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词条 Tourism in the United States
释义

  1. 19th century

  2. Early tourism

  3. Late 20th century

  4. 21st century

  5. Attractions

  6. Visitor statistics

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}

Tourism in the United States is a large industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists yearly. Foreigners visit the U.S. to see natural wonders, cities, historic landmarks, and entertainment venues. Americans seek similar attractions, as well as recreation and vacation areas.

Tourism in the United States grew rapidly in the form of urban tourism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By the 1850s, tourism in the United States was well established both as a cultural activity and as an industry. New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco, all major U.S. cities, attracted a large number of tourists by the 1890s. By 1915, city touring had marked significant shifts in the way Americans perceived, organized, and moved.

Democratization of travel occurred during the early twentieth century when the automobile revolutionized travel. Similarly air travel revolutionized travel during 1945–1969, contributing greatly to tourism in the United States. Purchases of travel and tourism-related goods and services by international visitors traveling in the United States totaled $10.9 billion during February 2013.[1]

The travel and tourism industries in the United States were among the first economic sectors negatively affected by the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In the U.S., tourism is among the three largest employers in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the U.S. in 2005.{{fact|date=May 2018}} As of 2007, there are 2,462 registered National Historic Landmarks (NHL) recognized by the United States government. As of 2018, New York City is the most visited destination in the United States, followed by Los Angeles, Orlando, Las Vegas, and Chicago.

Tourists spend more money in the United States than any other country, while attracting the second-highest number of tourists after France and Spain.[2][3] The discrepancy may be explained by longer stays in the US.[3]

19th century

The rise of urban tourism in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represented a major cultural transformation concerning urban space, leisure natural activity and as an industry.package tours did not exist until the 1870s and 1880s, entrepreneurs of various sorts from hotel keepers and agents for railroad lines to artists and writers recognized the profit to be gained from the prospering tourism industry.[4] The rise of locomotive steam-powered trains during the 1800s enabled tourists to travel more easily and quickly.[5]

In the United States {{convert|2800|mi|km}} of track had been completed by 1840, by 1860 all major eastern US cities were linked by rail, and by 1869 the first trans-American railroad link was completed.[6] Yosemite Park was developed as a tourist attraction in the late 1850s and early 1860s for an audience who wanted a national icon and place to symbolize exotic wonder of its region.[4] Photography played an important role for the first time in the development of tourist attractions, making it possible to distribute hundreds of images showing various places of interest.[4]

New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco, all major US cities, attracted a large number of tourists by the 1890s.[7] New York's population grew from 300,000 in 1840 to 800,000 in 1850.[8] Chicago experienced a dramatic increase from 4,000 residents in 1840 to 300,000 by 1870. Dictionaries first published the word 'tourist' sometime in 1800, when it referred to those going to Europe or making a round trip of natural wonders in New York and New England. The absence of urban tourism during the nineteenth century was in part because American cities lacked the architecture and art which attracted thousands to Europe. American cities tended to offend the sensitive with ugliness and commercialism rather than inspire awe or aesthetic pleasure.[9] Some tourists were fascinated by the rapid growth of the new urban areas: "It is an absorbing thing to watch the process of world-making; both the formation of the natural and the conventional world," wrote English writer Harriet Martineau in 1837.[10]

As American cities developed, new institutions to accommodate and care for the insane, disabled and criminal were constructed. The Hartford, Connecticut American School for the Deaf opened in 1817, Ossining, New York state prison (now known as Sing Sing) in 1825, the Connecticut State Penitentiary at Wethersfield in 1827, Mount Auburn Cemetery in 1831, the Perkins School for the Blind in 1832, and the Worcester State Hospital in 1833.[11]

These institutions attracted the curiosity of American and foreign visitors. The English writer and actress Fanny Kemble was an admirer of the American prison system who was also concerned that nature was being destroyed in favor of new developments. Guidebooks published in the 1830s, 40s and 50s described new prisons, asylums and institutions for the deaf and blind, and urged tourists to visit these sights.[12]

Accounts of these visits written by Charles Dickens, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Sigourney and Caroline Gilman were published in magazines and travel books.[12] Sigourney's Scenes in My Native Land (1845) included descriptions of her tour of Niagara Falls and other places of scenic interest with accounts of her visits to prisons and asylums.[12] Many visited these institutions because nothing like them had existed before.[13] The buildings which housed them were themselves monumental, often placed on hilltops as a symbol of accomplishment.[13]

Early tourism

By 1915, city touring had marked significant shifts in the way Americans perceived, organized and moved around in urban environments.[7] Urban tourism became a profitable industry in 1915 as the number of tour agencies, railroad passenger departments, guidebook publishers and travel writers grew at a fast pace.[7] The expense of pleasure tours meant that only the minority of Americans between 1850 and 1915 could experience the luxury of tourism.[7] Many Americans traveled to find work, but few found time for enjoyment of the urban environment. As transportation networks improved, the length of commuting decreased, and income rose.[7] A growing number of Americans were able to afford short vacations by 1915. Still, mass tourism was not possible until after World War II.[7]

During the nineteenth century, tourism of any form had been available only to the upper and middle classes. This changed during the early twentieth century through the democratization of travel. In 1895, popular publications printed articles showing the car was cheaper to operate than the horse.[14] The development of automobiles in the early 1900s included the introduction of the Ford Model T in 1908. In 1900, 8,000 cars were registered in the US, which increased to 619,000 by 1911.[15] By the time of the Model T's introduction in 1908, there were 44 US households per car.[15] Early cars were a luxury for the wealthy, but after Ford began to dramatically drop prices after 1913, more were able to afford one.[16]

The development of hotels with leisure complexes had become a popular development during the 1930s in the United States.[17] The range of "club" type holidays available appealed to a broad segment of the holiday market.[17] As more families traveled independently by car, hotels failed to cater to their needs.[17] Kemmons Wilson opened the first motel as a new form of accommodation in Memphis, Tennessee in 1952.[17]

Although thousands of tourists visited Florida during the early 1900s, it was not until after World War II that the tourist industry quickly became Florida's largest source of income.[18] Florida's white sandy beaches, warm winter temperatures and wide range of activities such as swimming, fishing, boating and hiking all attracted tourists to the state. During the 1930s, architects designed Art Deco style buildings in Miami Beach.[19] Visitors are still attracted to the Art Deco district of Miami.[19] Theme parks were soon built across Florida. One of the largest resorts in the world, Walt Disney World Resort, was opened near Orlando, Florida in 1971.[20] In its first year, the {{convert|28000|acre|km2|adj=on}} park added $14 billion to Orlando's economy.

Late 20th century

The revolution of air travel between 1945 and 1969 contributed greatly to tourism in the United States. In that quarter century, commercial aviation evolved from 28-passenger airliners flying at less than {{convert|200|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} to 150-passenger jetliners cruising continents at {{convert|600|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.[21] During this time, air travel in the U.S. evolved from a novelty into a routine for business travelers and vacationers alike. Rapid developments in aviation technology, economic prosperity in the United States and the demand for air travel all contributed to the early beginnings of commercial aviation in the US.[21]

During the first four decades of the twentieth century, long-haul journeys between large American cities were accomplished using trains. By the 1950s, air travel was part of everyday life for many Americans.[21] This was also helped by the establishment of the Interstate Highway System as well as the reliance of automobiles of which Americans saw cars as their new personal found freedom and enjoyment. The tourism industry in the U.S. experienced exponential growth as tourists could travel almost anywhere with a fast, reliable and routine system.[21] For some, a vacation in Hawaii was now a more frequent pleasure. Air travel changed everything from family vacations to Major League Baseball, as had steam-powered trains in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[21]

By the end of the twentieth century, tourism had significantly grown throughout the world. The World Tourism Organisation (WTO, 1998) recorded that, in 1950, arrivals of tourists from abroad, excluding same-day visits, numbered about 25.2 million.[22] By 1997, the figure was 612.8 million. In 1950 receipts from international movements were US$2.1 billion, in 1997 they were $443.7 billion.[22]

21st century

The travel and tourism industry in the United States was among the first commercial casualties of the September 11 attacks, a series of terrorist attacks on the U.S. Terrorists used four commercial airliners as weapons of destruction, all of which were destroyed in the attacks on New York City, Washington, D.C., and in Pennsylvania with nearly 3,000 deaths.[23] In the first full week after flights resumed, passenger numbers fell by nearly 45 percent, from 9 million in the week before September 11 to 5 million.[23] Hotels and travel agencies received cancellations across the world. The hotel industry suffered an estimated $700 million loss in revenue during the four days following the attacks.[23] The situation recovered over the following months as the Federal Reserve kept the financial system afloat. The U.S. Congress issued a $5 billion grant to the nation's airlines and $10 billion in loan guarantees to keep them flying.[23]

In the U.S., tourism is either the first, second or third largest employer in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the U.S. in 2005.[24] The U.S. outbound holiday market is sensitive in the short term, but possibly one of the most surprising results from the September 11, 2001 attacks was that by February 2002 it had bounced back. This quick revival was generally quicker than many commentators had predicted only five months earlier.[25]

The United States economy began to slow significantly in 2007, mostly because of a real-estate slump, gas prices and related financial problems.[26] Many economists believe that the economy entered a recession at the end of 2007 or early in 2008.[26] Some state budgets for tourism marketing have decreased, such as Connecticut which is facing soaring gas prices.[27]

100 million tourists visited Florida in 2015, a record for the nation.[28]

After the election of Donald Trump, whose campaign slogan of "America First" and implementation of travel bans have projected an isolationist posture, the United States experienced a drop of 4.0 percent in travel spending from international tourists during 2017. According to the U.S. Travel Association, this costs $4.6 billion and 40,000 jobs.[29]

Attractions

{{Main|Tourist attractions in the United States}}

Today, there exists a wide range of tourist attractions in the United States such as amusement parks, festivals, gambling, golf courses, historical buildings and landmarks, hotels, museums, galleries, outdoor recreation, spas, restaurants and sports.

Visitor statistics

Highest number of non-immigrant admissions for tourists and for business purposes into the United States in fiscal year 2014, 2015 2016 and Jan–Sep 2017 was from the following countries[30][31][32]

Country FY 2017 FY2016 FY2015 FY 2014
Mexico}}01}} {{decrease}} 18,101,90401}} {{decrease}} 18,420,89101}} {{increase}} 19,175,34501}} {{increase}} 18,889,281
Canada}}02}} {{increase}} 11,616,34702}} {{decrease}} 11,366,67002}} {{increase}} 11,671,12202}} {{increase}} 11,289,743
United Kingdom}}[33]03}} {{decrease}} 4,786,42103}} {{increase}} 4,930,59303}} {{increase}} 4,691,87403}} {{increase}} 4,549,934
Japan}}04}} {{decrease}} 3,697,84404}} {{decrease}} 3,717,02904}} {{decrease}} 3,750,66704}} {{decrease}} 3,933,941
China}}[34]05}} {{increase}} 2,630,30005}} {{increase}} 2,587,96806}} {{increase}} 2,309,65407}} {{increase}} 2,001,302
South Korea}}06}} {{increase}} 2,324,70707}} {{increase}} 2,001,41709}} {{increase}} 1,742,42209}} {{increase}} 1,576,328
Germany}}07}} {{increase}} 2,228,35806}} {{decrease}} 2,190,83207}} {{decrease}} 2,208,14505}} {{increase}} 2,283,086
Brazil}}08}} {{increase}} 2,011,38509}} {{decrease}} 1,866,26105}} {{increase}} 2,383,82206}} {{increase}} 2,275,588
France}}[35]09}} {{increase}} 1,923,41408}} {{decrease}} 1,897,39808}} {{decrease}} 1,915,72508}} {{increase}} 1,966,335
Australia}}[36]10}} {{increase}} 1,463,90810}} {{increase}} 1,423,89810}} {{increase}} 1,399,61510}} {{increase}} 1,389,358
Italy}}11}} {{increase}} 1,282,98911}} {{increase}} 1,262,69111}} {{decrease}} 1,229,11511}} {{increase}} 1,282,485
India}}12}} {{increase}} 1,264,59812}} {{increase}} 1,206,22512}} {{increase}} 1,175,15312}} {{increase}} 1,111,738
Argentina}}13}} {{increase}} 1,085,46114}} {{increase}} 943,22415}} {{increase}} 765,57616}} {{increase}} 730,089
Spain}}14}} {{increase}} 1,037,79813}} {{increase}} 1,012,13313}} {{decrease}} 953,96913}} {{increase}} 955,737
Colombia}}15}} {{increase}} 926,85515}} {{decrease}} 885,76314}} {{increase}} 928,42414}} {{increase}} 924,916
Netherlands}}[37]16}} {{increase}} 796,94516}} {{increase}} 766,69116}} {{decrease}} 749,82615}} {{increase}} 766,936
Total (worldwide) 17}} {{increase}} 70,056,25717}} {{increase}} 69,128,43317}} {{increase}} 69,025,89617}} {{increase}} 67,519,113

See also

  • Visa policy of the United States
  • Ecotourism in the United States
  • List of World Heritage Sites in the United States
  • Welcome centers in the United States

References

1. ^{{Citation | publication-date = April 15, 2013 | title = INTERNATIONAL VISITORS SPEND $14.3 BILLION IN FEBRUARY 2013, UP 5 PERCENT FROM FEBRUARY 2012 | url = http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/tinews/archive/tinews2013/20130415_International_Visitor_spending_February2013.html | accessdate = April 19, 2013}}
2. ^ "Spain posts record number of 82 million inbound tourists in 2017". 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505145_162-57594299/france-learns-to-speak-touriste/|title=France learns to speak 'touriste'|agency=Associated Press}}
4. ^1 2 {{Citation|last=Sears|first=John F.|title=Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century|year=1989|page=123|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=1-55849-162-7}}
5. ^{{Citation | publication-date = July 19, 1868 | title = Summer Travel | periodical = The New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/07/19/78948670.pdf |deadurl=no |accessdate=October 22, 2013| format=PDF}}
6. ^{{Citation | last1 = Standeven | first1 = Joy | last2 = de Knop | first2 = Paul | title = Sport Tourism | publisher = Human Kinetics | page = 20 | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-87322-853-7}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Citation | last = Cocks | first = Catherine | title = Doing the Town: The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States, 1850–1915 | publisher = University of California Press | pages = 6–7 | year = 2001 | ref=harv | isbn = 0-520-22746-8}}
8. ^{{harvnb|Cocks|2001|pp=6–7}}
9. ^{{harvnb|Cocks|2001|p=11}}
10. ^{{Citation | last1 = Sears | first1 = C. | last2 = Davis | first2 = T. | last3 = Guydish | first3 = J. |date=January 2002 | title = Effects of treatment history and centralized intake on drug treatment outcomes. | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–95 | issn = 0279-1072 | pmid = 12003118 | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | doi=10.1080/02791072.2002.10399940}}
11. ^{{harvnb|Sears, John F.|1989|p=11}}
12. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Sears, John F.|1989|p=89}}
13. ^1 {{harvnb|Sears, John F.|1989|p=90}}
14. ^{{Citation | last1 = Lay | first1 = M. G. | last2 = Vance | first2 = James E. | title = Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them | publisher = Rutgers University Press | page = 174 | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-8135-2691-4}}
15. ^1 {{harvnb|Lay|Vance|1992|p=170}}
16. ^{{harvnb|Lay|Vance|1992|p=180}}
17. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Standeven|de Knop|1999|p=31}}
18. ^{{Citation | last = Viele | first = John | year = 1996 | page = 135 | title = The Florida Keys: A History of the Pioneers | publisher = Pineapple Press | isbn = 1-56164-101-4}}
19. ^1 {{Citation | last1 = Cerwinske | first1 = Laura | last2 = Kaminsky | first2 = David | year = 1981 | title =Tropical Deco: The Architecture and Design of Old Miami Beach | publisher = Rizzoli | isbn = 0-8478-0345-7}}
20. ^{{Citation | last = Grant | first = Kim | last2 = Penland | first2 = Paige R. | year = January 2003 | edition = 3rd | page = 27 | title = Florida | publisher = Lonely Planet Publications | isbn = 1-74059-136-4}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 {{Citation | last = Yenne | first = Bill | title = Classic American Airliners | publisher = Zenith Imprint | page = 8 | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7603-1931-6}}
22. ^1 {{Citation | last = Ryan | first = Chris | title = Recreational tourism: Demand and Impacts | publisher = Channel View Publications | page = 18 | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-873150-56-3}}
23. ^1 2 3 {{Citation | last = Mak | first = James | title = Tourism and the Economy: understanding the economics of tourism | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | page = 193 | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-8248-2789-9}}
24. ^{{Citation | last = Parks | first = Janet B. | first2 = Quaterman | last2 = Jerome | first3 = Thibault | last3 = Lucie | title = Contemporary sport management | publisher = Human Kinetics | page = 142 | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-7360-6365-X}}
25. ^{{harvnb|Ryan|2003|p=28}}
26. ^1 {{Citation | year = 2008 | title = United States Economy | periodical = The New York Times | url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/u/united_states_economy/index.html | accessdate = May 19, 2008| first=David| last=Leonhardt}}
27. ^{{Citation | publication-date = May 18, 2008 | title = Trying to Sell Europeans stuff | url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/18tourismct.html | accessdate = May 19, 2008| periodical=The New York Times| first=Harlan J.| last=Levy}}
28. ^{{Cite news | first=Ashley | last=Day | title=Florida shines brightly in spring | url=http://www.pressreader.com/usa/chicago-sun-times/20160306/282192240078713| newspaper=USA Today/Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida| pages= 3U | date=March 6, 2016 | accessdate=March 6, 2016}}
29. ^[https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/tourism-u-s-down-trump-took-office-costing-4-6-n840326?cid=sm_npd_nn_fb_ma Tourism down after Trump took office] NBC News
30. ^[https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/table28d_7.xls 2014 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics]
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2015/table28|title=Table 28 – Homeland Security}}
32. ^[https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016/table28 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics]
33. ^United Kingdom includes the United Kingdom, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, and Turks and Caicos Islands.
34. ^China includes the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Macau.
35. ^France includes France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna.
36. ^Australia includes Australia, Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
37. ^Netherlands includes the Netherlands, Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten.
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://doc.as.gov/research-and-statistics/statistical-yearbook/|title=Statistical Yearbook – Department of Commerce}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.guamvisitorsbureau.com/research-and-reports/research/visitor-arrival-statistics|title=Visitor Arrival Statistics – Research – Research and Reports}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://commerce.gov.mp/divisions/central-statistics/|title=Central Statistics Division (CSD) – CNMI Department of Commerce}}

External links

  • {{Wikivoyage-inline|United States of America}}
  • Office of Travel and Tourism Industries
  • Visit the USA – The Official Travel and Tourism Website of the United States.
  • Receptive Services Association of America
  • American tourism
{{United States topic|prefix=Tourism in}}{{Tourism in North America}}{{United States topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tourism In The United States}}

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