1. Meteorological history

2. Impact

3. See also

4. Notes

5. References

• Philippines
• Taiwan
• South China

Typhoon Clara, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Rubing, left flooding in the northern Philippines and southern China during September 1981. An area of disturbed weather was first detected on September 11 near Ponape. After moving westward, the system gradually became better organized and thunderstorm activity increased. On September 16, the system attained tropical storm status. Two days later, Clara attained typhoon intensity and subsequently began to deepen at a faster rate. On September 19, Clara reached maximum intensity, before making landfall along the northern tip of Luzon. Clara steadily weakened after interacting with land, but by late on September 20, Clara leveled off in intensity over the South China Sea. The next day, Clara moved ashore to the east-northeast of Hong Kong while still at typhoon intensity before rapidly dissipating over land.

In the Philippines, 55 people perished. A total of 7,125 homes were damaged and 1,195 houses were destroyed, which left nearly 4,000 people homeless in one province alone. Damage was estimated at $13.4 million (1981 USD), mostly from crops. Offshore, two ships were wrecked, leading to 79 fatalities, although 48 others were rescued. Across China, almost {{convert|150,000|ha|acre|abbr=on|round=5}} of farmland were flooded or destroyed, several thousand individuals lost their homes, and 62 people were killed.

Meteorological history

An area of disturbed weather was first detected by satellite imagery on the afternoon of September 11 near Ponape embedded in the monsoon trough. The disturbance tracked westward, with its development aided by a Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough that provided divergence aloft. Despite some wind shear, thunderstorm activity increased in organization and coverage by the afternoon on September 13.^[1] At 18:00 UTC, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started monitoring the cyclone, classifying it as a tropical depression.^[2]{{#tag:ref|The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.^[3]|group="nb"}} Less than two hours later, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Thunderstorm activity continued to increase as the shear relaxed, and at 19:23 UTC on September 14, the TCFA was re-issued. After passing {{convert|390|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} south of Guam, the JTWC initiated warnings on the system early on September 15.^[1] Eighteen hours later, the JTWC classified the system as a tropical storm.^[4] At 18:00 UTC on September 16, the JMA did the same.^[5]{{#tag:ref|Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10‑minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1‑minute winds.^[6]|group="nb"}}

Upon becoming a tropical storm, the JTWC initially expected Clara to track into Luzon.^[1] At 18:00 UTC on September 17, the JMA declared Clara a severe tropical storm.^[2] The same day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also started monitoring the storm and assigned it with the local name Rubing.^[7] By September 18, the JTWC had modified its forecast and called for the storm to re-curve out to sea in response to a weakness in a ridge to its north, but this weakness was only enough to enable a west-northwest track. After satellite images indicated that Clara developed an eye,^[8] both the JTWC and JMA reported that Clara had intensified into a typhoon, and subsequently began to rapidly intensify.^[5] Midday on September 19, the JTWC raised the intensity of Clara to {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}, equal to low-end Category 4 intensity on the United States-based Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS).^[4] At this time, hurricane hunters measured a barometric pressure of {{convert|924|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.^[8] However, the JMA estimated a slightly higher pressure of {{convert|925|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.^[2] At 18:00 UTC on September 19, the JTWC estimated a peak wind speed of {{convert|140|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} while the JMA reported a peak intensity of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}.^[5] At 22:00 UTC, the typhoon briefly made landfall on the northern tip of Luzon at the same intensity,^[1] with the storm passing approximately {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} north of Calayan.^[8]

After entering the South China Sea, the typhoon began to move northwest, but a ridge to its north prevented re-curvature.^[1] The storm weakened some due to land interaction, but leveled off in intensity late on September 20.^[5] At 12:00 the next day, Clara made landfall around {{convert|260|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} east-northwest of Hong Kong,^[1] or near Shanwei,^[8] with the JTWC and JMA reporting winds of {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} and {{convert|85|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} respectively.^[5] Clara rapidly dissipated over the hilly terrain of China,^[1] but the JMA did not cease tracking its remnants until October 2, after the storm turned to the north and reached 56°N.^[2]

Impact

Near where the storm made landfall in northern Luzon, winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} and a pressure of {{convert|977.1|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} was reported.^[8] In the city of Baguio, several small landslides occurred. There, a total of 36 families sought shelter in higher ground due to floodwaters {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} high^[9] while many towns in the surrounding area were isolated.^[10] Throughout the Cagayan province, 3,725 people were rendered homeless and property damage totaled $1.8 million.^[11] Nationwide, 55 people died.^[12] Nearly 48,000 people sought shelter.^[13] A total of 7,125 homes were damaged and 1,195 houses were destroyed.^[32] Damage was estimated at $13.4 million,{{#tag:ref|All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using Philippines Measuring worth with an exchange rate of the year 1981.|group=nb}} with $10.9 million from crops, $2 million from public infrastructure, and roughly $500,000 from private infrastructure.^[14]

Offshore Calayan Island, the {{convert|1,600|ST|MT|abbr=on|round=5|adj=on}} vessel Datu Kalantiaw was wrecked by a coral reef,^[34] with 19 of the 97 people necessitating rescue. A total of 52 bodies from the shipwreck were recovered^[15][16] and the remaining others were presumed dead.^[37][17] Additionally, the {{convert|1,000|ST|MT|abbr=on|round=5}} ship Sweet Trip^[37] sank offshore Zamboanga del Norte Province;^[34] 29 of the 30 people aboard were rescued and the remaining person was presumed dead. Twelve victims sustained injures.^[18] To search for the missing, authorities dispatched four helicopters, one C-130 transport plane, and an ammunition ship.^[19] The United States Navy also provided some assistance initially, but gave up searching on September 23.^[20]

While the typhoon passed just south of Dongsha Islands, winds of {{convert|52|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} and a pressure of {{convert|984.7|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} were measured. Across China, 62 people were killed.^[8] In the Fujian province, nearly {{convert|50,000|acres|ha|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} of rice paddies and {{convert|300,000|acres|ha|abbr=on|order=flip|round=5}} of sugar cane were damaged.^[21] Many highways were impassable and there was widespread loss of communication.^[22] About {{convert|21,000|acre|ha|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} of farmland were flooded in Shantou alone, where winds of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} were recorded. Several thousand people were homeless due to the flooding. In Hong Kong, a No 1. hurricane signal was issued on September 20. The next day, the signal was increased to a No 3. hurricane signal. All signals were dropped after the typhoon moved inland. On Cheung Chau, a peak wind speed of {{convert|58|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and a peak wind gust of {{convert|94|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was reported. Tate's Cairn observed {{convert|23.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain over a 24-hour period, the highest in the region. Local ferry service and air traffic were disrupted by the typhoon and a few signs were knocked down, but there were no serious reports of damage in the vicinity of Hong Kong. Further north, in Taiwan, up to {{convert|560|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell in some places, but there was no serious damage.^[8]

See also

• Other tropical cyclones named Clara
• Typhoon Lynn (1987)

Notes

References

• Martin de Ursua
• Martin de Valencia
• Martin-de-Vivies
• Martin Devlin
• Martin de Vos
• Martin Dewey Follett
• Martin Dewey McNamara
• Martin Deyanov
• Martin de Yeltes
• Martin de Yeltes, Salamanca
• Martin de Yeltes, Spain
• Martin D. Ginsburg
• Martin Dibble
• Martin Dies
• Martin Dies (disambiguation)
• Martin Dies, Sr.
• Martin Dilan
• Martin Dimov (footballer, born 1986)
• Martin Dinha
• Martin Disler
• Martin Disteli
• Martin Divilly
• Martin Dixon
• Martin Dobrotka
• Martin Doco Doherty