| 词条 | Udayar (caste) |
| 释义 |
| caste_name = Udayar or Parkavakulam | image = | caption = | classification = | religions = Hinduism, Christianity | country = India | state = Tamil Nadu | populated_states = Tamil Nadu | languages = Tamil | region = | related = Tamil people, Velir }} The Udayar also called Parkavakulam is a caste found in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. They are composed of various sub groups such as Srutiman, Nathaman, Malayaman, Moopanar and Nainar.[1] EtymologyThe word Udayar in Tamil means Lord or Possessor as in Possessor of land or kingdom.[2][3] OriginMalayaman was the heriditary title of the Velir chiefs of Miladu who served as feudatories of the Medieval Cholas. They ruled with Tirukoilur as their capital. The most famous among them was Malayaman Thirumudi Kaari.[4] It is of interest to note that the mother of Rajaraja Chola I was a princess of Malayaman family.[5] Similarly the title Srutiman was borne by many officials of the Chola dynasty, for example, the chief of the elephant corps of Rajaraja Chola I was one Srutiman Nakkan Chandiran.[6] Their primary occupation seems to have been agriculture as they are recorded as cultivators of the left-hand class in an inscription (dated 1218 AD) of Kulothunga Chola III.[7] Present StatusAccording to Selva Raj, the Udayar are "socially humbler" than the Vellalar community[8] but, together with the Pallar and Kallar, form the Marava castes, who are quite dominant in the region variously known as Ramnad and the Maravar country.[9] ReligionIn Ramnad and the nearby areas of Pudukottai, Madurai, Salem, Namakkal, Tanjore and Trichy, they and their two fellow Maravar caste groups are prominent in their cult worship of the shrine at Oriyur that commemorates John de Britto, a 17th-century Portuguese Jesuit missionary and martyr. Raj says, "A notable feature of the Britto cult is that it is centered around caste identities rather than religious affiliation", and thus members of the caste-group, irrespective of their religious affiliation regard Britto as their clan-deity.[10] Some Udayars are Roman Catholic Christians.[11][10] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|title=Formation and Transformation of Power in Rural India|author=V. Annamalai|publisher=Discovery Publishing House, 1996 - Panchayat - 179 pages|page=70}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Tamil Nadu, Part 2, Volume 40 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh, Volume 2 of People of India: Tamil Nadu, Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 40 of State series, Tamil Nadu, Anthropological Survey of India|author=Kumar Suresh Singh, R. Thirumalai, S. Manoharan, Anthropological Survey of India|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India, 1997|page=1183}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Polonnaruwa Bronzes and Siva Worship and Symbolism|author=P. Arunachalam, Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 2004 - Art - 34 pages|page=4}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago|author=V. Kanakasabhai|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1989 - Tamil (Indic people) - 240 pages|page=102}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Status and Empowerment of Women in India: Status and position of women in ancient, medieval and modern India|author=Raj Pruthi, Rameshwari Devi, Romila Pruthi|publisher=Mangal Deep Publications, 1999 - Feminism|page=175}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|publisher=G. Allen 8 Unwin, 1951 - India|page=165}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=Proceedings, Volume 37|author=Indian History Congress|page=109}} 8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEJ-vMgbSlwC|title=Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions|last=Raj|first=Selva J.|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2010|isbn=9781438429793|editor1-last=Raj|editor1-first=Selva J.|location=|page=87|pages=|chapter=Serious Levity at the Shrine of St. Anne in South India|accessdate=2012-05-01|editor2-last=Dempsey|editor2-first=Corinne G.}} 9. ^{{cite book |chapter=Transgressing Boundaries, Transcending Turner: The Pilgrimage Tradition at the Shrine of St. John de Britto |first=Selva J. |last=Raj |title=Popular Christianity in India: Riting Between the Lines |editor1-first=Selva J. |editor1-last=Raj |editor2-first=Corinne G. |editor2-last=Dempsey |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |page=86 |isbn=9780791455197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv42cV5dQmYC |accessdate=2012-05-01}} 10. ^1 {{cite book |chapter=Transgressing Boundaries, Transcending Turner: The Pilgrimage Tradition at the Shrine of St. John de Britto |first=Selva J. |last=Raj |title=Popular Christianity in India: Riting Between the Lines |editor1-first=Selva J. |editor1-last=Raj |editor2-first=Corinne G. |editor2-last=Dempsey |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |page=87 |isbn=978-0-79145-519-7 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zv42cV5dQmYC&pg=PA87}} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxdhTsNWzTMC|title=Communities Panchayats and Governance at Grassroots|last1=Palanithurai|first1=Ganapathy|last2=Ragupathy|first2=Varadarajan|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2008|isbn=9788180695636|page=138|accessdate=2012-05-01}} Further reading
2 : Social groups of Tamil Nadu|Christian communities of India |
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