| 词条 | Tugay |
| 释义 |
DistributionThe centre of the range of Tugay vegetation is the Tarim Basin in north-western China, where the Tarim Huyanglin nature reserve in the middle reaches of the Tarim River holds the largest areas of intact Tugay forests, with a 1993 estimate of about 61% of the total. The Central Asian countries hold another 31%, with smaller areas remaining in the Middle East and Pakistan.[2] Tugais also occur in the Caucasus.[3] VegetationClose to rivers and where groundwater levels are shallow, the vegetation is usually dominated by poplars (especially Populus euphratica)[3] and willows such as Salix songarica. Where the forest has been disturbed, other species such as tamarisk, sea-buckthorn and oleaster will grow. Herbaceous plants include reeds, common spike rush, jointleaf rush, fleabane, cocklebur and thorn apple. Grass tugai vegetation is dominated by Phragmites australis, Calamagrostis and Typha.[1] Where the groundwater is deeper, oaks and elms will dominate.[4] The principle causes for the loss of tugai vegetation include dam construction, tree cutting, grazing, and agriculture.[1] References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Treshkin,|first1=S.Y.|last2=Kamalov|first2=S.K.|last3=Bachiev|first3=A.|last4=Mamutov|first4=N.|last5=Gladishev|first5=A.I.|last6=Aimbetov|first6=I.|title=Present status of the tugai forets in the lower Amu-Dar’ya Basin and problems of their protection and restoration. Pages 43-53 in Ecological Research and Monitoring of the Aral Sea Deltas. A Basis for Restoration.|date=1998|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Thevs, Niels |year=2005 |title=Tugay vegetation in the middle reaches of the Tarim River – Vegetation types and their ecology |journal= Archiv für Naturschutz und Landschaftsforschung |volume=March 2005 |issue= |pages=63–84 |url= http://www.botanik.uni-greifswald.de}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Heptner, V. G. |author2=Sludskij, A. A. |orig-year=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter= |url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/83/mode/2up |pages=1–732}} 4. ^British Petroleum. 2002. "Ecological Baseline Report". BTC Pipeline ESIA, Azerbaijan. Retrieved 2013-03-30. 4 : Forests|Deserts and xeric shrublands|Riparian zone|Wetlands |
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