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词条 Toronto subway
释义

  1. Overview

  2. System map

  3. History

     Timeline of openings  Line 1 Yonge–University  Line 2 Bloor–Danforth  Line 3 Scarborough  Line 4 Sheppard  Line 5 Eglinton   Line 6 Finch West   Major incidents 

  4. Operations and procedures

     Terminal station reversals and short turns  Door operation  Platform markers  Service frequency  Station announcements  Winter operations 

  5. Stations and features

     Accessibility  Cleanliness  Public art  Internet and mobile phone access  Naming  TTC  Metrolinx 

  6. Rolling stock

     Heavy rail stock  Light metro stock  Light rail stock 

  7. Technology

  8. Signals

     Heavy rail  Light metro  Light rail 

  9. Track

  10. Facilities

  11. Safety

  12. Training

  13. Expansion plans

     Under construction  Planned  Proposed  Cancelled  Transit City 

  14. See also

  15. References

     Notes  Sources 

  16. External links

{{For|the font|Toronto Subway (typeface)}}{{Infobox Public transit
|box_width = 285px
|name = Toronto subway
|image = TTC.svg
|imagesize = 150px
|image2 = MuseumSubwayStation.jpg
|imagesize2 = 275px
|caption2 = Subway trains at Museum station on
Line 1 Yonge–University
|owner = City of Toronto (Lines 1, 2, 3 and 4)
Metrolinx (Lines 5 and 6)
|locale = {{plainlist|
  • Toronto
  • Vaughan

}}
|transit_type = Rapid transit
|lines = 4 (plus 1 under construction)
|stations = 75 (plus 22 under construction)[1][1]
|ridership = 915,000 (avg. weekday,
Q4 2017)[2]
|annual_ridership = 302,806,300 (2017)[2]
|website = {{URL|http://www.ttc.ca/|TTC}}
|began_operation = March 30, 1954
|operator = Toronto Transit Commission (TTC)
|character =
|vehicles = 858 heavy rail and light metro cars, 66 work cars
|train_length = 4 and 6 car train sets
|headway = 2 min 21 s–5 min 30 s (Lines 1, 2 and 4), 6 min 45 s (Line 3)[3]
|system_length = {{Convert|76.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}[4][1]
{{Convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} (under construction)[5]
{{Convert|6.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} (approved)[6]
|track_gauge = {{Track gauge|4ft10.875in}} (Line 1, 2 and 4), {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}} (Line 3, 5 and 6)
|minimum_radius_of_curvature =
|el = 600 V DC Third rail (Line 1, 2 and 4), linear induction (Line 3), Overhead 750 V DC (Line 5 and 6)
|top_speed =
|average_speed =
|map = {{Toronto subway map}}
|map_state = collapsed
|alt=|caption=|area served=|line_number=|start=|end= |chief_executive=}}

The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). It is a multimodal rail network consisting of three heavy-capacity rail lines operating predominantly underground and one elevated medium-capacity rail line, collectively encompassing 75 stations and {{Convert|76.9|km}} of track.[4][1] In 1954, the TTC opened Canada's first underground rail line then known as the "Yonge subway", under Yonge Street between the existing Union railway station and Eglinton Avenue with 12 stations. With an average of 915,000 passenger trips each weekday recorded during the fourth quarter of 2017,[2] the system is Canada's second busiest after the Montreal Metro and second longest by track length after the Vancouver SkyTrain.

Overview

Line Stations Length[4][7] Technology
toronto|1}} Yonge–University 3838.8|km|abbr=on}} Heavy rail
toronto|2}} Bloor–Danforth 3126.2|km|abbr=on}} Heavy rail
toronto|3}} Scarborough 66.4|km|abbr=on}} Light metro
toronto|4}} Sheppard 55.5|km|abbr=on}} Heavy rail
Lines under construction
toronto|5}} Eglinton 2519|km|abbr=on}} Light rail
Approved lines
toronto|6}} Finch West1811|km|abbr=on}}Light rail

There are four operating rapid transit lines in Toronto, one line under construction, and another planned:

Line 1 Yonge–University is the longest and busiest rapid transit line in the system. It opened as the Yonge subway in 1954 with a length of {{Convert|7.4|km}},[8] and since then grew to a length of {{Convert|38.8|km}}. Today, the line is U-shaped having two northern terminals looping on its southern end via Union station.

Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, opened in 1966, runs parallel to Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue between Kipling station in Etobicoke and Kennedy station in Scarborough. There is a plan to extend Line 2 eastwards from Kennedy station to Scarborough Centre station.[16]Line 3 Scarborough, originally known as the Scarborough RT (where "RT" is an abbreviation of "rapid transit"), is an above-ground medium-capacity (light metro) rail line serving the city's eponymous suburban district. It opened in 1985. The line runs from Kennedy station to McCowan station, passing {{ttcs|Scarborough Centre}}. This is the only rapid transit line in Toronto to use Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS) technology. There is a plan to close and dismantle Line 3 after Line 2 is extended to Scarborough Town Centre.[9]Line 4 Sheppard opened in 2002 running under Sheppard Avenue East eastwards from Sheppard–Yonge station on Line 1 to Fairview Mall at Don Mills station; it is the shortest rapid transit line in Toronto.[10]Line 5 Eglinton (also known as the Eglinton Crosstown) is a {{Convert|19|km|adj=on}} light rail line under construction, scheduled to open in 2021. The line will have 25 stations, of which 15 will be underground, while the remaining ten will be at-grade stops accessed at the road's median.[11]

Line 6 Finch West (also known as the Finch West LRT) is a planned {{convert|11|km|adj=on}}, 18-stop line to extend from Finch West station on Line 1 Yonge–University to the North Campus of Humber College. It is scheduled for completion in 2023, with an estimated cost of $1.2{{nbsp}}billion.

System map

Subway system map
{{rail-interchange|toronto|1}} Yonge–University
Between {{ttcs|Finch}} and {{ttcs|Vaughan Metropolitan Centre}} via {{ttcs|Union}}		{{rail-interchange|toronto|2}} Bloor–Danforth
Between {{ttcs|Kipling}} and {{ttcs|Kennedy}}
{{rail-interchange|toronto|3}} Scarborough
Between Kennedy and {{ttcs|McCowan}}		{{rail-interchange|toronto|4}} Sheppard
Between {{ttcs|Sheppard–Yonge}} and {{ttcs|Don Mills}}

History

Timeline of openings

Here is a list of line, extension and station openings on the Toronto subway system.

Date Opening
March 30, 1954Eglinton}} to Union station. It runs under or near Yonge Street, and is part of today's Line 1 Yonge–University.[12]
February 28, 1963St. George}}. This was an extension of the Yonge subway, and runs under University Avenue.[12]
February 25, 1966Keele}} to {{ttcs|Woodbine}}. It runs under or near Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue.[12]
May 10, 1968Islington}} and east to {{ttcs|Warden}}.[12]
March 30, 1973York Mills}}.[12]
March 29, 1974Finch}}.[12]
January 27, 1978Wilson}}.[12] This extension is part of the Yonge–University subway.
November 21, 1980Kipling}} and east to {{ttcs|Kennedy}}.[12]
March 22, 1985McCowan}}.[12]
June 18, 1987North York Centre}} on the Yonge–University subway opened. It was constructed between two existing stations, {{ttcs|Sheppard–Yonge}} and Finch.[12]
March 31, 1996Sheppard West}} (formerly Downsview).
November 22, 2002Don Mills}}. It runs under Sheppard Avenue.[12]
December 17, 2017 Line 1 Toronto–York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) opened from Sheppard West to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre.[13]

Line 1 Yonge–University

{{main|Line 1 Yonge–University#History}}

Canada's first subway, the Yonge subway, opened in 1954 with a length of {{Convert|7.4|km}}. The line ran under or parallel to Yonge Street between Eglinton Avenue and Union station. It replaced the Yonge streetcar line, Canada's first streetcar line. In 1963, the line was extended under University Avenue north to Bloor Street to connect with the Bloor–Danforth subway (opened in 1966) at the double-deck St. George station. In 1974, the line was extended from Eglinton station north to Finch station. The Spadina segment of the line was constructed north from St. George station initially to Wilson station in 1978, and in 1996 to Downsview station, renamed Sheppard West in 2017. Part of the Spadina segment runs in the median of Allen Road – an expressway formerly known as the Spadina Expressway – and crosses over Highway 401 on a bridge. Six decades of extensions gave the line a U-shaped route running from its two northern terminals (Finch and Vaughan Metropolitan Centre stations) and looping on its southern end at Union station. The latest extension from Sheppard West to {{ttcs|Vaughan Metropolitan Centre}} opened on December 17, 2017, making the line {{Convert|38.8|km}} long, over five times its original length.

Line 2 Bloor–Danforth

{{main|Line 2 Bloor–Danforth#History}}

Opened in 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway runs east-west under or near Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue. It replaced the Bloor streetcar line (which also served Danforth Avenue). Initially, the subway line ran between Keele station and Woodbine station. In 1968, the line was extended west to Islington station and east to Warden station, and in 1980, it was further extended west to Kipling station and east to Kennedy station.

Line 3 Scarborough

{{main|Line 3 Scarborough#History}}

Opened in 1985, the Scarborough RT (today's Line 3) is a light metro line running from Kennedy station to McCowan station. The TTC started to construct the line to use Canadian Light Rail Vehicles. However, the provincial government forced the conversion to Intermediate Capacity Transit System technology because the province was funding the project and it owned a company that made the light metro vehicles. This line was never extended, and the current plan is to close and dismantle the line, replacing it with an extension of Line 2 to Scarborough Town Centre.

Line 4 Sheppard

{{main|Line 4 Sheppard#History}}

Opened in 2002, the Sheppard subway runs under Sheppard Avenue from Sheppard–Yonge station to Don Mills station. The line was under construction when a change in provincial government threatened to terminate the project. However, Mel Lastman, the last mayor of the former City of North York (today part of Toronto), used his influence to save the project. Despite the construction of many high-rise residential buildings along the line since its opening, ridership remains low resulting in a subsidy of $10 per ride. The line was intended to be extended to Scarborough Centre station, but because of the low ridership and the cost of tunneling, there is a plan to extend rapid transit eastwards from Don Mills station via a surface light rail line, the Sheppard East LRT.

Line 5 Eglinton

{{main|Line 5 Eglinton#History}}Metrolinx is funding the {{convert|19|km|adj=on}} Line 5 Eglinton (also known as the "Eglinton Crosstown"), a light rail line along Eglinton Avenue. From Mount Dennis in the west to Brentcliffe Road (east of Yonge Street), the line will run almost entirely underground where Eglinton Avenue is generally 4–5 lanes wide. However, from east of Brentcliffe Road to Kennedy station, the line will operate on the surface in a reserved median in the middle of Eglinton Avenue, where the street is at least 6 lanes wide. Building on the surface instead of tunneling reduces the cost of construction on the eastern end of the line. The average speed of the line is expected to be {{Convert|28|km/h|mph}}; as a comparison, the average speed of the heavy-rail Line 2 Bloor–Danforth is {{Convert|32|km/h|mph}}. The Eglinton line originated from Transit City, a plan sponsored by former Toronto mayor David Miller, to expedite transit improvement by building several light rail lines through the lower density parts of the city. Of the light rail lines proposed, only the Eglinton line is under construction as of 2018.

Line 6 Finch West

{{main|Line 6 Finch West#History}}

Line 6 Finch West, also known as the "Finch West LRT", is an approved line planned to be built by Mosaic Transit Group along Finch Avenue.[14][15] It is to be operated by the Toronto Transit Commission and was part of the Transit City proposal announced on March 16, 2007. The {{convert|11|km|adj=on}}, 18-stop line is to extend from Finch West station on Line 1 Yonge–University to the north campus of Humber College. The line is forecast to carry about 14.6{{nbsp}}million rides a year or 40,000 a day by 2031. It is scheduled for completion in 2023, with an estimated cost of $1.2{{nbsp}}billion.

Major incidents

{{See also|Toronto Transit Commission incidents}}

On March 27, 1963, there was an electrical short in a subway car's motor. The driver decided to continue operating the train, despite visible smoke in the affected car, until the train reached Union station. This decision resulted in the destruction of six subway cars and extensive damage to the tunnel and signal lines west of Union station. Following this incident, safety procedures involving electrical malfunctions and/or fire in subway trains, were revised to improve safety and reduce the likelihood of a similar incident occurring.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

On October 15, 1976, arson caused the destruction of four subway cars and damage to Christie station, resulting in the closure of part of the Bloor–Danforth line for three days, and the bypassing of Christie station for some time afterwards for repairs.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

On August 11, 1995, the TTC suffered the deadliest subway accident in Canadian history, known as the Russell Hill accident, on the Yonge–University line south of St. Clair West station. Three women died and 100 other people were injured, a few of them seriously. This led to a major reorganization at the TTC, since contributing to maintaining a "state of good repair" (i.e., an increased emphasis on safety and maintenance of existing TTC capital/services) and less so on expansion.[16]

Operations and procedures

Terminal station reversals and short turns

On Line 3 Scarborough, light metro trains cannot switch directions except at the ends of the line as there are no intermediate crossovers between the two termini. Thus, there can be no short turns on Line 3.

Door operation

This section pertains to heavy-rail subway trains. Lines 1 and 2 use a two-person crew, one to drive the train and another at the rear of the train to operate the doors. On October 9, 2016, Line 4 Sheppard was converted so that one person both drives the train and operates the doors.[37]

With a two-person crew, an on-board train guard is responsible for opening and closing the subway car doors, and making sure no one is trapped in a door as the train leaves a station. From the subway's inception in 1954 to 1991, the train guard notified patrons that the subway car doors were closing with two short blasts from a whistle.

In 1991, as a result of lawsuits,{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} electronic chimes, using a descending three-note arpeggio (either G–E–C [C major, root position], or between one or two semitones lower (F♯–D♯–B [B major, root position] or F–D–B♭ [B♭ major, root position])) and a flashing pair of orange lights above the doorway, added for the hearing impaired, were tested and gradually introduced system-wide during the 1990s. The Toronto Rocket trains use the same door chimes and flashing orange lights as the older trains do, and also plays the additional voice announcement, "Please stand clear of the doors". Those chimes have become synonymous with the TTC and Toronto to the point that the CBC Radio One local afternoon show, Here and Now, includes them in its theme music.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Platform markers

The following lists the platform markers used on heavy-rail subway Lines 1, 2 and 4.[19] However, since October 9, 2016, Line 4 trains have been operated by one person who both drives the train and operates the doors. Thus, the markers mentioned for the guard on Line 4 are now obsolete.[20]

{{bulleted list|
|Circular Red Disk (all lines)—This marker is typically mounted on the station platform wall to assist the operator to position the train in the station. When the train is stopped with the marker located between the front of the train and the first set of doors, the train is properly spotted (that is, aligned) in the station.
|
|Green Triangle (all lines)—This marker is typically mounted on the station platform wall to assist the guard, who is positioned in the trailing car. When the guard's window is aligned with this marker, the train is properly spotted on the platform, and it is safe to open the doors.
|Orange Triangle (all lines)—This marker is typically mounted on the station platform wall to assist the guard positioned in the trailing car to observe the platform for the required distance as the train is moving to exit the station.
}}

Service frequency

During rush hour, up to 50 trains are on Line 1 simultaneously, 40 trains on Line 2, 6 trains on Line 3, and 4 trains on Line 4. During non-rush hour periods, there are approximately 27 trains on Line 1 at any one time.

On weekdays and Saturday, subway service runs from approximately 6:00{{nbsp}}am to 1:30{{nbsp}}am; Sunday service begins at 8:00{{nbsp}}am. Start times on holidays may vary.

Line Off-peak frequency[3] Rush hour frequency[3]
toronto|1}} Yonge–University 4–5 minutes 2–3 minutes
toronto|2}} Bloor–Danforth 4–5 minutes 2–3 minutes
toronto|3}} Scarborough 5–6 minutes 4–5 minutes
toronto|4}} Sheppard 5–6 minutes 5–6 minutes

Station announcements

On January 8, 1995, train operators began to announce each stop over the train's speaker system as a result of pressure from advocacy groups for the visually impaired. However, announcements were sporadic until the TTC began to enforce the policy circa 2005. Later, automated announcements were implemented under further pressure from the advocacy groups.[21][22] All Toronto subway trains use an automated system to announce each station which is played twice over the speaker system: when the train departs a station (e.g. "The next station is: Dufferin, Dufferin station"); and when it arrives at the following station (e.g. "Arriving at: Dufferin, Dufferin station"). In addition, the TTC's new Toronto Rocket subway trains provide visible and audible automatic stop announcements. Unlike the other trains, the Rockets also announce interchange stations, such as "Change for Line 2", and terminus stations, "This is a terminal station" where applicable. {{As of|2015}}, they also announce, except at terminus stations, which side the train doors will open on at each stop based on direction of train travel.[22]

Winter operations

Switches and power rails are vulnerable to malfunction under extreme winter conditions such as heavy snow or freezing rain. During such events, the TTC runs "storm trains" overnight to keep power rails clear of ice. The TTC also has trains to apply an anti-freeze to the power rail once freezing rain starts. These precautions are also used on Line 3 Scarborough, which uses two power rails.[45]

To keep switches in the yards from freezing, crews use switch heaters and manually monitor them to ensure they stay in working order during the winter storm. Workcars are run as storm trains to prevent ice from building up on the power rails within the yards.[23]

Stations and features

{{Main|List of Toronto subway stations}}

The Toronto subway has 75 stations divided into four lines. Most stations are named for the nearest major arterial road crossed by the line in question. A few are named for major landmarks, such as shopping centres or transportation hubs, served by the station. The University Avenue section of the Yonge–University line, in particular, is named entirely for landmarks (public institutions and major churches).

All trains, except for short turns, stop at every station along their route and run the entire length of their line from terminus to terminus.

Nearly all stations outside the central business district have terminals for local TTC bus routes and streetcar routes situated within their fare-paid area. (All regular TTC bus and streetcar routes permit free transfers both to and from connecting subway lines.)

By December 23, 2016, Presto card readers had been installed in at least one priority subway station entrance across the TTC network.[24] Throughout 2017 and into mid-2018, the remaining subway station entrances that still use legacy turnstiles (which were retrofitted with Presto readers between 2010 and 2015) and the "floor-to-ceiling" revolving turnstiles (found in automatic/secondary entrances, which do not have Presto readers on them) were replaced by the new Presto-equipped "glass-paddle" fare gates.

Accessibility

{{Main|Toronto Transit Commission accessibility}}

A growing number of Toronto's subway stations are accessible to wheelchair users in general and riders with accessibility issues. Upgrade plans to stations call for all stations to be barrier-free and have elevator access by 2025.

Cleanliness

The May 2010 TTC cleanliness audit of subway stations found that none of them meet the transit agency's highest standard for cleanliness and general state of repair. Only 21 stations scored in the 70–80% range in the TTC's cleanliness scale, a range described as "Ordinary Tidiness", while 45 fell in the 60–70% range achieving what the commission describes as "Casual Inattentiveness". The May audit was the third in a series of comprehensive assessments that began in 2009. The commission announced a "Cleaning Blitz" that would add 30 new temporary cleaners for the latter part of 2010 to address major issues and has other action plans that include more full-time cleaners, and new and more effective ways at addressing station cleanliness.[25][26]

Public art

{{Main|Toronto subway public art}}

According to a 1991 CBC report, "aesthetics weren't really a priority" on Toronto's subway system describing stations as "a series of bathrooms without plumbing."[27] Since that time, Toronto's subway system has had over two dozen pieces installed in various subway stations. More art appears as new stations are built and older ones are renovated. The main article (above) has a list of artwork by line and station.

For example, USA Today said of the Sheppard subway line: "Despite the remarkable engineering feats of this metro, known as Sheppard Subway, [it is] the art covering walls, ceilings, and platforms of all five stations that stands out. Each station is 'a total art experience where artists have created imaginative environments, uniquely expressing themes of community, location, and heritage' through panoramic landscapes and ceramic wall murals."[28]

Internet and mobile phone access

On December 13, 2013, Wi-Fi Internet access was launched at {{ttcs|Bloor–Yonge}} and St. George stations. The ad-supported service (branded as "TConnect") is provided by BAI Canada, who have agreed to pay $25{{nbsp}}million to the TTC over a 20-year period for the exclusive rights to provide the service. TTC/BAI Canada plan to offer TConnect at all underground stations.[29] Commuters have to view a video advertisement to gain access to the Internet.[30] It is expected that all of the 69 subway stations will have service by 2017, as well as the six stations along the Line 1 extension to Vaughan.[31] From early December 2015 to late January 2016, users of TConnect were required to authenticate themselves using a Twitter account, whose Canadian operations sponsored the TConnect Wi-Fi network.[32] Users of the network can sign in to enable an automatic Wi-Fi connection for 30 days. This arrangement was resumed on an optional basis from July 2016 to late November/early December 2016.

{{As of|2017|08}}, the Wi-Fi network is available at all existing stations, including the {{abbr|TYSSE|Toront–York Spadina Subway Extension}} stations, and will be available in all future stations.[33]

On June 17, 2015, the TTC announced that Wind Mobile (later rebranded Freedom Mobile) customers could access cellular connectivity at some TTC subway stations.[34] BAI Canada has built a shared Wi-Fi and cellular infrastructure for the TTC that allows any wireless carrier to sign on and provide underground cellular service to their customers. Wind, as the launch carrier, had a one-year period of exclusivity, which expired in June 2016. Since July 1, 2016, the shared cellular DAS had been open for other carriers to join. Cellular services are available at 28 stations with service at additional stations having been added in December 2016, including the stations in the extension to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station. The tunnels from St. Patrick station to Bloor–Yonge station also have cellular service.[35]

Naming

TTC

The TTC considers multiple different factors when they name stations and stops for subway and LRT stations. They consider local landmarks, the cross streets of the station, distinct communities of the past and present in the vicinity of the station, names of other stations in the system, and the grade of the station.[36]

Metrolinx

Metrolinx use five criteria for naming stations and stops. These are:[37]

  1. Simplicity
  2. Names must be logical and relevant to the area the station is built in
  3. Names should be relevant for the life of the station
  4. Names should help passengers locate themselves within the region
  5. Uniqueness

Metrolinx also uses the word "stop" in place of "station" at 10 of the 25 stations along Line 5, particularly those that are not grade-separated.[38]

Rolling stock

{{Main|Toronto subway rolling stock}}

The following table shows the vehicle type by line:[39]

Line Vehicle Number of
vehicles		 Vehicles
per
train		 Passenger
capacity
per train
toronto|1}} Yonge–University Toronto Rocket (TR)[39]{{efn>456 vehicles ordered for 6-car TR trainsets, 444 delivered as of January 2017.}} 6[40] 1080[40]
toronto|2}} Bloor–Danforth T series (T1) 370[39] 6[40] 1000[40]
toronto|3}} Scarborough S series 28[39] 4[40] 220[40]
toronto|4}} Sheppard Toronto Rocket (TR)[39]{{efn>24 vehicles ordered for 4-car TR trainsets, 16 delivered as of January 2017.}} 4[73]4-car TR train capacity prorated from the capacity of the 6-car TR train.}}
Under construction
toronto|5}} EglintonMetrolinx plans to use the Flexity Freedom for Line 5 but has ordered the Citadis Spirit as backup. }}[41]{{efn>Planned fleet size for Line 5 assuming Flexity Freedom is used.}} 1–3[75] 163–490[42]
Approved
toronto|6}} Finch West Citadis Spirit[43] 17[43] Unknown 336[44]
{{notelist}}

Heavy rail stock

Lines 1, 2 and 4 use two types of vehicles: the new Toronto Rocket (TR) trains on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 4 Sheppard, and the T1 trains on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth.[45] Because of shorter station platforms, Line 4 uses 4-car TR trains.[46]

The TTC's original G-series cars were manufactured by the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company. All subsequent heavy-rail subway cars were manufactured by Bombardier Transportation or one of its predecessors (Montreal Locomotive Works, Hawker Siddeley, and UTDC). All cars starting with the Hawker Siddeley H series in 1965 have been built in Bombardier's Thunder Bay, Ontario plant. The final H4 subway cars were retired on January 27, 2012.[47] The last H5 subway service run took place on June 14, 2013 and the H6s were retired the following year, with the final run on June 20, 2014.

Light metro stock

Line 3 Scarborough uses 28 S-series trains built by the Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC) in Millhaven, Ontario. These Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS) trains are Mark I models, similar in design to the original trains found on the Vancouver SkyTrain. These are the original vehicles of the Scarborough RT and have been in service since the line's opening in 1985. Because of the trains' age, they have been refurbished for operation until the extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth is built.

Light rail stock

Metrolinx plans to use 76 Bombardier Flexity Freedom low-floor, light-rail vehicles for Line 5 Eglinton; however, 44 Alstom Citadis Spirit vehicles may be used if Bombardier is unable to deliver the Flexity Freedom on time. Such a substitution would require modifications to Line 5, especially the maintenance facility, as the Citadis Spirit is longer than the Flexity Freedom. Metrolinx intends to use 17 Citadis Spirit vehicles on the planned Line 6 Finch West instead of the Flexity Freedom.[48]

Comparison of light rail vehicles[48]
Alstom Citadis Spirit Bombardier Flexity Freedom
Length 48.4 m 31.9 m
Maximum capacity 292 164
Maximum speed 100 km/h 80 km/h

Technology

Technology Lines
where
used		 Vehicle
floor type		 Track
gauge		 Electrical
type		 Electrical
feed		 Electrical
pickup
Heavy railtoronto|1}} {{rail-interchange|toronto|2}} {{rail-interchange|toronto|4}} High floortoronto|lk=on|al=on}} 600 V DC Third rail Bogie-mounted shoe
Light metrotoronto|3}} High floor4ft8.5in}} 600 V DC Third and fourth rail, linear induction Bogie-mounted shoe
Light railtoronto|5}} {{rail-interchange|toronto|6}} Low floor4ft8.5in}} 750 V DC Overhead wire Roof-mounted pantograph

The heavy rail and light metro lines have some characteristics in common: Such lines are fully isolated from road traffic and pedestrians; the station platforms are covered, and the trains are boarded through many doors from high platforms within a fare-paid zone separated by faregates.

In contrast, the surface portions of the light rail (Line 5) will fit into the street environment. Light-rail tracks will be laid on the surface within reserved lanes in the middle of the street, and cross street intersections at grade. Surface stations will have simple, low-level platforms. However, like heavy rail and light metro, passengers will be able to board light rail trains by multiple doors.[49]

The light metro on Line 3 uses a more complex technology than heavy rail, which a TTC document describes as follows:

Track is the 5 rail system on direct fixation and car is powered by an induction or "reaction rail" situated between the running rails at the same top of rail elevation. There are two side contacting power rails +300V and −300V respectively situated a distance of about 14 in. from the closest gauge line of one running rail.[50]

Signals

{{Main|Toronto subway signals}}

Heavy rail

Fixed block signalling has been used throughout the subway system since the opening of Toronto's first subway in 1954.[51][52] {{As of|2018|12}}, fixed block signalling is used on most of Line 1 and on the full length of lines 2 and 4. Along with automatic signalling, used to prevent rear-end train collisions, interlocking signals are used to prevent collisions from conflicting movements on track crossovers.

In 2009, the TTC awarded a contract to Alstom to upgrade the signalling system of the existing section of Line 1, as well as equip its extension into Vaughan, with moving block-based communications-based train control (CBTC).[53] This automatic train control (ATC) project will cost $562{{nbsp}}million, $424{{nbsp}}million of which is funded by Metrolinx. With ATC, the TTC will be able to reduce the headway between trains from 2.5 minutes to 2 minutes during rush hours, and allow a 25 percent increase in the number of trains operating on Line 1.[51]

The ATC system, branded as "Urbalis 400" by Alstom, first entered revenue service on December 17, 2017, with the opening of the extension from Sheppard West to Vaughan.[54] In December 2018, ATC operation was extended south from Sheppard West to Dupont, and will deployed on the remainder of Line 1 in phases with completion expected in early 2019. The TTC then plans to convert Line 2 to ATC by 2030 subject to the availability of funding.[55]

Once ATC is activated, it would be possible to install platform screen doors as ATC would allow trains to stop at a precise position along the platform and line up train doors with platform doors. The cost to install platform doors at all stations on Lines 1, 2 and 4 could cost more than $1{{nbsp}}billion. Future lines, such as the Relief Line, could be built to operate with ATC and platform doors from the day of opening. The benefits of platform doors would be:[56]

  • Blocking those attempting suicide or trespassers from the tracks: it takes 70 to 90 minutes to resume operations each time there is a personal injury at track level.
  • Eliminating fires from debris falling on the tracks and the third rail.
  • Allowing trains to enter crowded stations at speed, thus speeding up service along the line.

Light metro

Line 3 Scarborough has been equipped with automatic train control from the outset, using the same SelTrac IS system as Vancouver's SkyTrain, meaning it could be operated autonomously. However, for safety, each train has an operator on board who monitors the doors.[9]

Light rail

When completed, Line 5 Eglinton will use Bombardier Transportation's Cityflo 650 CBTC automatic train control on the underground section of the line between Laird station and Mount Dennis station, along with the Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility (under construction) adjacent to Mount Dennis station.[57]

Track

{{see also|Toronto streetcar system#Track gauge}}

The subway system (lines 1, 2 and 4) is built to the Toronto gauge of {{Track gauge|4ft10.875in}}, which is the same gauge used on the Toronto streetcar system. This gauge is {{convert|2+3/8|in|mm|abbr=on}} wider than the usual {{Track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}. Some early subway proposals involved using streetcars at least partially in tunnels, so using same gauge would be advantageous, but the idea was ultimately dropped in favour of dedicated rapid transit trains. A number of ex-streetcar vehicles were used as work trains for the subway, taking advantage of the common gauge.[58] Indeed, before the opening of the Yonge subway in 1954, there was a temporary interchange track between the Yonge streetcar line and the Davisville Yard on the north side of the Belt Line bridge.[59] However, according to rail historians John F. Bromley and Jack May, the reason that the Yonge subway was built to the streetcar gauge, was that between 1954 and 1965, subway bogies were maintained at the Hillcrest Complex where the streetcar gauge is used for shop tracks. The Davisville Carhouse was not equipped to perform such heavy maintenance, and the bogies would be loaded onto a specially built track trailer for shipment between Davisville and Hillcrest.[60]

Line 3 Scarborough uses standard-gauge tracks, as the ICTS design for the line did not allow for interchanging of rail equipment between the subway system and Line 3.[58] When its ICTS vehicles need anything more than basic service (which can be carried out at the McCowan Yard), they are carried by truck to the Greenwood Subway Yard.[61]

The Line 5 Eglinton and Line 6 Finch West LRT lines will be constructed to {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}. The projects are receiving a large part of their funding from the Ontario provincial transit authority Metrolinx and, to ensure a better price for purchasing vehicles, it wants to have a degree of commonality with other similar projects within Ontario.[62]

Facilities

The subway system has the following yards to provide storage, maintenance and cleaning for rolling stock.

Facilities Year
opened		 Lines
served		 Remarks
Davisville Yard 1954toronto|1}} {{rail-interchange|toronto|4}}
Greenwood Yard 1966toronto|2}}
Keele Yard 1966toronto|2}} Closed in 1978; reopened June 18, 2017[63]
McCowan Yard 1985toronto|3}}
Wilson Yard 1977toronto|1}}
MSF|Maintenance and Storage Facility}} 2021toronto|5}} Under construction

Safety

There are several safety systems for use by passengers in emergencies:

  • Emergency alarms (formerly "Passenger assistance alarms"): Located throughout all subway and RT trains — When the yellow strip is pressed, an audible alarm is activated within the car, a notification is sent to the train crew and the Transit Control Centre, which in turn dispatches a tiered response. An orange light is activated on the outside of the car with the alarm for emergency personnel to see where the problem is.[64]
  • Emergency power cut devices: Marked by a blue light, located at both ends of each subway and RT platform — For use to cut DC traction power in the event a person falls or is observed at track level or any emergency where train movement into the station would be dangerous. These devices cut power in both directions for approximately one station each way.[65]
  • Emergency stopping mechanisms (PGEV — Passenger/Guard Emergency Valve): Located at each end of each subway/RT car (with exception of the Toronto Rocket trains) — Will activate the emergency brakes of the vehicle stopping it in its current location (for use in extreme emergencies I.e. persons trapped in doors as train departs station, doors opening in the tunnel, derailments etc.)[65]
  • Passenger intercoms: Located on subway platforms and near/in elevators in stations – For use to inform station collector of security/life safety issues[64]
  • Automated external defibrillators (AEDs): Located in several subway stations near the collector booth(s) – for use in the event someone suffers cardiac arrest
  • Public telephones: Located in various locations in all stations, and at the Designated Waiting Area's on each subway platform. Emergency calls can be made to 911 toll free.[64] Phones located at the DWA's also include a "Crisis Link" button that connect callers – free of charge – to a 24-hour crisis line in the event that they are contemplating self-harm.

A trial program began in 2008 with Toronto EMS and has been expanded and made permanent, with EMS personnel on hand at several stations during peak hours: Spadina and Bloor–Yonge (morning peak: 7{{nbsp}}am–10{{nbsp}}am) and Union and Eglinton (evening peak: 2{{nbsp}}pm–6{{nbsp}}pm)[66]

Training

Subway operators begin their training at Hillcrest with a virtual reality mockup of a Toronto Rocket car. The simulator consists of the operator cab with full functions, a door and partial interior of a subway car. The simulator is housed in a simulated subway tunnel. Construction of a new subway training centre is underway at the Wilson Complex, as part of the Toronto Rocket subway car programme.[67]

Expansion plans

Under construction

Line 5 Eglinton is a light rail line under construction along Eglinton Avenue that will operate underground and at-grade between Kennedy and the future Mount Dennis station. It is planned to have 25 stations; 15 of these will be underground while the remaining ten will be at-grade stops accessed at the road's median. Its planned opening is in 2021.

Planned

Line 6 Finch West is a planned light rail line that will run west from the Finch West subway station to Humber College in north Etobicoke. It will have {{convert|11|km}} of track, 18 surface stations and one underground connection to Line 1 Yonge–University at Finch West station. Work to relocate utilities started in 2016; the expected completion is in 2023.[68]

The Scarborough Subway Extension (SSE) is a proposal to replace Line 3 Scarborough with an eastward extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. On October 8, 2013, Toronto City Council conducted a debate on whether to replace Line 3 Scarborough with a light rail line or a subway extension. In 2014, the city council voted to extend Line 2 Bloor–Danforth to Scarborough City Centre, which will eventually lead to the closure of Line 3.[69][70] The SSE will be {{convert|6|km}} long and add one new station to Line 2 at Scarborough Town Centre. TTC and city staff finalized the precise route of the SSE in early 2017.[71] The proposed completion deadline for the project is 2026.[72][73]

Proposed

The Sheppard East LRT is a proposed light rail line that will run east from Don Mills station to Morningside Avenue in Scarborough. The line would be {{convert|13|km}} long with 25 surface stations and one underground connection at Don Mills station on Line 4 Sheppard. Construction of the Sheppard East LRT was to start upon completion of Line 6 Finch West.[68] However, in July 2016, the Toronto Star reported the Sheppard LRT had been deferred indefinitely.[41] Despite this, the Sheppard East LRT is included in the 2018–2022 TTC Corporate Plan and tentatively referred to as Line 7.[74]

The Relief Line is a proposed heavy-rail subway line running from Pape station south to Queen Street East and then west to the vicinity of Toronto City Hall. The proposal includes intermediate stations at Sherbourne Street, Sumach Street, Broadview Avenue, and another near Gerrard Square. As of January 2016, alignment options and possible stations were still being studied, and the project is unfunded. Construction would take about 10 years to complete.[75] As early as 2008, Metrolinx chair Rob MacIsaac expressed the intent of constructing the Relief Line to prevent overcrowding along Line 1.[76] Toronto City Council also expressed support for this plan.[77]

The Yonge North Subway Extension (YNSE) is a proposal to extend Line 1 Yonge–University north along Yonge Street from Finch station, the existing terminus of Line 1, to Richmond Hill. There would be new stations at Drewry/Cummer, Steeles Avenue, Clark Avenue, Royal Orchard Boulevard, Langstaff Road and the existing Richmond Hill Centre Terminal at Highway 7. The province's MoveOntario 2020 plan proposed this extension. The main problem with this proposal is that Line 1 is at capacity, and the TTC says that the Relief Line and SmartTrack must both be in service before opening the YNSE.[78]

The Jane LRT is a proposed LRT line that would begin at Jane station on Line 2 and proceed north to Pioneer Village station on Line 1. While initially part of the cancelled Transit City plan, the Jane LRT is part of the 2018–2022 TTC Corporate Plan and tentatively referred to as Line 8.[74]

Cancelled

The Queen subway line was a proposed subway line that would have been the city's second subway line. A roughed in station was built under Queen station. The route for the subway line is included in the proposed route for the Relief Line.[74]

The Eglinton West line was a proposed subway line in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was cancelled with the election of Mike Harris. Much of its route is included in Line 5 Eglinton.[74]

Transit City

The Don Mills LRT was a proposed LRT line that would have headed north from Pape station along Don Mills to Don Mills station. Its route has since been incorporated into the northern half of the Relief Line.[74]

The Scarborough Malvern LRT was a proposed LRT line from Kennedy station east to the University of Toronto Scarborough. Its route has since been incorporated into a future expansion for Line 5.[74]

See also

{{portal|Toronto Transit Commission|Toronto|Trains}}{{div col}}
  • List of metro systems
  • Mind the gap
  • Toronto Subway (typeface)
  • Transportation in Toronto
{{div col end}}

References

Notes

1. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension |url=https://www.ttc.ca/Spadina/index.jsp |website=Ttc.ca |accessdate=2017-02-08}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2017-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf |publisher=American Public Transportation Association |title=Public Transportation Ridership Report – Fourth Quarter, 2017 |format=PDF |page=37 |date=March 3, 2017 |accessdate=2018-07-01}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/PDF/Transit_Planning/Service_Summary_2013_01_06.pdf |title=Service Summary January 6 to March 30, 2013 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=December 13, 2012 |accessdate=2013-02-10}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2013.jsp |title=2013 TTC Operating Statistics |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |accessdate=2015-01-14}}
5. ^{{cite web |title=Eglinton Crosstown LRT |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/crosstown.aspx |website=Metrolinx.com |accessdate=2018-01-28}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2016/ex/bgrd/backgroundfile-94622.pdf |publisher=City of Toronto |title=Scarborough Subway Extension – Initial Business Case |format=PDF |page=1 |date=June 2016 |accessdate=2017-02-28}}
7. ^{{Cite web |url=https://ttc.ca/Subway/index.jsp |title=TTC Subway |website=ttc.ca |access-date=2017-12-26}}
8. ^"Traffic authorities from all over world see subway opened", Toronto Daily Star, March 30, 1954, p. 3.
9. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/5107.shtml |title=The Scarborough Rapid Transit Line |publisher=Transit Toronto |first=James |last=Bow |date=December 28, 2016 |accessdate=2017-01-13}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/5110.shtml |title=The Sheppard Subway |publisher=Transit Toronto |first1=Aaron |last1=Adel |first2=James |last2=Bow |date={{date|2016-10-23|mdy}} |accessdate=2017-01-13}}
11. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2015/09/24/eglinton-crosstown-to-open-a-year-later-than-expected.html |title=Eglinton Crosstown to open a year later than expected |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Tess |last=Kalinowski |date=September 24, 2015 |accessdate=2015-09-24}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2013.jsp |title=2013 TTC Operating Statistics |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |accessdate=2017-01-27}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2015/March_26/Reports/4_1_TYSSE_Final_Report_and_Presentation.pdf |title=Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension – Schedule and Budget Change |last=Byford |first=Andy |date={{date|2015-03-26|mdy}} |work= |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |accessdate=2017-04-15}}
14. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.aecon.com/Media_Room/~1424-Aecon-consortium-selected-as-preferred-proponent-for-the-Finch-West-Light-Rail-Transit-project-in-Toronto |title=Aecon consortium selected as preferred proponent for the Finch West Light Rail Transit project in Toronto |agency=AECON |accessdate=July 1, 2018}}
15. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/greaterregion/projects/finchwest-lrt.aspx |title=For a Greater Region – Finch West LRT |agency=Metrolinx |accessdate=July 1, 2018}}
16. ^{{cite news |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/data/200508061136.shtml |title=Ten Years After - Toronto Star |work=Transit Toronto |date=August 6, 2005 |access-date=2018-10-26}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/Connecting%20Toronto/2017/January/20012017.jsp |title=Necessity of TTC subway closures explained |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |first=Andy |last=Byford |author-link=Andy Byford |date=January 20, 2017 |accessdate=2017-01-23 |quote=The new signal system will be introduced in phases from this fall and will be completed by the end of 2019 at which point we will undertake similar work on Line 2.}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://stevemunro.ca/2017/10/23/ttc-service-changes-effective-sunday-november-26-2017/ |author=Monro, Steve |title=TTC Service Changes Effective Sunday, November 26, 2017 |date=October 23, 2017 |accessdate=November 14, 2018}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=http://torontoist.com/2010/08/rocket_talk_what_are_those_subway_symbols_for/ |title=Rocket Talk: What Are Those Subway Symbols For? | news |newspaper=Torontoist |publisher= |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=2012-11-07}}
20. ^1 "TTC switching to single-operator model for Line 4 subway as of Oct. 9". CP24, Chris Fox, September 27, 2016
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/news/ttcxs |title=Ontario Transit Services Expected To Announce All Transit Stops |publisher=Ontario Human Rights Commission |date=October 15, 2007 |accessdate=2008-03-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815055809/http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/news/ttcxs |archivedate=2009-08-15 |df=}}
22. ^1 {{cite news |last=Ku |first=Christina |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/1281323231.html?dids=1281323231:1281323231&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+3%2C+2007&author=Christina+Ku&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=A.7&desc=Our+lady+of+the+stations |title=Our lady of the stations: Meet the calm-voiced woman behind the TTC's automated subway announcements |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=June 3, 2007 |accessdate=2007-07-18}}
23. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/Service_Advisories/Route_diversions/Ice_Storm1.jsp |title=Service changes in the event of an ice storm |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date={{date|2018-04-16|mdy}} |accessdate=2018-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416220533/http://www.ttc.ca/Service_Advisories/Route_diversions/Ice_Storm1.jsp | archivedate=2018-04-16 }}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cp24.com/news/ttc-has-now-rolled-out-presto-at-every-subway-station-1.3213887 |title=TTC has now rolled out PRESTO at every subway station |date=December 22, 2016 |last=Wilson |first=Codi |publisher=Bell Media |website=CP24 News |access-date=2017-01-29}}
25. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/no-ttc-stations-meet-cleanliness-standard-1.889301 |title=No TTC stations meet cleanliness standard |date=July 12, 2010 |newspaper=CBC |accessdate=2014-07-24}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2010/July_14_2010/Reports/SUBWAY_STATION_APPEA.pdf |title=Subway Station Appearance Improvement Update |date=July 14, 2010 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |accessdate=2012-03-31}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/montreal-metros-masterpieces |title=Montreal metro's masterpieces |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date={{date|1991-02-17|mdy}} |accessdate=2017-02-06 |quote=In the early days of Toronto's subway, aesthetics weren't really a priority; in fact, the stations were often described as "a series of bathrooms without plumbing." Art was later added to various stations through the years, and when the TTC designed its new Sheppard Line (which opened in 2002) art became a very important part of the initial planning.}} Article updated since {{date|1991-02-17|mdy}}
28. ^{{cite news |first=Shawn |last=Sell |url=https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/10great/2004-09-02-subways_x.htm |title=10 great places to stop for subway art |newspaper=USA Today |date=September 2, 2004}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/2013/December/1012_BAI_TTC_Wifi.jsp |title=TTC, BAI Canada launch free WiFi at two subway stations |website=Ttc.ca |accessdate=2018-05-27}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.o.canada.com/technology/personal-tech/two-toronto-subway-stations-now-have-free-wi-fi/ |title=Two Toronto subway stations now have free Wi-Fi |first=. All Rights |last=Reserved. |date=26 November 2013 |website=O.canada.com |accessdate=2018-05-27}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tconnect.ca/stations.php |title=Wi-fi Now Available At |publisher=TCONNECT |quote=Each of the 65 underground stations will have wireless and Wi-Fi service by 2017. |accessdate=2015-01-07 |archive-date=2015-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204449/http://tconnect.ca/stations.php}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/News/2015/December/1204-wifi_4_stations.jsp |title=Wi-Fi expands to four more TTC subway stations |website=ttc.ca |accessdate=2018-05-27}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/Customer_Service/Station_WiFi/index.jsp |title=Wi-Fi In Our Stations |website=Ttc.ca |accessdate=2018-05-27}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/News/2015/June/061715_cellservice.jsp |title=TTC, BAI Canada & WIND Mobile launch cellular service underground |website=ttc.ca |accessdate=2018-05-27}}
35. ^https://www.freedommobile.ca/network-and-coverage/transit-coverage
36. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2015/November_23/Reports/Eglinton_Line_Station_Names__Combined_Report.pdf |title=Eglinton Line Station Names Combined Report |date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |accessdate=July 2, 2018}}
37. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.metrolinxengage.com/en/engagement-initiatives/stop-naming-finch-west-lrt |title=Stop Naming Finch West LRT |website=Metrolinx Engage |agency=Metrolinx |accessdate=July 2, 2018}}
38. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecrosstown.ca/stations_stops |title=Stations and Stops |website=Eglinton Crosstown |publisher=Metrolinx |accessdate=July 2, 2018}}
39. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/PDF/Transit_Planning/Service_Summary_2017-01-08.pdf |title=Service Summary |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=January 8, 2017 |accessdate=2017-01-21}}
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2013.jsp |title=2013 TTC Operating Statistics |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=December 31, 2013 |accessdate=2017-01-17}}
41. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/07/20/metrolinx-threatens-legal-action-over-late-delivery-of-light-rail-vehicles.html |title=Metrolinx threatens legal action over late delivery of light rail vehicles |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date=July 20, 2016 |accessdate=2016-07-20}}
42. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.thecrosstown.ca/the-project/fact-sheets/crosstown-infographic |title=Crosstown Infographic |publisher=Metrolinx |accessdate=2017-01-17}}
43. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/metrolinx-alstom-bombardier-1.4111844 |title=Metrolinx to buy vehicles from Bombardier competitor as backup plan for Eglinton Crosstown |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |website=CBC News |accessdate=July 1, 2018}}
44. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/projectsandprograms/lrv/lrv.aspx |title=Citidis Spirit Light Rail Vehicle |agency=Metrolinx |accessdate=July 1, 2018}}
45. ^{{cite news |last=Kalinowski |first=Tess |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/ttc/article/949028--so-what-happened-to-those-ttc-improvements?bn=1 |title=So what happened to those TTC improvements? |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=March 4, 2011 |accessdate=2012-03-31}}
46. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sheppard-subway-line-gets-new-toronto-rocket-trains-1.3607811 |title=Sheppard subway line gets new Toronto Rocket trains |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=May 30, 2016 |accessdate=2017-01-15}}
47. ^{{cite news |last=Tapper |first=Josh |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/article/1122784--north-america-s-longest-running-subway-car-takes-final-journey?bn=1 |title=Long-running subway car takes final journey |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=January 27, 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-31}}
48. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/05/13/how-do-ttcs-streetcar-options-compare-its-bombardier-versus-alstom.html |title=How do TTC's streetcar options compare? It's Bombardier versus Alstom |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date={{date|2017-05-13|mdy}} |accessdate=2017-05-13}}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thecrosstown.ca/stations_stops |title=Stations and Stops |publisher=Metrolinx |accessdate=2017-01-27}}
50. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/TTC_Business/Materials_and_procurement/Ads_PandS/PDF%20Files/Request%20for%20Information%20Rail%20Mailing%20Services%20-%20R31CA15135.pdf |title=Request for Information (RFI) For Rail Milling Services RFI No. R31CA15135 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date={{date|2015-04-28|mdy}} |accessdate=2017-06-08 }}
51. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Kalinowski |first1=Tess |title=TTC signal solution promises subway relief someday — but for now, it's more delays |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2014/11/20/ttc_signal_solution_promises_subway_relief_someday_but_for_now_its_more_delays.html |website=Toronto Star |accessdate=2015-11-29 |date=November 20, 2014}}
52. ^{{cite web |last1=Royson |first1=James |title=Driverless Toronto needs driverless trains: James |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2014/02/08/driverless_toronto_needs_driverless_trains_james.html |website=Toronto Star |accessdate=2015-11-29 |date=February 8, 2014}}
53. ^{{cite news |last1=Vantuono |first1=William |title=Alstom lands CBTC contract in Toronto |url=https://www.railwayage.com/news/alstom-lands-cbtc-contract-in-toronto/ |accessdate=8 December 2018 |work=RailwayAge |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. |date=5 May 2009}}
54. ^{{cite web |title=Alstom's signalling system equips Toronto subway extension |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2017/12/alstoms-signalling-system-equips-toronto-subway-extension |website=Alstom |accessdate=8 December 2018 |format=Press release |date=18 December 2017}}
55. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2017/11/06/ttc-test-of-new-signalling-system-exceeded-expectations.html |title=TTC test of new signalling system 'exceeded expectations' |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date={{date|2017-11-06|mdy}} |accessdate=2017-11-08}}
56. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/06/19/subway-death-renews-calls-for-ttc-to-install-platforms-barriers.html |title=Subway death renews calls for TTC to install platforms barriers |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date={{date|2018-06-19|mdy}} |accessdate={{date|2018-06-19|mdy}}}}
57. ^{{cite web |authorlink=Steve Munro |last=Munro |first=Steve |url=http://stevemunro.ca/2013/06/17/metrolinx-announces-design-changes-and-public-meetings-on-eglinton-lrt/ |title=Metrolinx Announces Design Changes and Public Meetings on Eglinton LRT (Update 8) |publisher=Steve Munro |date=June 17, 2013 |accessdate=2013-06-17 |archivedate=2015-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304012121/http://stevemunro.ca/2013/06/17/metrolinx-announces-design-changes-and-public-meetings-on-eglinton-lrt/ |quote=Metrolinx intends to use automatic train control on the underground section of Eglinton, and the yard access will be part of the ATC territory.}}
58. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/streetcar/4002.shtml |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Toronto's Streetcars |publisher=Transit Toronto |accessdate=2014-05-04}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-PICTURES-R-3901&R=DC-PICTURES-R-3901 |title=Yonge St. looking n. from G.T.R. Belt Line bridge s. of Merton St. |publisher=Toronto Public Library |author=Baldwin Collection |date=1953 |accessdate=2016-09-21}}
60. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDM410433&R=410433 |title=50 Years of Progressive Transit |first1=John F. |last1=Bromley and |first2=Jack |last2=May |publisher=Electric Railroaders' Association |pages=85,107 |year=1973 |accessdate=2016-08-31 |isbn=9781550024487 |quote=Chapter 9 - Subway City; Chapter 11 - The Crosstown Subway}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/5302.shtml |title=The Greenwood Subway Yards |publisher=Transit Toronto |first1=Aaron |last1=Adel |first2=James |last2=Bow |date=June 25, 2015 |accessdate=2016-12-13}}
62. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/article/746626--transit-city-measures-up-to-international-standard |title=Transit City measures up to international standard |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=January 6, 2010 |accessdate=2014-10-04}}
63. ^{{cite web |url=https://swanboatsteve.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/20170524_ttc-notice-keele-yard.pdf |title=Keele Yard reopens to operation |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=May 24, 2017 |access-date=2018-05-30}}
64. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Safety_and_Security/Security_features.jsp |title=Security features |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017125915/http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Safety_and_Security/Security_features.jsp |archivedate=2011-10-17 |df=}}
65. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Safety_and_Security/What_to_do_in_an_emergency.jsp |title=What to do in an emergency |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217053617/http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Safety_and_Security/What_to_do_in_an_emergency.jsp |archivedate=2011-02-17 |df=}}
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/News/2009/March/TTC_and_Toronto_EMS_place_more_paramedics_in_Toronto_subwa.jsp |title=TTC and Toronto EMS place more paramedics in Toronto's subway system |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=March 20, 2009 |accessdate=2012-03-31}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2008/Jul_10_2008/Supplementary_Reports/Wilson_Carhouse_Expa.pdf |title=Procurement Authorization – Wilson Carhouse Expansion – Toronto Rocket – Contract C1-34 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |format=PDF |date=July 10, 2008 |accessdate=2012-03-31}}
68. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cp24.com/news/construction-on-finch-west-lrt-to-begin-in-2016-but-sheppard-east-lrt-on-hold-1.2346551 |title=Construction on Finch West LRT to begin in 2016 but Sheppard East LRT on hold |author=Fox, C. |publisher=CP24 |date=2015-04-27 | access-date=2015-04-27}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2014/June_24/Reports/Scarborough_Subway_Extension_Update.pdf |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |title=Toronto Transit Commission Report No. ?? – Scarborough_Subway_Extension_Update |format=PDF |page=1 |date=June 24, 2014 |accessdate=2014-10-30}}
70. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/14000/article19473790/?page=all |title=A Scarborough Subway: Do the Numbers Add Up? |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |page=1 |date=July 4, 2014 |accessdate=2014-11-05}}
71. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/01/11/scarborough-subway-report-delayed--again.html |title=Scarborough subway report delayed . . . again |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date={{date|2017-01-11|mdy}} |accessdate=2017-01-22}}
72. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.scarboroughsubwayextension.ca/project-phases.html |title=Scarborough Subway Extension: Project Phases |website=www.scarboroughsubwayextension.ca |access-date=2018-10-20}}
73. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2016/ex/bgrd/backgroundfile-94622.pdf |title=Scarborough Subway Extension: Initial Business Case |date=June 2016 |website=toronto.ca |access-date=June 21, 2018}}
74. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/PDF/2018-2022_TTC_Corporate_Plan.pdf |title=2018–2022 TTC Corporate Plan |agency=Toronto Transit Commission |accessdate=July 2, 2018}}
75. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/queen-street-route-proposed-for-new-toronto-subway/article28460818/ |title=City proposes Queen Street route for Toronto's downtown relief line |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |first=Oliver |last=Moore |date={{date|2016-01-29|mdy}} |accessdate=2017-01-22}}
76. ^{{cite news |last=Hertz |first=Barry |url=http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/toronto/archive/2008/09/03/new-subway-line-still-a-way-s-off-metrolinx-head-says.aspx |title=New subway line still a way's off, Metrolinx head says |newspaper=National Post |date=September 4, 2008 |accessdate=2008-09-16}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
77. ^{{cite news |last=Vincent |first=Donovan |url=https://www.thestar.com/article/578943 |title=City favours relief line over subway |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=January 29, 2009 |accessdate=2009-01-29}}
78. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/06/02/yonge-subway-extension-to-york-region-takes-step-forward.html |title=Yonge subway extension to York Region takes step forward |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date={{date|2016-06-02|mdy}} |accessdate=2016-06-03}}

Sources

  • {{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/index.shtml |title=Transit Toronto Subway Pages |publisher=Transit Toronto |accessdate=2007-07-21}}
  • {{cite web |last=Bow |first=James |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/5006.shtml |title=Toronto's Lost Subway Stations |publisher=Transit Toronto |date=June 14, 2007 |accessdate=2007-07-21}}
  • {{cite news |title=Thirty Years down the line |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=March 1984 |pages=M1,M9}}
  • Welcome Aboard – Tomorrow's Transit Today – UTDC 1985
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/pdf/rtes2002.pdf |title=Rapid Transit Expansion Study (RTES) |publisher=TTC |date=August 2001 |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419230201/http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/pdf/rtes2002.pdf |archivedate=2006-04-19}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/pdf/rtes_follow-up_report.pdf |format=PDF |title=Rapid Transit Expansion Study (RTES) – Follow-Up Report |publisher=TTC |date=June 12, 2002 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221213453/http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/pdf/rtes_follow-up_report.pdf |archivedate=2006-02-21}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects_and_initiatives/Spadina_subway_extension/index.jsp |title=Spadina Subway Extension |publisher=TTC |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724221238/http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects_and_initiatives/Spadina_subway_extension/index.jsp |archivedate=2010-07-24 |df=}}

External links

{{Commons|Toronto Subway/RT}}{{Attached KML |display=title,inline}}
  • Official TTC site
  • Official TTC Subway Map
  • News, history and discussion
  • CBC Digital Archives: Going Underground: Toronto's Subway and Montreal's Metro
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014632/http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/pdf/subway_travel_time_chart.pdf The TTC's Official Subway Travel Time Chart] (archived version using the way back machine)
  • The TTC ride guide as searchable Google Map
  • Yonge Subway Extension
  • Vivanext Subways – Yonge extension projects
{{TTCstations|state=}}{{TTC rolling stock}}{{TTC}}{{Torontometros}}{{Canadianmetros}}{{Internationally Metro Organizations}}{{Navbox track gauge}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Toronto subway}}

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