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词条 Ballot
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. History

  3. Types of voting systems

  4. Design

  5. Methods

  6. Further reading

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{other uses}}{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}{{Voting}}

A ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election, and may be a piece of paper or a small ball used in secret voting.[1] It was originally a small ball (see blackballing) used to record decisions made by voters.

Each voter uses one ballot, and ballots are not shared. In the simplest elections, a ballot may be a simple scrap of paper on which each voter writes in the name of a candidate, but governmental elections use preprinted ballots to protect the secrecy of the votes. The voter casts their ballot in a box at a polling station.

In British English, this is usually called a "ballot paper".[2] The word ballot is used for an election process within an organisation (such as a trade union "holding a ballot" of its members).

Etymology

The word ballot comes from Italian ballotta, meaning a “small ball used in voting” or a “secret vote taken by ballots” in Venice, Italy.[3]

History

In ancient Greece, citizens used pieces of broken pottery to scratch in the name of the candidate in the procedures of ostracism.

The first use of paper ballots to conduct an election appears to have been in Rome in 139 BC, following the introduction of the lex Gabinia tabellaria.

In ancient India, around 920 AD, in Tamil Nadu, palm leaves were used for village assembly elections. The palm leaves with candidate names were put inside a mud pot for counting. This was called Kudavolai system.[4][5][6]

The first use of paper ballots in America was in 1629 within the Massachusetts Bay Colony to select a pastor for the Salem Church.[7] Paper ballots were pieces of paper marked and supplied by voters.

Before the introduction of the secret ballot, American political parties distributed ballots listing their own candidates for party supporters to deposit in ballot boxes.

Types of voting systems

Depending on the type of voting system used in the election, different ballots may be used. Ranked ballots allow voters to rank candidates in order of preference, while ballots for first-past-the-post systems only allow voters to select one candidate for each position. In party-list systems, lists may be open or closed.

Design

Ballot design can aid or inhibit clarity in an election. Poor designs lead to confusion and potentially chaos if large numbers of voters spoil or mismark a ballot. The butterfly ballot used in the Palm Beach County, Florida U.S. presidential election, 2000 (a ballot paper that has names down both sides, with a single column of punch holes in the center, which has been likened to a maze[8][9]) led to widespread allegations of mismarked ballots.[10]

Methods

{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2008}}{{further information|Vote counting system}}
  • In a jurisdiction using a paper system, voters choose by marking a ballot or, as in the case of Israel and France, picking one pre-marked ballot from among many. In most jurisdictions the ballots are pre-printed with names of candidates and the text of the referendums. The Philippines (until 2007) and Japan are an exception. There, voters must write the names of their candidates on the ballot. Election officials manually count the ballots after the polls close and may be recounted in the event of a dispute.
  • In a jurisdiction using an optical scan voting system, voters choose by filling an oval or by completing an arrow on the printed ballot next to their chosen candidate or referendum position. Voters with disabilities may be provided with electronic ballot marking devices. Optical scan technology has also been used by many standardized tests. Tabulating machines count the ballots either after the polls close or as the voters feed the ballots into the machine, in which case the results are not known until after the polls close. Officials often will manually count any ballots that cannot be read or with a write-in candidate and may recount the ballots in the event of a dispute.
  • In a jurisdiction using a punched card system, voters choose by removing or "punching out" a perforated chad from the ballot next each choice, sometimes with tools as simple as a pin, but usually with a ballot marking device such as the Votomatic. The ballot may be pre-printed with candidates and referendums, or may be a generic ballot placed under a printed list of candidates and referendums. Tabulating machines count ballots after the polls close. Officials may manually count the ballots in the event of a dispute. Punched card voting systems are being replaced by other voting systems because of a high rate of inaccuracy related to the incomplete removal of the perforated chad and the inaccessibility to voters with disabilities.
  • In a jurisdiction using a mechanical voting system, often called a "voting machine", voters choose by pulling a lever next to their choice. There is a printed list of candidates, parties and referendums next to the levers indicating which lever is assigned to which choice. When the voter pulls a lever, it turns a connected gear in the machine, which turns a counter wheel. Each counter wheel shows a number, which is the number of votes cast using that lever. After the polls close, election officials check the wheels' positions and record the totals. No physical ballot is used in this system, except when the voter chooses to write-in a candidate. Other systems are replacing mechanical voting systems because they are inaccessible to disabled voters, do not have a physical ballot and are getting old.
  • In a jurisdiction using an electronic direct record voting system (DRE), voters choose by pushing a button next to a printed list of candidates and referendums, or by touching the candidate or referendums box on a touchscreen interface. As the voter makes a selection, the DRE creates an electronic ballot stored by in the memory components of the system. After the polls close, the system counts the votes and reports the totals to the election officials. Many DREs include a communication device to transmit vote totals to a central tabulator. The touchscreen systems remind people of an automated teller machine (ATM) and often are described as such.
  • Bonser is a method allowing the voter more than two choices for a proposition. Choices of red, yellow and green can indicate disapproval, requirement for more clarity and approval, for example.[11]

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Sydney |authorlink=Sydney Smith|title=Ballot|year=1839|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans|location=London}}

See also

  • Ballot box
  • Democracy
  • Chad (paper)
  • Direct democracy
  • E-democracy
  • Electoral fraud
  • Electoral fusion
  • List of democracy and elections-related topics
  • Ostracism
  • Sample ballot
  • Secret ballot
  • Vote counting systems

References

1. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ballot|title=Ballot|publisher=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=2012-11-07}}
2. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ballot[1|title=Ballot|publisher=Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary |accessdate=2012-11-07}}
3. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=ballot&searchmode=none|title=Ballot|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=2012-11-07}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/pdf/rural_development.pdf |title=Panchayat Raj, Policy notes 2011-2012 |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Rural development & panchayat raj department, TN Government, India |accessdate=3 November 2011}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Heritage in a park|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/02/stories/2010040251170100.htm|accessdate=|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 April 2010|location=Chennai, India}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Handbook on Kongu archaeological treasures|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/06/27/stories/2005062701170200.htm|accessdate=|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 June 2005|location=Coimbatore, India}}
7. ^Jones, Douglas W.. A Brief Illustrated History of Voting. University of Iowa Department of Computer Science.
8. ^{{Cite news| last = Associated Press| title = State: Ballot display revives chads, chaos of bungled election| work = Saint Petersburg Times Online Tampa Bay| accessdate = 2014-10-26| date = 2003-07-14| url = http://www.sptimes.com/2003/07/14/news_pf/State/Ballot_display_revive.shtml}}
9. ^{{Cite web|title=Statement of Commissioner Victoria Wilson |work=Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election, www.usccr.gov |accessdate=2014-10-26 |url=http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/vote2000/report/wilson.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063634/http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/vote2000/report/wilson.htm |archivedate=July 21, 2011 }}
10. ^Dershowitz, 'Supreme Injustice: how the High Court hijacked Election 2000', p. 22-28. {{ISBN|9780195148275}}
11. ^[https://www.greenparty.ca/en/party/documents/rules-procedure/bonser-method Bonser Method.] Retrieved 2016-10-06.

External links

{{Wiktionary|ballot}}{{commons category|Ballot papers}}
  • {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ballot |short=x}}
{{voting systems}}

1 : Elections terminology
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