“Toronto Transit Commission”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is a public transport agency that operates bus, subway, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the oldest and largest of the urban transit service providers in the Greater Toronto Area, with numerous connections to systems serving its surrounding municipalities.

Established as the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921, the TTC owns and operates four rapid transit lines with 75 stations, over 149 bus routes, and 11 streetcar lines. On an average weekday in 2019, 1.69{{nbsp}}million passengers made 2.76{{nbsp}}million unlinked trips on the TTC, with the number of trips about evenly divided between the subways (1.34{{nbsp}}million) and buses and streetcars (1.34{{nbsp}}million).^[1] The TTC also operates door-to-door paratransit service for the elderly and disabled, known as Wheel-Trans.

The TTC is the most heavily used urban mass transit system in all of Canada, and the third largest in North America, after the New York City Transit Authority and Mexico City Metro.^[4]

History

The Gloucester subway cars, the first version of TTC subway cars, known as "red rockets" because of their bright red exterior, have been retired. The name lives on as the TTC uses the phrase to advertise the service, such as "Ride the Rocket" in advertising material, "Rocket" in the names of some express buses, and the new "Toronto Rocket" subway cars, which began revenue operation on July 21, 2011.^[6] Another common slogan is "The Better Way".

Finances

The TTC has recovered about 70% of its operating costs from the fare box in recent years.{{when|date=June 2016}} From its creation in 1921 until 1971, the TTC was self-supporting both for capital and operations (it even had to pay property taxes until 1967). Through the Great Depression and World War II, it accumulated reserves that allowed it to expand considerably after the war, both with subways and major steady growth of its bus services into the suburbs. It was not until 1971 that the Metro government and the province started to provide operational subsidies, required primarily due to rising costs of delivering transit to low-density suburbs in Metro Toronto and large wage increases.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Deficits and subsidies soared throughout the 1970s and 1980s,^[7] followed by service cuts and a period of ridership decline in the 1990s, partly attributable to recession.

When the Harris Progressive Conservatives ended the provincial subsidies, the TTC cut back service with a significant curtailment put into effect on February 18, 1996, and an increased financial burden was placed on the municipal government. Since then, the TTC has consistently been in financial difficulties. Service cuts were averted in 2007, though, when Toronto City Council voted to introduce new taxes to help pay for city services, including the TTC. As a result, the TTC became the largest transit operator in Anglo-America not to receive provincial/state subsidies.^[8] The TTC has received federal funding for capital projects from as early as 2009.^[9] The TTC is also considered one of the costliest transit systems per fare price in North America.^[10] For the 2011 operating year, the TTC had a projected operating budget of $1.45{{nbsp}}billion. Revenue from fares covered approximately 70% of the budget, whereas the remaining 30% originated from the city. In 2009 through 2011, provincial and federal subsidies amounted to 0% of the budget.^[11] In contrast to this, STM Montreal receives approximately 10% of its operating budget from the provincial (Quebec) government,^[12] and Ottawa Transpo receives 9% of its funding from the province.^[13] The fairness of preferentially subsidizing transit in specific Canadian cities has been questioned by citizens.^[14]

Past transit operators

Island Ferry

The TTC operated the ferry service to the Toronto Islands from 1927 to 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department.

Gray Coach

Gray Coach Lines was a suburban and regional intercity bus operator founded in 1927 by the TTC. Gray Coach used interurban coaches to link Toronto to points throughout southern Ontario. In addition, Gray Coach operated tour buses in association with Gray Line Tours. The main terminal was the Metropolitan Toronto Bus Terminal on Elizabeth Street north of Dundas Street, downtown. In 1954, Gray Coach expanded further when it acquired suburban routes from independent bus operators not merged with the TTC as it expanded to cover Metro Toronto. By the 1980s, Gray Coach faced fierce competition in the interurban service in the GTA. The TTC sold Gray Coach Lines in 1990 to Stagecoach Holdings, which split the operation between Greyhound Canada and the government of Ontario three years later.

Operations

Buses

Buses are a large part of TTC operations today. Before about 1960 however, they played a minor role compared to streetcars. Buses began to operate in the city in 1921, and became necessary for areas without streetcar service. After an earlier experiment in the 1920s, trolley buses were used on a number of routes starting in 1947, but all trolley bus routes were converted to bus operation between 1991 and 1993. The TTC always used the term "trolley coach" to refer to its trackless electric vehicles. Hundreds of old buses have been replaced with the low-floor Orion VII, and the TTC has acquired many hybrid electric buses. The TTC's hybrid buses were first put on the road in 2006;^[15] these were replaced with the newer 500 Orion VII Next Generation Hybrids in 2008.^[16]^[17] A new order will bring the total number of hybrids to over 500, second only to New York City. Older (2001–2006) TTC Orion VIIs feature the standard "breadbox" style, whereas newer (2007–) buses feature Orion's new, more stylish body.^[18] Although most of the bus fleet has already been replaced, a number of lift-equipped, high floor buses are reaching the end of their useful lifespan, and another order of buses may be needed around 2012. With a total of 2,031 buses, the TTC is the third-largest transit bus operator in North America, behind the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York City (more than 5,600) and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (2,911).

The TTC also runs Wheel-Trans, a paratransit service for the physically disabled with special low-floor buses designed to accommodate wheelchairs and to make boarding easier for ambulatory customers with limited mobility.

The TTC ordered 27 articulated buses with all newly ordered buses in service by January 2015.^[19]^[20] At {{convert|60|ft|m|order=flip}} long, the Nova LFS Artics hold about 112 passengers, compared with 65 on a standard {{convert|40|ft|m|order=flip|adj=on}} bus.^[21]

Subway

The Toronto subway system consists of the Line 1 Yonge–University, a U-shaped mostly north–south line that was opened in 1954 and was last extended in 2017; Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, an east–west line that was opened in 1966 and was last extended in 1980; Line 3 Scarborough, a partly elevated light metro line that was opened in 1985 and continues from the Bloor–Danforth line's eastern terminus; and Line 4 Sheppard, which was opened in 2002.

The three subway lines are served by 678 cars grouped in trains of four cars on Line 4 Sheppard subway, and six cars on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. The three subway lines share non-revenue track connections and use the same technology. The two versions of subway trains in use today are the new Toronto Rockets on Lines 1 and 4 and the T1s on Line 2. Line 3 Scarborough has a fleet of 28 S-series cars grouped into trains of four cars each, and is not compatible with other subway lines, given that the S-series cars use standard gauge. It shares no track connections or equipment.

All subway lines provide service seven days a week from approximately 5:45 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. (the following day) (last train runs at approximately 1:45 in each direction) except for Sundays, in which the opening is delayed until approximately 8:00 a.m. During the overnight periods, the subway and its stations are closed to perform maintenance at track level and in the stations themselves. Overnight service is provided by buses and streetcars operating above ground. These overnight routes are issued numbers in the 300 series and are referred to as Blue Night routes, indicated by a typical TTC bus stop sign with a blue band added.

Line 5 Eglinton, which uses light rail vehicles, is under construction and is expected to open in 2021.^[22] It will run underground in the central part of the line between Keele Street and Laird Drive, with the remainder a surface LRT route which would span almost the entire length of the city, from Mt. Dennis in Etobicoke to Scarborough.

Streetcars

Toronto's streetcar system is one of the few in North America still operating along street-running tracks. It has been operating since the mid-19th century. Horsecar service started in 1861, and 600 V DC overhead electric service began in 1892. New TTC routes since the 1940s have generally been operated by other modes of transportation, and the less busy streetcar routes have also been converted. Streetcar routes are now focused on the downtown area, with none running farther north than St. Clair Avenue, 6 km from Lake Ontario.

Up to the 1980s, the TTC operated a fleet of 765 PCC-type streetcars, 540 of which it purchased new. The rest were purchased as other cities sold their PCC streetcar fleets.

The TTC's current fleet of streetcars consists of 248 Canadian Light Rail Vehicle and Articulated Light Rail Vehicle streetcars which are nearing the end of their useful life. The TTC ordered 204 new Flexity Outlook light rapid transit vehicles from Bombardier Transportation. The first of these new streetcars entered service on the 510 Spadina line on August 31, 2014. As more vehicles arrive, they will be rolled out onto more streetcar routes with full deployment expected by the end of 2019.^[23]

Services

Fares

Since March 1, 2015, children 12 and under have been able to ride the TTC for free. The TTC accepts cash, tickets (for students ages 13 to 19 and seniors 65 or older), tokens, Presto card and physical day and weekly passes. As of January 1, 2019, TTC monthly passes and the 12 month pass are only available on Presto, following the phase-out of the TTCs own physical monthly metropass and the metropass discount plan (MDP). Since January 3, 2016, the adult cash fare has been $3.25 for a single trip.^[24]^[25]^[26] The cost of tokens since April 1, 2019 has been $3.10. The Fair Pass program allows those eligible for ODSP or Ontario Works to receive a discount when using a Presto card.

TTC cash fare prices have risen faster than inflation since 1990. While the consumer price index (CPI) has risen at an annualized rate of 1.8% in Canada, TTC fares have increased at 4.5%.^[27]^[28]

For customers paying by cash, tickets or tokens, paper transfers are free for trips in one direction (with no stopovers or backtracks permitted) and are encouraged by the grid system of routes and by transfer terminals at many subway stations. Since August 26, 2018, Presto card holders have had access to a time-based transfer which allows for unlimited travel on all routes and in all directions for the cost of a single fare during a two-hour period.^[30]

Presto card

The Presto card is an electronic unified contactless smart card-based fare payment system for the TTC and other transit service providers throughout the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, as well as Ottawa. Users tap their card on a Presto card reader as they enter TTC subway stations or surface vehicles (bus or streetcar), and their fare is automatically paid through value already loaded on the card, or a pass or two-hour transfer on the card is validated, after which the card itself acts as proof-of-payment (POP) to present to TTC staff such as fare inspectors upon request, who carry hand-held devices to verify Presto fare payments. {{As of|2018|06|df=US}}, Presto card readers are available widely at the entrances of all subway stations and all TTC conventional buses and streetcars.^[31]^[32]

However, the Presto card cannot be used on contracted TTC bus routes operating outside of the City of Toronto, such as the 52B/52D Lawrence West buses which run into the city of Mississauga (operating on behalf of MiWay) and those that operate in York Region (operating on behalf of York Region Transit (YRT)) as the Presto fare card readers on TTC buses are only able to collect TTC fares, not from YRT or Miway.

Schedules and route information

Route information can be accessed through the TTC Info number (416) 393-INFO (393-4636). Individual route schedules are available online. Google Maps has supported the TTC since October 2010. Schedules for particular route are also usually posted at TTC transfer points, and trip planning services are available by phone.

Additional TTC information is circulated by "What's On" and "Rocket Rider/TTC Customer News" pamphlets on some vehicles. Information can be accessed in person at the TTC head office (Davisville station 1900 Yonge St.), as well as at a TTC Info Centre, which opened in 2018, at Union station.

On December 15, 2008, the TTC launched a new Next Vehicle Arrival System (NVAS)^[33] to indicate the time of arrival of the next vehicle along a given route. All TTC streetcars have been upgraded with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and now operate with NVIS.

Most subway stations are equipped with OneStop media screens that display the time until the next train, and other information. The next vehicle feature is available on LCD screens in all stations. Since mid-2011, all buses and streetcars have had the tracking feature enabled, accessible free online and by SMS for commuters.^[34]

On February 3, 2010, the TTC launched an online trip planner, which allows commuters to plan their routes and transfers on the TTC's website. However, since its launch, the trip planner has remained in beta mode with many bugs remaining to be fixed.^[35] On October 2010, the TTC integrated its trip planner with Google Maps.^[36] Transit information in Toronto was available in Apple Maps since the release of iOS 9, when the company first launched support for public transit data.^[37]

Connecting transit

The TTC connects with other transit systems of the Greater Toronto Area. GO Transit, MiWay, York Region Transit, Viva Rapid Transit, Brampton Transit, and Durham Region Transit are connected to the TTC via some of Toronto's subway stations, GO Transit's commuter rail stations, and other hubs like Toronto Pearson International Airport. In addition to Union Station, there are 6 other stations where the TTC subway network and GO Transit commuter rail lines intersect.^[38]

Some bus routes of the surrounding local transit agencies run on Toronto streets along with TTC buses, mainly to reach TTC subway stations. Examples of this include YRT and Viva buses plying Yonge Street en route to Finch Bus Terminal and MiWay buses plying various streets in Etobicoke en route to Islington station. However, by law, other local transit agencies are prohibited from carrying passengers wholly within the City of Toronto. Therefore, YRT and MiWay buses can only drop off passengers inbound and pick up passengers outbound while within the boundaries of Toronto. As these systems have separate fares from the TTC, regional buses that use fare-paid TTC bus terminals at subway stations drop off passengers on-street outside the stations. Boarding is done inside the terminals, and riders pay the suburban transit fare upon entering buses.

Via Rail and Amtrak connect with the TTC at Union Station, while Greyhound intercity buses also connect with the TTC at the Toronto Coach, Scarborough Centre and Yorkdale terminals.

Cellular and Wi-Fi connectivity

The communication system used by surface vehicles is called the Communications and Information System.^[39]^[40] It was piloted in the 1970s, implemented in 1991, and is now deployed on all TTC surface vehicles.

Wi-Fi service is provided at all TTC subway stations through the TCONNECT Wi-Fi network provided by BAI Canada. The service is supported by advertising and is free for users. {{As of|2017|08}}, the Wi-Fi network was installed at all existing stations and will be available in all future stations.^[41]

From early December 2015 to late January 2016, commuters had to sign on to Twitter, through a sponsorship deal with the social media network, in order to use the subway stations' Wi-Fi network.^[42] This arrangement was resumed on an optional basis from July 2016 to late November/early December 2016.

On June 17, 2015, the TTC announced that Wind Mobile (later renamed Freedom Mobile) customers could access cellular connectivity at some TTC subway stations.^[43] BAI Canada has built a shared Wi-Fi and cellular infrastructure for the TTC that allows any wireless carrier to sign on and provide underground cellular service to their customers. As of December 2017, BAI Canada's cellular DAS is operational at all 75 TTC stations.^[44]

Freedom Mobile users also have Wi-Fi and cellular coverage in the tunnels between Vaughan Metropolitan Centre and Sheppard West stations and between Bloor–Yonge and King stations.^[45]

Accessibility

The Wheel-Trans door-to-door service has been available since the mid-1970s. Since the 1990s, the TTC has focused on providing accessible services on conventional bus routes, the RT and subway. 45 of the 75 stations on Lines 1, 2, and 3 are wheel-chair accessible are equipped with elevators, and all stations on Line 4 are fully accessible. In December 2011, all bus routes became accessible with the retirement of the commission's last inaccessible buses.^[46] On August 31, 2014, the commission launched its new fleet of low-floor Bombardier's Flexity Outlook streetcars, which are replacing the commission's non-accessible high-floor CLRV/ALRV vehicles by 2020.

As per Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilites Act (AODA) guidelines, all surface vehicles and subway trains have been equipped with the on-board Automatic Next Stop Announcement System since February 2008. It operates over speakers indicating the next stop. A digital orange LED board on streetcars and buses as well as the Toronto Rocket subway trains display the name of the upcoming streets/stations as the vehicle progresses on its route.

All of the TTC's newer Flexity Outlook streetcars are equipped with external speakers that play automated announcements of the route and destination of vehicle travel. They have also been installed on most TTC buses and older CLRV and ALRV streetcars and are now being gradually phased in across the subway fleet (mainly used on Line 3 Scarborough and Line 4 Sheppard).

Infrastructure

Stations, stops and terminals

Most TTC surface routes terminate at loops, side streets or subway station complexes. The TTC system is one of the few mass transit systems in Canada where many surface routes can be accessed inside a paid-fare zone common to other routes or subway lines. This feature allows boarding via the back doors at terminals, reduces the usage of paper transfers, and the need of operators to check for proof-of-payment. However, if people are caught entering fare-paid terminals illegally from the street, they could be fined $500 for fare evasion.

The shelters in the system are installed and maintained under contracts with Astral Media (now owned by Bell Media) (with CBS Outdoor since 2006 and previously Viacom Media) and Toronto Transportation Services.^[47] Approximately 4,100 shelters are managed by Toronto Transportation. Some shelters are solar powered and include next vehicle arrival displays.

There are 10 sets (men and women) of public washrooms located on the TTC system, all at subway stations that are major transfer points, at the ends of subway lines, or at the former ends of subway lines.^[49] All (with the exception of Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station) are located within the paid fare area and thus available only to TTC commuters.

Headquarters and facilities

TTC buses and streetcars are operated out of a number of garages and carhouses located around the city and are serviced at several other facilities. The surface routes are divided into several divisions. Individual divisions have a manager, an on-duty mobile supervisor, a CIS communications centre, and a garage facility tasked with managing the division's vehicle fleet and routes.

TTC Head Office is in the William McBrien Building, located at 1900 Yonge Street at Davisville Avenue, which opened in 1957. The previous TTC Headquarters was at Yonge and Front Streets in the Toronto Board of Trade Building.

There are plans to relocate the HQ to a yet-to-be-built site at 4050 Yonge Street near York Mills Road. The site is a commuter parking lot with a TTC entrance to York Mills station. Build Toronto is charged with helping the commission relocate, but it is facing political opposition from many mayoral candidates.^[50]

Commuter parking lots

The Toronto Parking Authority on behalf of the TTC operates 30 commuter parking lots, all at subway stations, with a total of 13,981 parking spaces. Effective April 1, 2009, it eliminated free parking for Metropass holders. All passengers using parking facilities during peak hours must now pay for the service.^[51] The rates vary by location from $2.00 to $7.00 between 5:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. on weekdays, with lots offering discounted or free parking at other times.^[52] All TTC-owned lots are open (uncovered) parking lots, however certain lots are located in covered garages, such as the Yorkdale lot which is located in the titular shopping centre's underground parking garage.

Safety

Safety programs

Crisis Link

In June 2011, the TTC announced a new suicide prevention program called "Crisis Link" aimed at people who are in a station and in immediate danger of performing self-harm. Special speed dial buttons have been installed on pay phones in station Designated Waiting Areas that "link" the caller to a 24-hour crisis counselling service provided by Distress Centres of Toronto. Signage has also been placed in high risk areas of the station platform directing those at risk to use the service. The program includes 141 speed dial buttons on the system's payphones and 200 posters placed on station platforms.^[56]

ThisIsWhere initiative and mobile app

In September 2017, the TTC created an iOS and Android app called ThisIsWhere that allows users to report harassment and other personal safety incidents to the TTC.^[57]^[58]

TTC By-law No. 1

The TTC's By-law No. 1 is a by-law governing the actions of passengers and employees while on Commission property. It can be enforced by a "proper authority" which is defined in the by-law as: "an employee or agent of the TTC wearing a TTC uniform; an employee or agent of the TTC carrying an identification card issued by the TTC; or a municipal police officer."^[59] The by-law covers rules regarding fare payment and conduct while in the system. Effective October 12, 2009, a revised version of the by-law has been issued. Revisions include the restriction of placing feet or "any object that may soil" on seats, the prohibition of using offensive language (including the user-generated displays at Pioneer Village station, which is an art display called LightSpell),^[60] and the provision that one must give up their seat to a person with a disability in priority seating areas.

Transit Enforcement Unit

From 1997 to 2011, the TTC employed Special Constables that were responsible for safety and security and had similar policing powers to Toronto Police Service officers. During the phase out of the Special Constables, the Toronto Police reinstated its Transit Patrol Unit, which had been cancelled in the mid-1990s. The Special Constables were replaced by bylaw enforcement officers known as Transit Enforcement Officers, as part of the TTC's Transit Enforcement Unit.

The negotiation between TTC and the Toronto Police Services Board took place in 2013 resulting in restored Special Constable Status and Peace Officer Authority.

OneStop media system

The TTC, in partnership with Pattison OneStop (formerly OneStop Media Group), have installed large LCD television screens in most subway stations throughout the system except on Line 3 Scarborough and at the new Toronto–York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) stations. The new media system replaced the old "Subway Online" system, which has been decommissioned.

The signs feature advertising, news headlines and weather information. From its inception in 2005 until December 31, 2017, the news feed and advertising for television programs were supplied under a contract with Bell Media's 24-hour local television news service, CP24. Since January 1, 2018, the service has been provided by Global Television Network's Toronto television station CIII-DT, which is owned by Corus Entertainment.^[61] The signs also provide TTC-specific information regarding service changes and delays, information pertaining to using the system, and Toronto Police Service alerts about suspects.^[62]^[63] The system can also be used when an Amber Alert is issued, which also may include announcements via the PA system.

In September 2008, Dundas station was the first to feature a "Next Train" announcement integrated into the signage. The system has been expanded to many other stations since its initial roll out.^[64] Since mid-July 2009, the majority of stations have been equipped with this service and since January 2018 – coinciding with a content provider switch from CP24 to Global News – the next train arrival time notices were also updated to provide the line number and the destination of the next train. The new TYSSE stations have screens that display the arrival times for the next two or three trains. Unlike the older screens, these screens do not display news and weather headlines provided by Global News.

Communications

The TTC uses three primary voice and data communication systems. The first is the system used by Operations, Security and Maintenance. This system operates on five UHF conventional frequencies. Channels 1, 3, 4 and 5 are used for day-to-day operations, while Channel 2 is reserved for the Wheel-Trans service.

The second system, the Communications and Information System (CIS), is used by buses and streetcars, and employs transmission facilities throughout the city. Conceived in the late 1970s and fully implemented in 1991, it consists of a computer unit on board each bus and streetcar, called the Transit Radio Unified Microprocessor (TRUMP). This is attached to a transponder receiver, which allows CIS operators to track the location of the vehicle using a computational system known as dead reckoning. The TRUMP unit also allows vehicle and CIS operators to send and receive text messages for such things as short turns and route adjustments. There is also the option of voice-based communication between the vehicle and CIS operators. With the introduction of NextBus technology to provide real-time arrival information, the CIS has been updated to use a combination of GPS data and the previous dead reckoning (signpost-based) system. In the event that internally managed TTC communications are unavailable, the TRUMP unit operates on Bell Mobility's CDMA network to communicate with divisional operations and transit control.

In 2012, the TTC began research into transitioning from the outdated and antiquated CIS to a newer computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system. Utilizing this technology would help improve headways, provide more reliable communications and allow divisional supervisors to locate vehicles in real time (the current GPS system only sends location updates every 20 seconds). Implementation of the system, later named the Vehicle Information System & Integrated Operations Network (VISION), began in 2016,^[65] with the contract for associated equipment awarded to Clever Devices ULC.^[66] After extensive testing, deployment of VISION on vehicles in revenue service began in the summer of 2018, with plans to fully equip the entire bus and streetcar fleet by 2019.^[67]

The third system, known as the "wayside system", consists of UHF MPT-1327 Trunking radio sets used by the three heavy-rail subway lines. They replaced older devices which communicated by the third rail, and are divided into separate systems representing their respective subway lines. This trunking system allows Transit Control to communicate directly with a single train, a zone encompassing several trains, or the entire line. (Line 3 Scarborough uses a single channel UHF system, much the same as the system used by operations staff.)

All of these systems can be monitored by a scanner capable of the UHF Low band (406–430 MHz).^[68] Numeric codes—often referring to people or positions (299 Bloor – Subway Line mechanic at Bloor)—are also announced through the radio and/or the overhead paging system. The TTC also has several "Plans" ("Plan A" through "Plan G")^[69] that are used in emergencies but are not announced on the PA system and only referred to on the radio.^[70]

Management and personnel

The day-to-day operations of the TTC are managed by the chief executive officer (formerly the chief general manager or CGM); Richard Leary holds this position on an interim basis.^[71] The TTC executive is led by the chair of the TTC board.

Current management board

Station managers

Lines 2 Bloor–Danforth and 3 Scarborough

Lines 1 Yonge–University and 4 Sheppard

The TTC has more than 12,000 employees. Most are operators, however the Commission also employs supervisors, custodians and a wide range of skilled trades people who work on vehicles and critical subway and surface infrastructure.

Labour disputes

Unionized workers of the TTC workers have performed strike actions numerous times since 1952. At the request of Mayor Rob Ford and Toronto City Council, on March 30, 2011, the Province of Ontario passed legislation classifying the TTC an essential service, which removed the employees' right to strike.^[73]

Other

In 2018, as a result of their involvement in a health insurance scam involving Healthy Fit, 223 employees were dismissed or forced to retire early, while ten faced criminal charges.^[74]^[75]

Subsidiaries

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2015/Section_One.jsp |title=TTC Section One |website=ttc.ca |access-date=9 January 2019}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/rick-leary-to-be-next-ttc-ceo-city-s-transit-chair-confirms-1.4740814 |title=Rick Leary to be next TTC CEO, city's transit chair confirms |date=July 10, 2018 |access-date=September 8, 2018 |author= |work=CBC News}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/2014/Section_One.jsp |title=TTC Operating Statistics, 2014, Section One |website=ttc.ca |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=December 10, 2015}}
4. ^{{cite news |last=Fife |first=Robert |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1122072619227_40/?hub=CTVNewsAt11 |title=Toronto transit chief says searches unlikely |date=July 24, 2005| access-date=December 27, 2014 |publisher=CTV.ca}}
5. ^{{cite news |last=Lakey |first=Jack |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2008/03/08/sick_transit_ttc_dirty_leaky_decaying.html |title=Sick transit: TTC dirty, leaky, decaying |date=March 8, 2008 |work=Toronto Star| access-date=December 27, 2014}}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Kalinowski |first=Tess |title=Toronto's new subway trains delayed |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2010/12/23/torontos_new_subway_trains_delayed.html |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=December 23, 2010| access-date=December 27, 2014}}
7. ^TTC annual reports
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Operating_Statistics/index.jsp |title=TTC Operating Statistics |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=September 19, 2011}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Coupler/2008/Coupler_April_2008/Funding_agreement_arrives_by_Malvern_bus.jsp |title=TTC Operating Statistics |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission}}
10. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.blogto.com/city/2011/12/is_the_ttc_the_priciest_transit_system_in_north_america/ |title=Is the TTC the priciest transit system in North America? |work=Blogto.com |date=December 17, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/budget2012/pdf/op12_an_ttc.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925221547/http://www.toronto.ca/budget2012/pdf/op12_an_ttc.pdf |archivedate=September 25, 2013 |title=City Budget 2012: Toronto Transit Commission Operating Budget Analyst Notes |format=PDF |publisher=City of Toronto |date=November 28, 2011 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stm.info/en-bref/budget2011.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214062849/http://www.stm.info/en-bref/budget2011.pdf |archivedate=December 14, 2010 |title=Budget 2011 en bref |publisher=Société de transport de Montréal |page=7 |format=PDF |date=November 29, 2010 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
13. ^ {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
14. ^{{cite web |last=Dotan |first=Hamutal |url=http://torontoist.com/2011/12/unless-city-transfers-more-money-ttc-will-need-to-hike-fares-10-cents%E2%80%94every-year-for-the-next-four-years/ |title=Unless City Transfers More Money, TTC Will Need to Hike Fares 10 Cents—Every Year for the Next Four Years | news |publisher=Torontoist |date=December 11, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/postings/gso-comrpt/documents/minute/f213/1896M-April_23-08.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055728/http://www.ttc.ca/postings/gso-comrpt/documents/minute/f213/1896M-April_23-08.pdf |archivedate=August 7, 2011 |title=TTC Commission Meetings |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
16. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2008/10/18/ttc_going_diesel_again_after_hybrid_bus_glitch.html |work=Toronto Star |first=Tess |last=Kalinowski |title=TTC going diesel again after hybrid bus glitch |date=October 18, 2008 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
17. ^{{cite web |title=TTC Funding agreement arrives by Malvern bus |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Coupler/2008/Coupler_April_2008/Funding_agreement_arrives_by_Malvern_bus.jsp |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=April 2008 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.orionbus.com/orion/0-867-1232394-1-1234917-1-0-0-0-0-1-10595-584008-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710094044/http://www.orionbus.com/orion/0-867-1232394-1-1234917-1-0-0-0-0-1-10595-584008-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |archivedate=July 10, 2012 |title=Orion International – ProductsOrion VII |publisher=Orion International |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
19. ^{{cite news |last1=Kitching |first1=Chris |title=TTC rolls out articulated buses on 7 Bathurst route |url=http://www.cp24.com/news/ttc-rolls-out-articulated-buses-on-7-bathurst-route-1.1601984 |work=CP24 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}
20. ^{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Diana |title=Five things to know about the TTC's new 'bendy' buses hitting the road this winter |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/03/five-things-to-know-about-the-ttcs-new-bendy-buses-hitting-the-road-this-winter/ |work=National Post |access-date=July 12, 2014}}
21. ^{{cite web |last=Kalinowski |first=Tess |title=No new lines, but some GTA transit improvements on track this year |date=January 2, 2013 |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2013/01/02/no_new_lines_but_some_gta_transit_improvements_on_track_this_year.html |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
22. ^{{Cite news |url=https://news.ontario.ca/mto/en/2017/08/ontario-reaches-major-milestone-on-eglinton-crosstown-lrt-construction.html |title=Ontario Reaches Major Milestone on Eglinton Crosstown LRT Construction |work=news.ontario.ca |access-date=November 30, 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects_and_initiatives/New_Streetcars/index.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025130746/http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects_and_initiatives/New_Streetcars/index.jsp |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |title=New Streetcars: Meet your new ride |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=September 2012 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
24. ^{{cite news |title=TTC approves 10 cent fare hike |url=http://www.citynews.ca/2011/12/14/ttc-approves-10-cent-fare-hike/ |work=CityNews |date=December 14, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}
25. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2011/12/14/ttc_approves_10cent_fare_hike.html |work=Toronto Star |first=Paul |last=Moloney |title=TTC approves 10-cent fare hike |date=December 27, 2014}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/2017_TTC_Budget.jsp |title=2017 TTC Fare Increase |website=ttc.ca |access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003231/http://ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/2017_TTC_Budget.jsp|archive-date=January 3, 2017|dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary (1994 to 2013) |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.transitstop.net/Stats/ttc_fares_from_1973_to_present.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004044223/http://www.transitstop.net/Stats/ttc_fares_from_1973_to_present.htm |archivedate=October 4, 2012 |title=TTC Fares from 1969 to Present |publisher=Transitstop.net |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
29. ^¹{{cite web |title=TTC Prices |url=http://ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=January 1, 2019}}
30. ^http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/PRESTO/Two-Hour_Transfer.jsp
31. ^{{Cite web |title=PRESTO Fare System |url=https://ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Presto_Fare_System/index.jsp |website=ttc.ca |access-date = September 21, 2016 |date=September 21, 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/3146526/presto-fare-card-system-now-operating-across-the-ttc/ |title=PRESTO fare card system now operating across the TTC |website=Globalnews.ca |access-date=December 30, 2017}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects_and_initiatives/Customer_Information_Initiatives/Next_vehicle_information_system/index.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408024251/http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects_and_initiatives/Customer_Information_Initiatives/Next_vehicle_information_system/index.jsp |archivedate=April 8, 2009 |title=TTC Next Vehicle Information System |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/07/11/nextbus-lets-ttc-riders-track-buses-by-gps/ |title=Updated: NextBus lets TTC riders track buses by GPS |first=Aileen |last=Donnelly |work=National Post |date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
35. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/2010/February/02_02_Trip_Planner.jsp |title=A new way to plan your TTC trip — User feedback sought as TTC unveils beta trip planner |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=February 2, 2010 |access-date=January 28, 2015}}
36. ^{{cite press release |title=Google Transit adds TTC to trip planning feature |url=https://www.ttc.ca/News/2010/October/Oct_12_google_Open_data.jsp |date=October 12, 2010 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=January 28, 2015}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/a-first-look-at-ios-9s-transit-in-apple-maps |title=A First Look at iOS 9's Transit in Apple Maps (Updated for watchOS 2) |website=Ilounge.com |access-date=December 30, 2017}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/regional/2108.shtml |website=Transit Toronto |access-date=July 5, 2017 |title=GO Train/Toronto Subway Connections Current and Proposed |last=Bow |first=James}}
39. ^{{cite conference |last1=Catton |first1=F. D. |last2=Berney |first2=L. G. |date=1980 |title=Toronto Transit Commission communications and information system evaluation of operationa tests |book-title=30th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference |conference=VTC30 |pages=352–556 |doi=10.1109/VTC.1980.1622833}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://mobile.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2013/April_24/Reports/PAA_-_Communications.pdf |title=PROCUREMENT AUTHORIZATION AMENDMENT – COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEM (CIS) CELLULAR SERVICES |date=April 24, 2013 | access-date=April 10, 2015}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/Customer_Service/Station_WiFi/index.jsp |title=Wi-Fi In Our Stations |website=ttc.ca |access-date=December 30, 2017}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/News/2015/December/1204-wifi_4_stations.jsp |title=Wi-Fi expands to four more TTC subway stations |website=ttc.ca |access-date=December 30, 2017}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/News/2015/June/061715_cellservice.jsp |title=TTC, BAI Canada & WIND Mobile launch cellular service underground |website=ttc.ca |access-date=December 30, 2017}}
44. ^{{Cite web |url=http://baicanada.com/bai-canada-ttc-deliver-complete-subway-cellular-connectivity-freedom-customers-first-to-benefit/ |title=BAI Canada & TTC Deliver Complete Subway Cellular Connectivity: Freedom Customers First To Benefit {{!}} BAI Canada|website=baicanada.com |access-date=2018-01-10}}
45. ^https://www.freedommobile.ca/network-and-coverage/transit-coverage
46. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/2011/December/1220_All_170_Bus_Routes_Accessible.jsp |title=TTC All 170 TTC bus routes now accessible |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=December 20, 2011 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
47. ^{{cite web |last=Lakey |first=Jack |url=https://www.thestar.com/yourtoronto/the_fixer/2013/01/17/the_fixer_say_goodbye_to_onesided_transit_shelters.html |title=The Fixer: Say goodbye to one-sided transit shelters |work=Toronto Star |date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.transitstop.net/gallery3.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211223459/http://www.transitstop.net/gallery3.htm |archivedate=December 11, 2011 |title=TTC Bus Shelters |work=Transitstop.net |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/PDF/About_the_TTC/Commission_Meetings/Chief_Executive_Officers_Report_-_Period_5_(April_29_to_May_.pdf |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |title=Chief Executive Officer's Report |date=August 10, 2012 |page=5 |access-date=January 28, 2015}}
50. ^{{cite news |last=Grant |first=Kelly |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/proposal-for-new-ttc-headquarters-draws-flak/article1558470/ |title=Proposal for new TTC Headquarters draws flak |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |date=May 6, 2010 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
51. ^{{cite press release |title=TTC to end free commuter parking for Metropass holders |url=https://www.ttc.ca/News/2008/September/TTC_to_end_free_commuter_parking_for_Metropass_holders.jsp |date=September 26, 2008 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission| access-date=January 28, 2015}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Parking/index.jsp |title=TTC Parking |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=February 19, 2012}}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://queerontario.org/request-stop/ |title=Letter to Councillor Karen Stintz regarding the TTC's Request Stop Program |publisher=QueerOntario |date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
54. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/News/2009/March/TTC_and_Toronto_EMS_place_more_paramedics_in_Toronto_subwa.jsp |title=TTC and Toronto EMS place more paramedics in Toronto's subway system |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}
55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=FrontPage&articleID=1055 |title=The TTC is watching you on the bus, the subway |publisher=The Gazette |date=October 25, 2007 |access-date=February 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611181807/http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=FrontPage&articleID=1055 |archivedate=June 11, 2011}}
56. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/News/2011/June/TTC_Distress_Centres_of_Toronto_Bell_Canada_partner_suicide_.jsp |title=TTC, Distress Centres of Toronto, Bell Canada partner in new suicide prevention program |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=June 16, 2011 |access-date=January 28, 2015}}
57. ^{{cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/News/2017/September/09_06_17NR_ThisIsWhere.jsp |title=TTC launches initiative to combat harassment and improve safety |date=September 6, 2017 |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=ttc.ca |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission}}
58. ^{{cite web |url=http://thisiswhere.ca |title=ThisIsWhere |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=December 12, 2017}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/TTC_Bylaws/index.jsp |title=TTC By-law No. 1 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |date=December 7, 1990 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
60. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/12/22/ttc-backtracks-on-500000-station-art-installation.html |title=TTC backtracks on $500,000 station art installation |newspaper=Toronto Star |first=Ainslie |last=Cruickshank |date={{date|2017-12-22|mdy}} |access-date={{date|2017-12-22|mdy}}}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3964710/global-news-ttc-screens/ |title=Global News named content provider for TTC screens by PATTISON Onestop |website=globalnews.ca}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.222tips.com/index.php?pt=news&sec=4&sub=1076 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802112236/http://www.222tips.com/index.php?pt=news&sec=4&sub=1076 |archivedate=August 2, 2007 |title=Toronto Crime Stoppers Launches 'UNDERGROUND ALERT' |date=June 12, 2007 |publisher=Toronto Crime Stoppers |access-date=July 21, 2007}}
63. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.citynews.ca/2007/06/12/wanted-criminals-to-show-up-on-subway-monitors/ |work=CityNews |title=Wanted Criminals To Show Up On Subway Monitors |access-date=December 27, 2014 |date=June 12, 2007}}
64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Media_releases/TTC_begins_rollout_of_next_train_arrival_signs.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002044429/http://www3.ttc.ca/Media_releases/TTC_begins_rollout_of_next_train_arrival_signs.jsp |archivedate=October 2, 2008 |title=TTC begins rollout of next train arrival signs |date=September 3, 2008 |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
65. ^https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2016/January_21/Reports/Presentation_Vision_Program.pdf
66. ^https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2017/February_21/Reports/6_Presentation_VISION_Program_Update.pdf
67. ^https://www.ttc.ca/Coupler/PDFs/TTC%20Corporate%20Plan%202018-2022.pdf
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/spare/0018.shtml |publisher=Transit Toronto |title=TTC radio – some background information |first=John |last=Lennox |date=November 10, 2006 |access-date=July 21, 2007}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/5013.shtml |publisher=Transit Toronto |title=What do all those TTC emergency plans mean? |date=September 29, 2009 |access-date=October 9, 2009}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/subway/5007.shtml |title=Subway/RT P.A. Code Numbers |access-date=July 21, 2007 |date=November 10, 2006 |publisher=Transit Toronto}}
71. ^{{cite web |url=http://toronto.citynews.ca/2017/11/21/interim-ttc-ceo-rick-leary/ |title=Who is interim TTC CEO Rick Leary? |date=November 21, 2017 |access-date=December 31, 2017 |author= |work=CityNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231205149/http://toronto.citynews.ca/2017/11/21/interim-ttc-ceo-rick-leary/ |archive-date=December 31, 2017 |dead-url=no}}
72. ^{{cite news |last=Walton |first=Tara |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2013/04/18/meet_your_ttc_station_managers.html |title=Meet your TTC station managers |work=Toronto Star |date=April 18, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
73. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/03/30/ontario_bans_strikes_by_the_ttc.html |work=Toronto Star |first1=Rob |last1=Ferguson |first2=Tess |last2=Kalinowski |title=Ontario bans strikes by the TTC |date=March 30, 2011 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}
74. ^{{cite web |url=https://torontolife.com/city/crime/great-ttc-fraud/ |title=The true story of the fraudsters that fleeced the TTC for $6{{nbsp}}million and counting |date=March 20, 2018 |website=torontolife.com}}
75. ^{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4086401/ttc-benefits-fraud-investigation-update/ |title=More than 200 people dismissed amid TTC benefits fraud investigation: officials |website=globalnews.ca}}