“Uma language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Uma language

释义

Phonology
Consonants Vowels
Pronouns
Numerals
Classification of Uma varieties
Ethnologue 2013 Martens 2014
Bibliography
References

{{Infobox language
|name=Uma
|nativename=Pipikoro
|region=Sulawesi
|state=Indonesia
|speakers=20,000
|date=1990
|ref = e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Celebic
|fam4=Kaili–Pamona
|fam5=Southern
|iso3=ppk
|glotto=umaa1242
|glottorefname=Uma
}}

Uma (known natively as {{lang|ppk|Pipikoro}}) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Phonology

Consonants

**Consonant inventory**
	Bilabial		Alveolar		Palato- alveolar				Velar		Glottal
Plosive	{{IPA\|p}}	{{IPA\|b}}	{{IPA\|t}}	{{IPA\|d}}					{{IPA\|k}}	{{IPA\|g}}	{{IPA\|ʔ}}
Prenasalized	{{IPA\|ᵐp}}		{{IPA\|ⁿt}}		{{IPA\|ⁿtʃ}}				{{IPA\|ᵑk}}
Affricate					{{IPA\|dʒ}}
Fricative		{{IPA\|β}}	{{IPA\|s}}								{{IPA\|h}}
Nasal		{{IPA\|m}}		{{IPA\|n}}				{{IPA\|ɲ}}		{{IPA\|ŋ}}
Trill						{{IPA\|r}}
Approximant						{{IPA\|l}}	({{IPA\|ɭ}})	{{IPA\|j}}

Notes:

{{IPA|/h/}} acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [{{lang|ppk|hampulu'}}] 'ten'→{{IPA|/haᵐpuluʔ/}} with nasal vowels).
{{IPA|/l/}} is retroflexed to {{IPA|/ɭ/}} contiguous to non-front vowels.
{{IPA|/ʔ/}} is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.^[1]
In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, {{IPA|/ⁿtʃ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ns/}}.
The semivowel {{IPA|[j]}} is rare, found mainly in loan words.
The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:

{{IPA|/β/}} is 'w'
{{IPA|/ɲ/}} is 'ny'
{{IPA|/ŋ/}} is 'ng'
{{IPA|/j/}} is 'y'
{{IPA|/dʒ/}} is 'j'
{{IPA|/tʃ/}} is 'c'
{{IPA|/ʔ/}} is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Vowels

**Vowel inventory**
Front	Central	Back
Close	i}}	u}}
Close-Mid	e}}	o}}
Open	a}}

Pronouns

**Pronominals**
	Free	ABS	ERG	GEN
1P (SG)	{{lang\|ppk\|akuʔ}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-a}}	{{lang\|ppk\|ku-}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-ku}}
1P (PL.ex)	{{lang\|ppk\|kaiʔ}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-kai}}	{{lang\|ppk\|ki-}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-kai}}
1P (PL.in)	{{lang\|ppk\|kitaʔ}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-ta}}	{{lang\|ppk\|ta-}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-ta}}
2P (SG)	{{lang\|ppk\|iko}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-ko}}	{{lang\|ppk\|nu-}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-nu}}
2P (PL)	{{lang\|ppk\|koiʔ}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-ki}}	{{lang\|ppk\|ni-}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-ni}}
3P (SG)	{{lang\|ppk\|hiʔa}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-i}}	{{lang\|ppk\|na-}}	{{lang\|ppk\|-na}}
3P (PL)	hiraʔ	-ra	ra-	-ra

Notes:^[2]

ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
(SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
[∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
[-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [{{lang|ppk|-nu}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-ni}}] are [{{lang|ppk|-mu}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-mi}}] respectively.
In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the possessives [{{lang|ppk|-kai}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-koi}}] are [{{lang|ppk|-kami}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-komi}}] respectively. The free forms [{{lang|ppk|kaiʔ}}] and [{{lang|ppk|koiʔ}}] are [{{lang|ppk|kamiʔ}}] and [{{lang|ppk|komiʔ}}] respectively.

Numerals

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

{{lang|ppk|isaʔ}}
{{lang|ppk|dua}}
{{lang|ppk|tolu}}
{{lang|ppk|opoʔ}}
{{lang|ppk|lima}}
{{lang|ppk|ono}}
{{lang|ppk|pitu}}
{{lang|ppk|walu}}
{{lang|ppk|sio}}
{{lang|ppk|hampuluʔ}}

Classification of Uma varieties

Ethnologue 2013

Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

Bana
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
Kantewu (= Central Uma)
Aria (= Southern Uma)
Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens 2014

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,^[3] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

Kantewu (= Central)
Southern
Tolee'
Tobaku
Winatu
Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.

Sarudu
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)

Bibliography

Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. 1988. Some notes on the inelegant glottal: a problem in Uma phonology. In Papers in Western Austronesian linguistics 4. pages 279-81. (Pacific Linguistics A 79.) Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

References

1. ^Michael, Martens P. Notes on Uma verbs (Canberra: Australian National University, 1988), pp. 168.
2. ^Michael, Martens P. Notes on Uma verbs (Canberra: Australian National University, 1988), pp. 168.
3. ^Martens, Michael P. Uma dialect word lists (Sulawesi Language Alliance, 2014), pp. 1-2.

3 : Kaili–Pamona languages|Languages of Indonesia|Celebic languages

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