| 词条 | Twiqbal |
| 释义 |
Twiqbal is a colloquial term in American law (civil procedure), referring to two separate US Supreme Court cases that together made it more difficult to sue in federal court, by requiring that plaintiffs demonstrate that their claims are "plausible", rather than simply describing the case in sufficient detail to put the defendant on notice. The two cases are Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), and "Twiqbal" is a portmanteau of Twombly and Iqbal. Because the two cases together have wrought a significant change in American civil procedure, the cases together, and the principle for which the cases stand, have both become commonly referred to as Twiqbal.[1] The Supreme Court's 2009 Iqbal case elaborated the heightened standard of pleading it established two years previously in Twombly, and established that it was generally applicable in all federal civil litigation and not limited to antitrust law: Two working principles underlie our decision in Twombly. First, the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions. ... Second, only a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss. Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will, as the Court of Appeals observed, be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense. In keeping with these principles a court considering a motion to dismiss can choose to begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Our decision in Twombly illustrates the two-pronged approach. The effect of these two decisions has been described as "incredibly consequential"[2] and "controversial".[3] After Iqbal was decided, expanding Twomblys reach beyond antitrust law, legislation was introduced to reverse the cases and re-introduce "notice pleading";[4] neither bill passed. See also
Notes1. ^See, e.g., Alison Frankel, "Supreme Court Declines to Halt 2nd Circuit's Twiqbal Pushback", Reuters, Jan. 9, 2013; Edward Rice, "Twiqbal Motions: Are They Worth It?", Law360, July 12, 2012; and Richard Horder, "Together, these cases are often affectionately called "Twiqbal" and have caused both the courts and plaintiffs a great deal of angst over the years since their pronouncement.", ACOEL: American College of Environmental Lawyers (May 15, 2013). Emphasis added. 2. ^See, e.g., Alison Frankel, "Supreme Court Declines to Halt 2nd Circuit's Twiqbal Pushback", Reuters, Jan. 9, 2013. 3. ^"Congress Reversing 'Twiqbal'? Bill to Overturn 'Iqbal' and 'Twombly' Is One for Lawyers to Watch", Lawyers USA, Nov. 22, 2010. 4. ^See the Notice Pleading Restoration Act of 2009, [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s1504 S.1504 (111th Congress)], and the Open Access to Courts Act of 2009, H.R. 4115 (111th Congress). Further reading
3 : United States civil procedure|United States civil procedure case law|United States motion to dismiss case law |
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