Policy/Data_Use_Policy, accessed February 6, 2016 13. ^Wunch, D., P. O. Wennberg, G. C. Toon, G. Keppel-Aleks, and Y. G. Yavin (2009), Emissions of greenhouse gases from a North American megacity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15810, doi:10.1029/2009GL039825. 14. ^Deutscher, N. M., Sherlock, V., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Griffith, D. W. T., Notholt, J., Macatangay, R., Connor, B. J., Robinson, J., Shiona, H., Velazco, V. A., Wang, Y., Wennberg, P. O., and Wunch, D.: Drivers of column-average CO2 variability at Southern Hemispheric Total Carbon Column Observing Network sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9883-9901, doi:10.5194/acp-14-9883-2014, 2014. 15. ^Messerschmidt, J., Parazoo, N., Wunch, D., Deutscher, N. M., Roehl, C., Warneke, T., and Wennberg, P. O.: Evaluation of seasonal atmosphere–biosphere exchange estimations with TCCON measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5103-5115, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5103-2013, 2013. 16. ^Wunch, D., et al.: A method for evaluating bias in global measurements of CO2 total columns from space, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12317-12337, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12317-2011, 2011. 17. ^Dils, B., Buchwitz, M., Reuter, M., Schneising, O., Boesch, H., Parker, R., Guerlet, S., Aben, I., Blumenstock, T., Burrows, J. P., Butz, A., Deutscher, N. M., Frankenberg, C., Hase, F., Hasekamp, O. P., Heymann, J., De Mazière, M., Notholt, J., Sussmann, R., Warneke, T., Griffith, D., Sherlock, V., and Wunch, D.: The Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI): comparative validation of GHG-CCI SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS/GOSAT CO2 and CH4 retrieval algorithm products with measurements from the TCCON, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1723-1744, doi:10.5194/amt-7-1723-2014, 2014. 18. ^M. Buchwitz et al.: The Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI): Comparison and quality assessment of near-surface-sensitive satellite-derived CO2 and CH4 global data sets., Remote Sens. Environ., 162, 344-362, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.04.024, 2015. 19. ^Gisi, M., Hase, F., Dohe, S., Blumenstock, T., Simon, A., and Keens, A.: XCO2-measurements with a tabletop FTS using solar absorption spectroscopy, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2969-2980, doi:10.5194/amt-5-2969-2012, 2012. 20. ^Petri, C., Warneke, T., Jones, N., Ridder, T., Messerschmidt, J., Weinzierl, T., Geibel, M., and Notholt, J.: Remote sensing of CO2 and CH4 using solar absorption spectrometry with a low resolution spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1627-1635, doi:10.5194/amt-5-1627-2012, 2012. 21. ^Wunch, D., Wennberg, P. O., Messerschmidt, J., Parazoo, N. C., Toon, G. C., Deutscher, N. M., Keppel-Aleks, G., Roehl, C. M., Randerson, J. T., Warneke, T., and Notholt, J.: The covariation of Northern Hemisphere summertime CO2 with surface temperature in boreal regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9447-9459, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9447-2013, 2013. 22. ^Rodica Lindenmaier, Manvendra K. Dubey, Bradley G. Henderson, Zachary T. Butterfield, Jay R. Herman, Thom Rahn, and Sang-Hyun Lee. Multiscale observations of CO2, 13CO2, and pollutants at Four Corners for emission verification and attribution. PNAS 2014 111 (23) 8386-8391; published ahead of print May 19, 2014, doi:10.1073/pnas.1321883111 23. ^Crisp, D. et al.: The ACOS XCO2 retrieval algorithm, Part 2: Global XCO2 data characterization, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 5, 1-60, {{doi|10.5194/amtd-5-1-2012}}, 2012, http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/5/1/2012/amtd-5-1-2012.html 24. ^Butz, A. et al. (2011), Toward accurate CO2 and CH4 observations from GOSAT, Geophysical Research Letters, 38(14), 2-7, {{doi|10.1029/2011GL047888}}, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2011GL047888.shtml 25. ^Morino, I. et al. (2011), Preliminary validation of column-averaged volume mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane retrieved from GOSAT short-wavelength infrared spectra, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 4(6), 1061-1076, {{doi|10.5194/amt-4-1061-2011}}, http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/4/1061/2011/ 26. ^Buchwitz, M. et al. (2006), Atmospheric carbon gases retrieved from SCIAMACHY by WFM-DOAS: version 0.5 CO and CH4 and impact of calibration improvements on CO2 retrieval, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6(9), 2727-2751, {{doi|10.5194/acp-6-2727-2006}}, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/2727/2006/ External links
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