“Torsten Hägerstrand”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Torsten Hägerstrand

释义

Early life
Academic career
Legacy
Honors
Key publications
See also
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Torsten Hägerstrand
| image = Torsten_Haegerstrand.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Hägerstrand in 1991
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|10|11}}
| birth_place = Moheda, Sweden
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|05|04|1916|10|11}}
| death_place = Lund, Sweden
| residence = Sweden
| citizenship = Sweden
| nationality = Swedish
| ethnicity =
| field = Geography
| work_institutions = Lund University
| alma_mater = Lund University
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Time geography
Human migration
Cultural diffusion
| prizes = Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud
Outstanding Achievement Award from the Association of American Geographers
Victoria Medal (1979)
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}

Torsten Hägerstrand (October 11, 1916, Moheda – May 3, 2004, Lund) was a Swedish geographer. He is known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography.

A native and resident of Sweden, Hägerstrand was a professor (later professor emeritus) of geography at Lund University, where he received his doctorate in 1953. His doctoral research was on cultural diffusion. His research has helped to make Sweden, and particularly Lund, a major center of innovative work in cultural geography.^[1] He also influenced the practice of spatial planning in Sweden through his students.^[2]

Early life

Hägerstrand's father was a teacher at a remote elementary school and the family lived at the school. Hägerstrand recalled that his early education was based on the pedagogical ideas of Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi. Several of Hägerstrand's students speculated that his holistic and visionary thinking was rooted in his early education:^[3]

He was taught local geography, history and folklore at home in the Pestalozzi tradition which was being introduced at that time. Cartography, geology, botany and agronomy were all interrelated parts of a more holistic understanding of processes within a spatial area. To start with, children learned about their immediate environment (e.g., the school room and the farm), then about the village, and gradually the whole district. As a pupil of Hägerstrand, it is easy for me to recognize parts of this tradition which later became what we today would refer to as an 'integrative perspective'.^[4]

Academic career

Hägerstrand entered Lund University in 1937. His 1953 doctoral thesis Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process gained fame for its innovative use of Monte Carlo simulation of demographic development.^[5] It showed how dynamic, incremental simulation of spatial processes could be used at the spatial scale of the individual as well as large spatial aggregates. Forty years later, geographer Andrew Cliff remarked on the foresight of Hägerstrand's methodology: "Bearing in mind that much of the research upon which the book is based dates from a time when computers were almost nonexistent, let alone used by geographers, it is remarkable that the simulation methodology which is so critically dependent upon computing power should have been contemplated."^[6]

Hägerstrand's research was aided by developments at Lund University, notably the establishment of the Siffermaskinen i Lund (SMIL), one of Sweden's first computers.^[7] Hägerstrand noted that the Swedish computer scientist Carl-Erik Fröberg, who had been Hägerstrand's "school-mate since secondary school",^[7] had introduced him to the Monte Carlo method that would define his doctoral thesis, following a trip by Fröberg and other young Swedish scientists to the United States, a trip that was financed by the Swedish government's project to build its own computer.^[7]

In 1969, he presented a paper titled "What about People in Regional Science?" to the European Congress of the Regional Science Association in Copenhagen, Denmark.^[8] This paper, published in 1970, developed two concepts:

The need to study the individual in order to understand social and group practices. Modern cultural geographers commonly now study everyday practices on an individualistic basis, in order to understand larger scale patterns. The study of just groups creates a homogenization of reality and hides the truth.
A link between space and time that had previously been poorly developed. Historically, social scientists had treated time as a relevant but external factor to spatial features. Hägerstrand's early work on innovation diffusion (studying the geographical spread of new technologies) made him realise that the two, though separate, were not independent of each other; they have what French theorist Henri Lefebvre would call a dialectical relationship.

Legacy

Hägerstrand's initial work was primarily quantitative, which is important as the discipline of geography was, when he published his first paper in 1942, a highly descriptive subject.^[9] In the 1950s he was a pioneer of geocoding statistical primary data.^[10] He developed models and statistical techniques, such as the time–space cube and time–space prism, which later became important in the development of geographic information systems that process and visualize movement data.^[11] His work informed the likes of Allan Pred and Nigel Thrift, who helped take it to the English speaking world.^[12]

Hägerstrand's work contributed to the introduction of humanistic thought into geography, which led to the development of critical geography.^[13] While his early work was largely quantitative, Hägerstrand's later work paid closer attention to notions of embodiment and emotion.^[14] Still, his methods were critiqued by feminist geographer Gillian Rose, who claimed that his models showed a masculine and falsely-ordered view of the world.^[15] More recent geographers have tried to combine time geography with the qualitative research and affective phenomenology of feminist geography.^[16]

Development of Hägerstrand's work has continued to form part of the basis for non-representational theory, and a reappraisal of his work by new generations of social scientists^[17] and biologists^[18] means that he remains an influential thinker today. In 2005, Nigel Thrift summarized five benefits of Hägerstrand's time geography for contemporary social science:

First, it provides a sense of concreteness, of the power of 'thereness', and it does so in a way—visually—that is still the preserve of too few social theorists. All those intricate diagrams were, in part, an attempt to describe the pragmatics of events, a theme which has now, in the work of writers like Deleuze, become fashionable in the social sciences and humanities but, at the time at which Hägerstrand was working, tended to be restricted to the field of philosophy, except for the work of social interactionists and ethnomethodologists which was often very imperfectly understood by other than a relatively small coterie of enthusiasts. Secondly, Hägerstrand's work was an attack on the Durkheimian idea that space and time were social categories, collective representations which both derived from society and also dictated to society. [...] Time-geography makes it possible to go beyond social constructionism by emphasizing the physical constraints on human action and the wider networks of competing opportunities that they set up which act to steer situations. [...] Thirdly, and as a directly related point, those time-geographic diagrams did something else too. They radically lessened the distinction between humans and other objects. They provided a kind of neutrality of representation, even a democracy of description, of the world. [...] Fourthly, Hägerstrand's work espoused a geographical ethics, centred on the wise use of space and time. Although Hägerstrand would often use economic metaphors to describe that wisdom in the use of space and time, I am sure that he meant something broader and more encompassing which it seems to me to be well worth keeping hold of, a kind of democratic ethos of the cardinal dimensions, a conviviality in the use of space and time. Fifthly, Hägerstrand provided a language which could register the world in different ways. Perhaps one way of looking at Hägerstrand's work is as a means of saying 'hello' in a language many can understand: drawing as a kind of visual Esperanto.^[19]

Honors

He received honorary doctorates from University of Bergen, Norwegian school of economics and business administration, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University of Bristol, University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow and Ohio State University. The commendation accompanying the honorary degree at Ohio State University noted that "his work on innovation diffusion, carried out in the 1950s and 1960s, continues to be cited as a standard against which current research is measured" and that "this distinguished individual...inspired a generation of scholars around the world."

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Finnish Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and a member of Société de Géographie in France. He was also one of the founding members of Academia Europaea.

In 1968 Professor Hägerstrand was awarded the Charles P. Daly Medal of the American Geographical Society and in 1968 received an Outstanding Achievement Award from the Association of American Geographers. In 1979 he received the Victoria Medal from the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1992 Torsten Hägerstrand was awarded Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, the highest award in the geography research field.

Key publications

{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1952 |title=The propagation of innovation waves |series=Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 4 |location=Lund |publisher=Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography |oclc=254752 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |date=1955 |title=Statistiska primäruppgifter, flygkartering och "data processing"-maskiner: ett kombineringsprojekt |language=Swedish |journal=Svensk Geografisk Årsbok |issue=31 |pages=233–255 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |editor1-last=Hannerberg |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hägerstrand |editor2-first=Torsten |editor2-link=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1957 |title=Migration in Sweden: a symposium |series=Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 13 |location=Lund |publisher=CWK Gleerup |oclc=170619 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1967 |origyear=1953 |title=Innovation diffusion as a spatial process |others=Postscript and translation by Allan Pred; Translated with the assistance of Greta Haag |trans-title=Innovationsförloppet ur korologisk synpunkt |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |oclc=536383 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |date=December 1967 |title=The computer and the geographer |journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers |issue=42 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.2307/621369 |ref=harv|jstor=621369 }}
{{cite journal |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1970 |title=What about people in regional science? |journal=Papers of the Regional Science Association |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=6–21 |doi=10.1007/BF01936872 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1973 |title=On the definition of migration |others=Scandinavian population studies |series=Rapporter och notiser, 9 |location=Lund |publisher=Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution |oclc=185647319 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1973 |chapter=The domain of human geography |editor-last=Chorley |editor-first=Richard J |title=Directions in geography |location=London |publisher=Methuen |pages=67–87 |isbn=978-0416608304 |oclc=789168 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1974 |chapter=Ecology under one perspective |editor1-last=Bylund |editor1-first=Erik |editor2-last=Linderholm |editor2-first=Håkan |editor3-last=Rune |editor3-first=Olof |title=Ecological problems of the circumpolar area: papers from the international symposium at Luleå, Sweden, June 28–29, 1971 |location=Luleå |publisher=Norrbottens Museum |pages=271–276 |oclc=3035384 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1974 |title=The impact of transport on the quality of life |series=Rapporter och notiser, 13 |location=Lund |publisher=Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution |oclc=185647393 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1975 |chapter=Space, time and human conditions |editor1-last=Karlqvist |editor1-first=Anders |editor2-last=Lundqvist |editor2-first=Lars |editor3-last=Snickars |editor3-first=Folke |title=Dynamic allocation of urban space |location=Lexington, MA |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=3–14 |isbn=978-0347010528 |oclc=1364735 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1976 |title=Geography and the study of interaction between nature and society |journal=Geoforum |volume=7 |issue=5–6 |pages=329–334 |doi=10.1016/0016-7185(76)90063-4 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1978 |chapter=Survival and arena: on the life-history of individuals in relation to their geographical environment |editor1-last=Carlstein |editor1-first=Tommy |editor2-last=Parkes |editor2-first=Don |editor3-last=Thrift |editor3-first=Nigel J |editor3-link=Nigel Thrift |title=Human activity and time geography |series=Timing space and spacing time, 2 |location=New York |publisher=Wiley |pages=122–143 |isbn=978-0713159899 |oclc=4935024 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last1=Buttimer |first1=Anne |authorlink1=Anne Buttimer |last2=Hägerstrand |first2=Torsten |authorlink2=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1980 |title=Invitation to dialogue: a progress report |series=DIA paper, 1 |location=Lund |publisher=University of Lund |oclc=8534714 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1982 |title=Diorama, path and project |journal=Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=323–339 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9663.1982.tb01647.x |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1983 |chapter=In search for the sources of concepts |editor-last=Buttimer |editor-first=Anne |editor-link=Anne Buttimer |title=The practice of geography |location=London; New York |publisher=Longman |pages=238–256 |isbn=978-0582300873 |oclc=8629687 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |editor-last=Hägerstrand |editor-first=Torsten |editor-link=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1985 |title=The identification of progress in learning |others=European Science Foundation; International Colloquium on the Identification of Progress in Learning |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521300872 |oclc=10924966 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1985 |chapter=Time geography: focus on the corporeality of man, society and environment |editor-last=Aida |editor-first=Shūhei |title=The science and praxis of complexity: contributions to the symposium held at Montpellier, France, 9–11 May, 1984 |location=Tokyo |publisher=United Nations University Press |pages=193–216 |isbn=9789280805604 |oclc=13025296 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1991 |title=Om tidens vidd och tingens ordning |others=A selection of Professor Hägerstrand's 300-odd scholarly essays, articles, lectures, and papers, edited by Gösta Carlestam and Barbro Sollbe |language=Swedish |location=Stockholm |publisher=Byggforskningsrådet |isbn=978-9154053636 |oclc=29548202 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1992 |chapter=The global and the local |editor1-last=Svedin |editor1-first=Uno |editor2-last=Aniansson |editor2-first=Britt Hägerhäll |title=Society and the environment: a Swedish research perspective |series=Ecology, economy & environment, 2 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |pages=13–21 |isbn=978-0792317968 |oclc=25788428 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=1995 |chapter=Action in the physical everyday world |editor1-last=Haggett |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Cliff |editor2-first=Andrew |title=Diffusing geography: essays for Peter Haggett |series=The Institute of British Geographers special publications series, 31 |location=Oxford; Cambridge, MA |publisher=Blackwell |pages=35–45 |isbn=978-0631195344 |oclc=30895028 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=2001 |origyear=1995 |chapter=A look at the political geography of environmental management |editor-last=Buttimer |editor-first=Anne |editor-link=Anne Buttimer |title=Sustainable landscapes and lifeways: scale and appropriateness |location=Sterling, VA |publisher=Cork University Press |pages=35–58 |isbn=978-1859183007 |oclc=45879916 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Hägerstrand |first1=Torsten |authorlink1=Torsten Hägerstrand |last2=Carlstein |first2=Tommy |title=The two vistas |date=December 2004 |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=315–323 |doi=10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00170.x |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Hägerstrand |first=Torsten |authorlink=Torsten Hägerstrand |year=2009 |title=Tillvaroväven |others=Edited by Kajsa Ellegård and Uno Svedin, with a bibliography by Bo Lenntorp |language=Swedish |location=Stockholm |publisher=Forskningsrådet Formas |isbn=978-9154060337 |oclc=456875435 |ref=harv}}

Footnotes

1. ^{{Harvnb|Buttimer|Mels|2006}}
2. ^{{Harvnb|Öberg|2005}}
3. ^{{Harvnb|Öberg|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Pred|2005}}
4. ^{{Harvnb|Öberg|2005|p=341}}
5. ^{{Harvnb|Hägerstrand|1967}}; {{Harvnb|Morrill|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Lenntorp|2008}}
6. ^{{Harvnb|Cliff|Pred|Hägerstrand|1992|p=541}}
7. ^¹²{{Harvnb|Brauer|Dymitrow|2017|p=79}}
8. ^{{Harvnb|Hägerstrand|1970}}
9. ^{{Harvnb|Hubbard|Kitchin|Bartley|Fuller|2002|pp=22–56}}
10. ^{{Harvnb|Aase|2004}}
11. ^For example: {{Harvnb|Miller|1991}}; {{Harvnb|Kwan|2004}}; {{Harvnb|Kraak|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Yu|Shaw|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Wilson|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Kenett|Portugali|2012}}; {{Harvnb|Long|Nelson|2012}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Thrift|1977}}; {{Harvnb|Pred|1977}}; {{Harvnb|Pred|1981}}
13. ^Christiaan van Paassen, The philosophy of geography: from Vidal to Hägerstrand, in {{Harvnb|Pred|1981|pp=17–29}}
14. ^{{Harvnb|Hägerstrand|1983}}; {{Harvnb|Hubbard|Kitchin|Bartley|Fuller|2002|pp=101–104}}
15. ^{{Harvnb|Rose|1993}}
16. ^For example: {{Harvnb|Kwan|2002}}; {{Harvnb|Kwan|2007}}; {{Harvnb|Kwan|Ding|2008}}; {{Harvnb|McQuoid|Dijst|2012}}; {{Harvnb|Scholten|Friberg|Sandén|2012}}
17. ^For example: {{Harvnb|Ellegård|de Pater|1999}}; {{Harvnb|May|Thrift|2001}}; {{Harvnb|Latham|2003}}; {{Harvnb|Schwanen|Kwan|2009}}; {{Harvnb|Ellegård|Palm|2011}}; {{Harvnb|Ingold|2011}}
18. ^For example: {{Harvnb|Baer|Butler|2000}}; {{Harvnb|Huettmann|Cushman|2009}}; {{Harvnb|Downs|Horner|Tucker|2011}}
19. ^{{Harvnb|Thrift|2005|pp=337–338}}

References

{{cite journal |last=Aase |first=Alørn |year=2004 |title=Obituaries – Nekrologer: Torsten Hägerstrand 1916–2004 |journal=Norwegian Journal of Geography |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=216–217 |doi=10.1080/00291950410002728 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Baer |first1=Leonard D |last2=Butler |first2=David R |title=Space–time modeling of grizzly bears |date=April 2000 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=206–221 |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2000.tb00331.x |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Brauer |first1=René |last2=Dymitrow |first2=Mirek |date=June 2017 |title=Human geography and the hinterland: the case of Torsten Hägerstrand's 'belated' recognition |journal=Moravian Geographical Reports |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=74–84 |doi=10.1515/mgr-2017-0007 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last1=Buttimer |first1=Anne |authorlink1=Anne Buttimer |last2=Mels |first2=Tom |year=2006 |title=By northern lights: on the making of geography in Sweden |others=Foreword by Torsten Hägerstrand |location=Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0754648147 |oclc=63187516 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Cliff |first1=Andrew |last2=Pred |first2=Allan |authorlink2=Allan Pred |last3=Hägerstrand |first3=Torsten |authorlink3=Torsten Hägerstrand |title=Classics in human geography revisited: Innovation diffusion as a spatial process |date=October 1992 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=541–544 |doi=10.1177/030913259201600403 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Joni A |last2=Horner |first2=Mark W |last3=Tucker |first3=Anton D |title=Time-geographic density estimation for home range analysis |date=September 2011 |journal=Annals of GIS |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=163–171 |doi=10.1080/19475683.2011.602023 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Ellegård |first1=Kajsa |last2=de Pater |first2=Ben |date=July 1999 |title=The complex tapestry of everyday life |journal=GeoJournal |volume=48 |number=3 |pages=149–153 |doi=10.1023/A:1007059105684 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Ellegård |first1=Kajsa |last2=Palm |first2=Jenny |date=May 2011 |title=Visualizing energy consumption activities as a tool for making everyday life more sustainable |journal=Applied Energy |volume=88 |number=5 |pages=1920–1926 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.019 |url=http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:395245/FULLTEXT01 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=Phil |last2=Kitchin |first2=Rob |last3=Bartley |first3=Brendan |last4=Fuller |first4=Duncan |year=2002 |title=Thinking geographically: space, theory, and contemporary human geography |series=Continuum studies in geography education |location=London; New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0826456250 |oclc=290572149 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |editor1-last=Huettmann |editor1-first=Falk |editor2-last=Cushman |editor2-first=Samuel A |year=2009 |title=Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation |location=Tokyo; New York |publisher=Springer |isbn=9784431877707 |oclc=567359237 |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Ingold |first=Tim |authorlink=Tim Ingold |year=2011 |chapter=Drawing together: doing, observing, describing |pages=220–228 |title=Being alive: essays on movement, knowledge and description |location=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415576833 |oclc=500783858 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Kenett |first1=Dror Y |last2=Portugali |first2=Juval |date=July 2012 |title=Population movement under extreme events |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |number=29 |pages=11472–11473 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1209306109 |pmid=22778423 |ref=harv|pmc=3406849 }}
{{cite book |last=Kraak |first=Menno-Jan |year=2008 |chapter=Geovisualization and time: new opportunities for the space-time cube |editor1-last=Dodge |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=McDerby |editor2-first=Mary |editor3-last=Turner |editor3-first=Martin |title=Geographic visualization: concepts, tools and applications |location=Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ |publisher=Wiley |pages=293–306 |isbn=9780470515112 |oclc=191847101 |doi=10.1002/9780470987643.ch15 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Kwan |first=Mei-Po |year=2002 |title=Is GIS for women?: reflections on the critical discourse in the 1990s |journal=A Journal of Feminist Geography |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=271–279 |doi=10.1080/0966369022000003888 |url=http://meipokwan.org/Paper/GPC_2002_GISforwomen.pdf |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Kwan |first=Mei-Po |date=December 2004 |title=GIS methods in time-geographic research: geocomputation and geovisualization of human activity patterns |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=267–280 |doi=10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00167.x |url=http://www.meipokwan.org/Paper/GeogAnnaler_2004.pdf |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Kwan |first=Mei-Po |year=2007 |title=Affecting geospatial technologies: toward a feminist politics of emotion |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=22–34 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00588.x |url=http://meipokwan.org/Paper/PG_2007.pdf |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Kwan |first1=Mei-Po |last2=Ding |first2=Guoxiang |year=2008 |title=Geo-narrative: extending geographic information systems for narrative analysis in qualitative and mixed-method research |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=443–465 |doi=10.1080/00330120802211752 |url=http://meipokwan.org/Paper/PG_2008.pdf |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Latham |first=Allan |year=2003 |title=Research, performance, and doing human geography: some reflections on the diary-photograph, diary-interview method |journal=Environment and Planning A |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1993–2017 |doi=10.1068/a3587 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Lenntorp |first=Bo |year=2008 |chapter=Innovation diffusion as spatial process (1953): Torsten Hägerstrand |editor1-last=Hubbard |editor1-first=Phil |editor2-last=Kitchin |editor2-first=Rob |editor3-last=Valentine |editor3-first=Gill |title=Key texts in human geography |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Sage |pages=1–8 |isbn=978-1412922609 |oclc=230771032 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Jed A |last2=Nelson |first2=Trisalyn A |date=July 2012 |title=A review of quantitative methods for movement data |journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Science |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=292–318 |doi=10.1080/13658816.2012.682578 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |editor1-last=May |editor1-first=Jon |editor2-last=Thrift |editor2-first=Nigel J |editor3-link=Nigel Thrift |year=2001 |title=TimeSpace: geographies of temporality |series=Critical geographies, 13 |location=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415180832 |oclc=52996864 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=McQuoid |first1=Julia |last2=Dijst |first2=Martin |title=Bringing emotions to time geography: the case of mobilities of poverty |date=July 2012 |journal=Journal of Transport Geography |volume=23 |pages=26–34 |doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.019 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Harvey J |year=1991 |title=Modelling accessibility using space-time prism concepts within geographical information systems |journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Science |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=287–301 |doi=10.1080/02693799108927856 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Öberg |first=Sture |date=June 2005 |title=Hägerstrand and the remaking of Sweden |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=340–349 |doi=10.1177/030913250502900313 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Pred |first=Allan |authorlink=Allan Pred |year=1977 |title=The choreography of existence: comments on Hägerstrand's time-geography and its usefulness |journal=Economic Geography |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=207–221 |doi=10.2307/142726 |ref=harv|jstor=142726 }}
{{cite book |editor-last=Pred |editor-first=Allan |editor-link=Allan Pred |year=1981 |title=Space and time in geography: essays dedicated to Torsten Hägerstrand |others=Produced with the cooperation of Gunnar Törnqvist |location=Lund |publisher=CWK Gleerup |isbn=978-9140306036 |oclc=10145474 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Gillian |authorlink=Gillian Rose |year=1993 |title=Feminism and geography: the limits of geographical knowledge |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0816624171 |oclc=27935641 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Scholten |first1=Christina |last2=Friberg |first2=Tora |last3=Sandén |first3=Annika |title=Re-reading time-geography from a gender perspective: examples from gendered mobility |date=December 2012 |journal=Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=584–600 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00717.x |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Schwanen |first1=Tim |last2=Kwan |first2=Mei-Po |year=2009 |title='Doing' critical geographies with numbers |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=61 |number=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1080/00330120903103072 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Thrift |first=Nigel J |authorlink=Nigel Thrift |year=1977 |title=An introduction to time-geography |series=Concepts and techniques in modern geography, 13 |location=Norwich |publisher=Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia |isbn=978-0902246676 |oclc=4464963 |url=http://www.qmrg.org.uk/files/2008/11/13-time-geography.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013180019/http://qmrg.org.uk/files/2008/11/13-time-geography.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-10-13 |ref=harv }}
{{cite journal |last=Thrift |first=Nigel J |authorlink=Nigel Thrift |date=June 2005 |title=Torsten Hägerstrand and social theory |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=337–340 |doi=10.1177/030913250502900312 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Clarke |year=2008 |title=Activity patterns in space and time: calculating representative Hägerstrand trajectories |journal=Transportation |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=485–499 |doi=10.1007/s11116-008-9162-z |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Hongbo |last2=Shaw |first2=Shih-Lung |year=2008 |title=Exploring potential human activities in physical and virtual spaces: a spatio-temporal GIS approach |journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Science |volume=22 |number=4 |pages=409–430 |doi=10.1080/13658810701427569 |ref=harv}}

External links

"Torsten Hägerstrand" Encyclopædia Britannica

{{Recipients of the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hagerstrand, Torsten}}

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