| 词条 | Többens and Schultz |
| 释义 |
| name = Többens and Schultz | image = Working Jews Warsaw Ghetto 02.jpg | image_size = 340px | image_caption = Textile manufacturing plant in the Warsaw Ghetto | native_name = Többens und Schultz & Co | native_name_lang = de | type = Slave labour | industry = Textile manufacturing | founded = | founder = | hq_location = | hq_location_city = | hq_location_country = | area_served = | key_people = | products = | owners = Fritz Schultz, Walter Többens | num_employees = 18,000 | num_employees_year = 1942 }}Többens and Schultz ({{lang-de|Többens und Schultz & Co}}) was a Nazi German textile manufacturing conglomerate making German uniforms, socks and garments in the Warsaw Ghetto and elsewhere,[1] during the occupation of Poland in World War II. It was owned and operated by two major war profiteers: Fritz Emil Schultz from Danzig,[2] and a convicted war criminal,[3] Walter C. Többens (i.e. Walther Caspar Toebbens, from Hamburg).[1][3] HistorySchultz and Többens appeared in Warsaw in the summer of 1941,[6] not long after the Ghetto was closed off with walls topped with barbed wire. The unemployment, hunger and malnutrition there were rampant.[4] At first, they both acted as middlemen between the German high command and the Jewish-run workshops, and placed production orders with them.[5] Within weeks they opened their own factories in the Ghetto using slave labour on a record scale.[6] By spring 1942 the Stickerei Abteilung division run by Schultz at Nowolipie 44 Street had 3,000 workers making shoes, leather products, sweaters and socks for the Wehrmacht. Other divisions were making furs and wool sweaters also, guarded by the Werkschutz police.[5] Some 15,000 Jews were working for Többens in the Warsaw Ghetto,[6] at the Prosta Street and at the Leszno Street factories among other places. Staying with any of them was a source of envy for other Jews living in fear of deportations.[5] In early 1943 Többens gained for himself the appointment of a Jewish deportation commissar of Warsaw in order to keep his own workforce secure and maximize profits.[7] RelocationResulting from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the destruction of an entire city district by the SS, in May 1943 Többens had transferred his businesses, including 10,000 Jewish slave workers with families spared from Treblinka, to the Poniatowa concentration camp facility set up near Lublin, part of the so-called "territorial solution to the Jewish Question" never fully realized by the Schutzstaffel (SS).[8] Fritz Schultz took his manufacture along with 6,000 Jews and their 400 children[9] to the nearby Trawniki concentration camp commanded by Karl Streibel.[1][10] A number of vastly profitable enterprises were run by the SS in the Lublin reservation, part of the General Government during the Holocaust in Poland.[11] SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant der Polizei Odilo Globocnik from Austria racked up millions of Reichsmarks and gold from his murderous Operation Reinhard.[12] The business was booming, with large amounts of money initially coming from the victims of gassing, and foodstuffs requisitioned from terrorized farmers for free. But not for long.[13] During the final phase of the Holocaust,[14] the SS-WVHA's economic department under Oswald Pohl[15] had given up the idea of a "reservation",[3] partly due to the Soviet counter-offensive and the Jewish revolts.[16] The SS proceeded to shut down the Ostindustrie entirely in order to prevent further unrest. On 3 November 1943, all sub-camps of the Majdanek death camp were liquidated in Aktion Erntefest, the single largest German massacre of Jews in the entire war, with approximately 43,000 victims across District Lublin fatally shot in fake anti-aircraft trenches by the Reserve Police Battalion 101 (a unit of the German Order Police), augmented by a squad of Hiwis called "Trawniki men".[17] Többens was captured in Austria by the Americans in 1946. He escaped from a train on the way to a trial in Poland and settled under an assumed name in Bavaria, where he founded a new business from his wartime profits. He revealed his identity in 1952, and died in a car accident two years later.[3] See also
Notes1. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/economics/warsawtransfer.html | title=Transfer of Factories from the Warsaw Ghetto | publisher=Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team | work=Georg Michalsen Testimony | date=2009 | accessdate=8 March 2015 | author=Chris Webb, H.E.A.R.T |quote=It is correct that at the beginning of the Stroop Action I still took care of a transfer of Toebbens Jews to Poniatowa, which means that one more transfer of the firm of Toebbens to Poniatowa left Warsaw... Of special note is the fact that I was not a participant in the transport of Jews of the Schultz firm to Trawniki. If such a transport took place, then possibly SS Oberscharfuhrer Bartetzko was involved. {{ndash}} SS-Sturmbannführer Georg Michalsen.}} 2. ^Powell 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cxDbrgTjrQMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Fritz%20Emil%20Schultz&f=false p. 114 (ibidem).] 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o1njEqaKbsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Tobbens%20Poniatow%20factories&f=false | title=Tobbens Poniatow factories | publisher=Da Capo Press | work=The Bravest Battle: The Twenty-eight Days Of The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising | date=2009 | accessdate=9 March 2015 | author=Dan Kurzman | ISBN=0786748265 | page=346}} 4. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLaoQr-yhwYC | title=The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945 | publisher=Open Road Media | isbn=1453203060 | date=2010 | accessdate=8 March 2015 | author=Lucy S. Dawidowicz | pages=270–272 | work=Warsaw ghetto}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://warszawa.getto.pl/index.php?mod=wyszukiwanie_db&table_id=zdarzenia&columns=zdarzenie&show_source=4976191839728189066 | title=Getto Warszawskie | publisher=Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów | language=Polish | date=2011 | accessdate=9 March 2015 | author=CBnZŻ | work=Workshops, with internal links to locations}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/poniatowa.html | title=Poniatowa: Aktion Erntefest | publisher=Action Reinhard Camps | work=Walter Toebbens Company in the Warsaw Ghetto | date=16 July 2006 | accessdate=9 March 2015 | author=ARC }} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Lawrence N. |title=Troubled Memory |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |year=2000 |page=114 |isbn=0807825042 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxDbrgTjrQMC}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Nicosia |first1=Francis |last2=Niewyk |first2=Donald |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |page=232 |isbn=0231528787 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzJAXkfozW8C}} 9. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/3881164/_Ob%C3%B3z_pracy_dla_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_w_Trawnikach_in_Erntefest_3-4_listopada_1943_zapomniany_epizod_Zag%C5%82ady_ed._W._Lenarczyk_D._Libionka_Pa%C5%84stwowe_Muzeum_na_Majdanku_Lublin_2009_ss._183-210 | title=Obóz pracy dla Żydów w Trawnikach in : Erntefest 3–4 listopada 1943 – zapomniany epizod Zagłady | publisher=Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, Lublin, 2009, ss. 183–210 | work=Transfer szopow Schultza z getta warszawskiego | date=2009 | accessdate=10 March 2015 | author=Wojciech Lenarczyk, Dariusz Libionka | pages=191 |format=PDF}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/data.show.php?di=record&da=encyclopedia&ke=113 | title=Tobbens' Shop in the Warsaw ghetto | publisher=Holocaust Survivors: Encyclopedia | work=Background information to Survivor Stories | date=2015 | accessdate=8 March 2015 | author=John Menszer }} 11. ^{{cite book | url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/belzec1/bel110.html | title=The 'Entefest' (Harvest Festival) massacres | publisher=JewishGen Yizkor Book Project | work=Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide; 11: SS Enterprises | date=2008 | accessdate=8 March 2015 | author=Robin O'Neil |isbn=0976475936}} 12. ^{{Citation |ref=harv |last1=Kopówka |first1=Edward |author-link1=Edward Kopówka |last2=Rytel-Andrianik |first2=Paweł | title=Treblinka II – Obóz zagłady |trans-title=Monograph, chapt. 3: Treblinka II Death Camp |language=Polish |url=http://echomatkibozejniepokalaniepoczetej.com/embnp/pages/assets/files/2011-09/dam_ime_na_wieki.pdf | publisher=Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe [The Drohiczyn Scientific Society] | work=Dam im imię na wieki [I will give them an everlasting name. Isaiah 56:5] |year=2011 |accessdate=8 March 2015 |isbn=978-83-7257-496-1 |format=PDF file, direct download 20.2 MB |quote=The amount of loot stolen by Globocnik himself is unknown, although SS-Unterscharführer Franz Suchomel admitted in court that he filled a box with one million Reichsmarks for him. |pages=116–117}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://martyrologiawsipolskich.pl/mwp/wirtualne-mauzoleum/modul-iii-eksploatacja/2552,dok.html | title=Eksploatacja wsi 1939–1945 | publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej | work=Eksploatacja Ekonomiczna i Wysiedlenia Ludności Wiejskiej | date=2015 | accessdate=8 March 2015 | author=Dariusz Pawłoś, Fundacja Polsko-Niemiecka Pojednanie | trans-title=German economic exploitation of Polish countryside 1939–1945}} 14. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jchSqwLyUUC&dq=%22Ostindustrie%22&q=Ostindustrie | title=Histories of the Holocaust| publisher=Oxford University Press | date=1 September 2010 | accessdate=11 July 2013 | first=Dan|last= Stone | isbn=0191614203 }} 15. ^{{cite book| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1-U17adWKIC&pg=PR61&lpg=PR61&dq=%22Ostindustrie%22 | chapter=Introduction (Ostindustrie) | publisher=Yale University Press | title=The chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto: 1941–1944 | year=1984 | accessdate=9 March 2015 | authorlink=Lucjan Dobroszycki |first=Lucjan |last= Dobroszycki| page=lxi | isbn=0300039247}} 16. ^See: the uprisings at the Sobibor and Treblinka extermination camps, and armed resistance in the Warsaw, Białystok, and Vilna ghettos. 17. ^{{cite web | url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf | title=Arrival in Poland | publisher=Penguin Books | work=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland | orig-year=1992 | year=1998 | accessdate=7 May 2013 | last=Browning | first=Christopher R. | author-link=Christopher Browning | pages=135–142 | format=PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GIJ2XpOy?url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20%281992%29.pdf | archivedate=1 May 2013 | isbn= | deadurl=yes | df= }} Further reading
4 : The Holocaust in Poland|Textile companies of Germany|1941 establishments in Germany|1943 disestablishments in Germany |
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