| 词条 | Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 |
| 释义 |
|name = Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 |fullname = An Act to define, regulate, and punish trading with the enemy, and for other purposes. |acronym = TWEA |nickname = |enacted by = 65th |effective date = {{date|October 6, 1917|mdy}} |public law url = |cite public law = {{USPL|65|91}} |cite statutes at large = {{USStat|40|411}} |acts amended = |title amended = |sections created = |sections amended = |leghistur1 = |introducedin = House |introducedbill = {{USBill|65|H.R.|4960}} |introducedby = |introduceddate = |committees = |passedbody1 = House |passeddate1 = |passedvote1 = |passedbody2 = Senate |passedas2 = |passeddate2 = |passedvote2 = |conferencedate = |passedbody3 = |passeddate3 = |passedvote3 = |agreedbody3 = |agreeddate3 = |agreedvote3 = |agreedbody4 = |agreeddate4 = |agreedvote4 = |passedbody4 = |passeddate4 = |passedvote4 = |signedpresident = Woodrow Wilson |signeddate = October 6, 1917 |unsignedpresident = |unsigneddate = |vetoedpresident = |vetoeddate = |overriddenbody1 = |overriddendate1 = |overriddenvote1 = |overridenbody2 = |overriddendate2 = |overriddenvote2 = |amendments = |SCOTUS cases = }} The Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA) of 1917 ({{USStat|40|411}}, codified at {{usc|12|95a|95b}} and [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50a/usc_sup_05_50_10_sq1_20_sq1.html 50 U.S.C. App. §§ 1–44]) is a United States federal law enacted on {{date|October 6, 1917}} that gives the President the power to oversee or restrict any and all trade between the United States and its enemies in times of war.[1] The TWEA is sometimes confused with the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), which grants somewhat broader powers to the President, and which is invoked during states of emergency when the United States is not at war. As of 2018, Cuba is the only country restricted under the Act. North Korea was recently removed from the provisions of the Act, although restrictions under IEEPA authority remain in effect.[1][2] HistoryDuring World War I, President Woodrow Wilson used the TWEA to establish the Office of Alien Property Custodian (APC) with power to confiscate property from anyone whose actions might be considered a possible threat to the war effort. Under A. Mitchell Palmer, the office confiscated the property of interned German immigrants and of businesses such as the Bayer chemical company.[3][4] In 1933, the U.S. Congress amended the Act by the passing the Emergency Banking Relief Act which extended the scope of the TWEA regarding the hoarding of gold to include any declared national emergency and not just those declared solely during times of war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, using these new authorities, issued Executive Order 6102 to essentially outlaw gold ownership. These restrictions continued until January 1, 1975. The TWEA has been amended several other times.[5] On May 13, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson abolished the APC by Executive Order 11281, effective June 30 of that year.[6] In December 1950, the United States imposed economic sanctions against North Korea under the TWEA,[7] which lasted until 2008.[1] See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7476625.stm|title=US to ease North Korea sanctions |date=2008-06-26|accessdate=2008-06-27|work=BBC}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Overview of Sanctions with North Korea|url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/nkorea.txt|publisher=U.S. Treasury|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Daniel A.|title=The U.S. Confiscated Half a Billion Dollars in Private Property During WWI: America's home front was the site of internment, deportation, and vast property seizure|journal=Smithsonian|date=28 July 2014|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/us-confiscated-half-billion-dollars-private-property-during-wwi-180952144/|accessdate=6 August 2014}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Daniel A.|title=Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory|journal=Distillations|date=Spring 2015|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–23|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/chemical-warfare-from-the-european-battlefield-to-the-american-laboratory|accessdate=March 20, 2018}} 5. ^1 [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/95a- Cornell Law School] 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/131.html#131.1 |title=Records of the office of Alien Property |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=June 6, 2018|date=2016-08-15 }} 7. ^Harry S. Truman, Proclamation No. 2914, December 16, 1950, 15 Federal Register 9029 External links
7 : 1917 in law|United States federal criminal legislation|United States federal trade legislation|1917 in international relations|1917 in the United States|United States foreign relations legislation|Economic warfare |
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