| 释义 |
- Background
- Variants
- Boats of the class
- Exports
- Accident
- See also
- References
}}{{Infobox ship image Ship image = Ming class SS.svg | Ship caption =
}}{{Infobox ship class overview | Name=Ming class | Builders=*Wuchang Shipyard | CHN}} | Class before=Type 033 (Romeo class) | Class after=Type 039 (Song class) | Subclasses= | Cost= | Built range= | In service range= | In commission range=*Type 035 1974-1990s- Type 035A 1982–present
- Type 035G 1990–present
- Type 035B 2000–present
| Total ships building= | Total ships planned= | Total ships completed=*2 Type 035- 4 Type 035A
- 12 Type 035G
- 5 Type 035B
| Total ships cancelled= | Total ships active= | Total ships laid up= | Total ships lost=1 Type 035G | Total ships exported=*2 Type 035G to Bangladesh | Total ships retired=*2 Type 035 | Total ships preserved=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship type = Attack submarine | Ship displacement = 2,110 tonnes (submerged)[1] | 76|m|abbr=on}}[1] | 7.6|m|abbr=on}}[1] | Ship height = | Ship draught = | 5.1|m|abbr=on}}[1] | 7.6|m|abbr=on}}[1] | Ship power = | 5,200|hp|abbr=on}}[1] | 18|kn|km/h|0}} (submerged)[1] | Ship range = | Ship endurance = | 300|m|abbr=on}}[1] | Ship complement = 57 | Ship crew = | Ship time to activate = | Ship sensors = | Ship EW = | 533|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes[1] | Ship armour = | Ship armor = | Ship aircraft = | Ship aircraft facilities = | Ship notes =
}} |
The Type 035 submarine (NATO reporting name: Ming class) is a class of diesel-electric submarines of the People's Liberation Army Navy. The Type 035 is a heavily improved redesign of the older Type 033 Romeo-class submarines, which were built in China from 1962 to 1984. BackgroundIn 1963, under the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, the Soviet Union passed to China the necessary design details in order to produce {{sclass2-|Romeo|submarine|2}}s.[1] The Chinese variant became known as the Type 033 Romeo class, of which China built a total of 84 between 1962 and 1984. During 1970s, China's ambition to create an indigenous submarine industry lead to the commissioning of Wuhan Ship Development and Design Institute (701 Institute) to design and build an improved submarine based on the Type 033 hull, named the Type 035 Ming class.[2] Two Type 035 boats were completed by 1974.[2] Further improvements were deemed necessary and by the early 1980s a new and improved design, named the Type 035A Ming class were produced.[2] The first of these improved "A" models entered service in 1982, with three more under construction.[2] The latter three boats were completed and commissioned by 1990.[2] The Type 035G Ming class is the most numerous variant. A total of 12 were built and commissioned between 1990 and 1999.[2] They were built with further improvements, especially in terms of noise reduction, weapons, sensors and crew living standards. The PLAN refer to this sub-class as, "new wine in an old bottle". Two boats of the Type 035A were upgraded to same standard as the Type 035G. The most modern design variant is the Type 035B Ming class, which features a redesigned conning tower and portions of the hull, giving it a very similar appearance to the newer Type 039 submarines. Type 035B are capable of launching land attack cruise missiles from their torpedo tubes. A total of four boats were commissioned between 2000 and 2003.[2] Variants- Type 035: First unit of the Ming-class submarine, with construction of two units begun simultaneously in October 1969 in Wuchang Shipyard and Jiangnan Shipyard. The general designer was Wei Xumin (魏绪民). The most significant difference between Type 035 Ming class and Type 033 Wuhan class is that the former is driven by a single shaft instead of twin shafts of the latter. Trials completed in October 1974 and this first unit (original pennant number 162, but later changed to 232) built at Jiangnan Shipyard entered Chinese service in the following month.[3][4]
- Type 035A: The second unit of the Ming-class submarine with pennant number 342 was built at Wuchang Shipyard, and many problems were discovered during its trials. As a result, the Chinese navy ordered 701st Institute to perform a major redesign, which not only solved the problem, but also increased the top speed by 40% to {{convert|18.3|kn|lk=in}}. The redesigned boat was completed in June 1980, and finally entered Chinese service on December 24, 1982, with a new designation of Type 035A. In December 1983, the decision was made to stop the production of a new Type 033-class boat and replace it with a Type 035A. After the completion of the first Type 035A in 1982, the production of Type 035 briefly halted, until 1987, when the production restarted again and 3 more units were completed before the production ended in 1990.[3][4]
- ES5C: Export version of Type 035/035A, with updated fire control system to launch acoustic homing torpedoes. There is no known export, but the design was used to upgrade Type 035/035A fleet.[3][4]
- ES5D: further development of ES5C for export, with capability to launch anti-ship missiles while submerged added. As with its predecessor ES5C, there is no known export but the design was used to upgrade Type 035/035A fleet.[3][4]
- Type 035G: Program begun in 1985, and the first unit with pennant number 356 was launched in 1989, entering service in December 1990, and state certification received in 1993. This is the first Type 035 series to have anti-submarine (ASW) capability. The primary weaponry for Type 035G is Yu-3 torpedo, and French sonar DUUX-5 and its Chinese-built version were used on later units, 12 of which were completed between 1990 and 1999. The last unit with pennant number 308 was lengthened by {{convert|2|m|sp=us}} to add a section for AIP tests.[3][4]
- ES5E: Export version developed from Type 035G, with ability to launch wire-guided torpedoes added, but there is no known export.[3][4]
- Type 035ET: French sonar system and its equivalent Chinese version on ES5E export version of Ming was expensive, so a cheaper alternative was developed, using Italian sonar systems, the JP-64 active sonar and Velox passive sonar of the {{sclass2-|Toti|submarine|2}}. However, this failed to attract any buyers and the unit went into Chinese service instead.[3][4]
- ES5F: Export version with integrated sonar system that integrates previously separated active, passive ranging, flank (and towed upon customer's request) sonar into one.[3][4]
- Type 035B: First batch of four completed between 2000 through 2003, and additional order followed sometimes later. Conning tower and certain portion of hull was redesigned, with new structure similar to that of Type 039 submarine. This type was capable of launching land attack cruise missiles from torpedo tubes.[3][4]
Boats of the classThe following are the pennant numbers of each boat, according to their type: - Type 035 Ming class (ES5C): 232 and 233
- Type 035A Ming class: 352, 353 and 354
- ES5D: 342
- Type 035G Ming class (ES5E): 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 305, 306, 307 and 308
- Type 035B Ming class (ES5F): 309, 310, 311, 312 and 313
Exports- {{navy|Bangladesh}} – Bangladesh Navy has ordered two off the shelf Type 035G submarines from China in 2013 worth $203 million. The boats underwent refit in China. The Bangladesh Navy took delivery on 14 November 2016 of its first submarines. Bangladesh Navy ship names and pennant numbers of the submarines are {{BNS|Nabajatra|S 161}} and {{BNS|Joyjatra|S 162}} respectively.[5] They were commissioned on 12 March 2017.[6]
Accident{{main|Chinese submarine 361}}In April 2003, the Ming-class submarine 361 suffered a mechanical failure that killed all 70 crew members on board during an exercise in the Yellow Sea between North Korea and China's Shandong Province.[7][8] It was one of China's worst peacetime military disasters. The PLA Navy's Commander Shi Yunsheng and Political Commissar Yang Huaiqing were both dismissed as a result of the accident.[7] See also- People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
References1. ^Korabli VMF SSSR, Vol. 1, Part 2, Yu. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003, {{ISBN|5-8172-0072-4}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Type 035 submarine (in Chinese), haijun360.com, Retrieved 1 May 2015
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web| url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_0ccf76160100do19.html | title=Type 035 derivatives | accessdate=June 27, 2009 }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web| url=http://www.haijun360.com/news/XGBD/2013/72/1372143854HE84J50FJJK2DHFCI168.html | title=Subtypes of Type 035 submarine | accessdate=8 July 2015 }}
5. ^Navy to get submarines, corvettes, Newage.com
6. ^http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/12/bangladeshs-first-submarines-commissioned/
7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA591531 |title=Behind the Periscope: Leadership in China's Navy |author1=Becker, Jeffrey |author2=Liebenberg, David |author3=Mackenzie, Peter |date=December 2013 |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |page=81}}
8. ^{{cite book |author=You Ji |chapter=Meeting the Challenge of the Upcoming PLAAF Leadership Reshuffle |title=The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities |url=http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/chinese-air-force.pdf |year=2012 |publisher=National Defense University Press |isbn=978-0-16-091386-0 |page=231}}
{{Ship classes of the Chinese Navy}}035型潜艇 2 : Ming-class submarines|Submarine classes |