| 词条 | Tressie Souders |
| 释义 |
| birth_name = Theresa Ann Souders | other_names = Tressie Souders, Tressa Souders, Theresa A. West | birth_date = February 7, 1897 | birth_place = Frankfort, Kansas | death_date = January 17, 1995 | death_place = San Francisco, California | occupation = Film director, domestic worker | parents = Robert Souders, Leuvenia A. Bryant, Chester A. Harris (stepfather) | spouse = Oscar C. West (1935-42) }}Tressie Souders (February 7, 1897 – January 17, 1995) was the first known African American female to direct a feature film: 1922's A Woman's Error.[1] Early lifeTheresa Ann Souders was born in Frankfort, Kansas, the only child of Robert Souders and Leuvenia Ann Bryant, African-American natives of Kentucky who emigrated to Kansas, most likely as a result of the mass migration of African-Americans from the South to the American West due to the Exoduster movement.[2][3] The couple split, and in 1904, Leuvenia married Chester Arthur Harris, a porter for the Missouri Pacific Railroad, with whom she would have six more children.[4][5]Tressie grew up in Frankfort and graduated from Frankfort High School in 1918.[6] After graduation, she journeyed to Kansas City, Missouri where she was employed as a maid in private homes, a job she would perform for most of her working life. According to the Kansas City city directory for 1921, she was working as a maid at the Mack B. Nelson House at 5500 Ward Parkway in the Sunset Hill neighborhood of the Country Club District in Kansas City, Missouri.[7] A Woman's ErrorIt is not yet known how Tressie Souders got into the film-making business, although it is known that she performed in an amateur theatrical production, a morality play entitled "Every Negro" written by the Reverend A. Lawrence Kimbrough of the Holsey Chapel Christian Methodist Episcopal Church of Frankfort in 1918.[8]. Kansas City physician A. Porter Davis produced and starred in "A Lure of A Woman," which was produced in 1921,[9] while local newspaper editor, author, lecturer, and social activist Maria P. Williams produced, directed and starred in a 1923 melodrama "The Flames of Wrath." [10] Both productions were locally made and produced, and enlisted local talent. In January 1922, the Afro-American Film Exhibitors Company of Kansas City, Missouri, with offices in Baltimore, Maryland and Dallas, Texas, contracted with Souders to distribute her film "A Woman's Error." Billboard Magazine for January 28, 1922 (34:107) published the company's announcement that "'A Woman's Error' was the first of its kind to be produced by a young woman of our race, and has been passed on by the critics as a picture true to Negro life." To date, no prints have been located. Later lifeSometime between 1923 and 1926, Tressie Souders moved to Los Angeles, California, possibly intending to get into the motion picture business.[11] However, she appears in surviving public records as a domestic worker. In the 1930 Federal Census, as "Tressa Souders," she is listed as a resident of the Sojourner Truth Industrial Home at 1139 East Adams Avenue.[12] She would stay at that address until 1935, when she married Oscar C. West, a native of Richmond, Virginia who ran a pool hall in the Watts section of Los Angeles.[13] The marriage was short-lived; by 1940, she is in San Francisco, California, living at the Madame C.J. Walker Home for Girls at 2066 Pine Street.[14] Oscar West died in 1942 in Los Angeles.[15] There were no children. Tressie West appears to have remained in San Francisco for the rest of her life, subject to periodic trips to Los Angeles[16] or back home to Kansas.[17] She died just before her ninety-eighth birthday and is buried with her mother, stepfather and other family members in the Frankfort Cemetery in Marshall County, Kansas.[18] Legacy and honorsThe Tressie Souders Film Society grew from the International Black Women's Film Festival (IBWFF), founded in 2001 in San Francisco. According to its website In 2008, the IBWFF established the Tressie Souders Awards ("Tressies"), now known as the Black Laurel Awards.[20] The IBWFF has recently initiated the "Tressie Magazine"; its goal is to provide "insightful articles about your favorite Black actresses, including a refreshingly contemporary look at style, music and the film industry –especially in regards to women of color."[21] References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/tressie-souders-2/|title=Tressie Souders – Women Film Pioneers Project|website=wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu|accessdate=10 October 2018}} {{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Souders, Tressie}}2. ^"California, County Marriages, 1850-1952," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1971-29947-33501-9?cc=1804002 : accessed 3 March 2015), 005698576 > image 2026 of 3031; county courthouses, California. Although Souders stated on the marriage license that both her parents were natives of Kansas, census returns and her mother's obituary ([Frankfort, Kan.] Index, July 31, 1969, 1) lists the birthplace of both parents as Kentucky 3. ^ (Marysville, Kan.), Marshall County News, October 2, 1896, 5 4. ^1920 Federal Census for Vermilion Township, Marshall County, Kansas (City of Frankfort) Enumeration District 83, Sheet 4-B, Lines 77-83 5. ^ (Marysville, Kan.) Marshall County News, September 25, 1903, 1 6. ^Frankfort High School, Frankfort, Kansas, Alumni List: http://www.frankfort.usd380.com/student_life/alumni/1911-1920.html 7. ^Polk's Kansas City (Missouri) Directory (Kansas City, Mo.: Gate City Publishing, 1921), 2120 8. ^ "Every Negro," [Frankfort, Kan.]Index, September 11, 1918, 1 9. ^(Kansas City, Mo.) Advocate, advertisement for "Lure of A Woman," August 6, 1921, 1; Harry Levette, "Harry Levette's Hollywood," (Los Angeles) Sentinel, September 25, 1959, SM-22 10. ^Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix (2006) Kansas City Jazz: From Ragtime to Bebop. New York: Oxford University Press, 30 11. ^ (Frankfort, Kan.) Index, August 25, 1923, 2; March 13, 1926, 2 12. ^1930 Federal Census for Los Angeles County Enumeration District 293, Sheet 11-B, Line 56 13. ^Los Angeles Times. December 5, 1935, 25; 14. ^1940 Federal Census for San Francisco County, California, Enumeration District 38-531, Sheet 7-A, line 39 15. ^"California, Death Index, 1940-1997," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/VGYZ-BK6 : accessed 3 March 2015), Oscar C West, 03 Oct 1942; Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento. 16. ^(Los Angeles) Sentinel, "Guest of Honor," August 2, 1951, C-3 17. ^(Frankfort, Kan.) Index, March 8, 1956, 1 18. ^http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=100126496 19. ^http://tsfilmsociety.org.nerdydata.com/ 20. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibwff.com/2014blacklaurel/# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214717/http://www.ibwff.com/2014blacklaurel/# |archive-date=2016-03-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.magcloud.com/user/ibwff|title=Tressie Magazine - MagCloud|website=MagCloud|accessdate=10 October 2018}} 11 : 1897 births|1995 deaths|African-American film directors|American women film directors|People from Marshall County, Kansas|Artists from Kansas City, Missouri|Film producers from California|Film directors from Los Angeles|Film directors from San Francisco|Film directors from Kansas|American women film producers |
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