“Under-reporting”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Under-reporting usually refers to some issue, incident, statistic, etc., that individuals, responsible agencies, or news media have not reported, or have reported as less than the actual level or amount. Under-reporting of crimes, for example, makes it hard to figure the actual incidence of crimes.

Crime

Various estimates have been provided in relation to under-reporting of crimes across the world. According to the American Medical Association (1995), sexual violence, and rape in particular, is considered the most under-reported violent crime.^[1] Common reasons for individuals not reporting crime include fear of not being believed, insecurity, and fear of getting into trouble. These reasons are most common for not reporting rape.^[2] It is commonly assumed that most of the rape cases go unreported;^[3] some estimates go up to or above 90%.^[4]^[5] (See also Rape reporting.) Non-recognition of domestic violence may lead to under-reporting.

Murders are sometimes not reported.^[6] Due to the fear of alleged murderer's connection with the other murderer, or because of settlement.

In 2012, the universities of Leicester and Westminster, while collaborating with Serious Organised Crime Agency, estimated that 200,000 people had been victims of online dating fraud. The report included instances of under-reported frauds.^[7]

Disease

Under-reported dengue in India,^[8] Polio in China,^[9] Pakistan,^[10] disability in Malaysia,^[11] remains a problem. In the United States, it was estimated in 1989 that 40% of the Aids cases in South Carolina went unreported.^[12] In 2008, out of 2,460 deaths from AIDS-related illnesses during a six-year period in Washington, DC, an estimated of 1,337 had not been reported.^[13]

Population

Under-reporting of population in countries such as China^[14] has been documented.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors293.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110314171826/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors293.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-03-14 |title=A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.surrey.ac.uk/mediacentre/press/2009/16532_between_7090_rapes_thought_to_go_unreported_and_94_of_reported_cases_dont_end_in_a_conviction.htm |title=Between 70-90% rapes thought to go unreported …and 94% of reported cases don't end in a conviction - University of Surrey - Guildford |publisher=Surrey.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
3. ^{{cite news|author=Nina Lakhani |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/unreported-rapes-the-silent-shame-7561636.html |title=Unreported rapes: the silent shame - Crime - UK |publisher=The Independent |date=2012-03-12 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://well.wvu.edu/articles/rape_myths_and_facts |title=Rape Myths and Facts | wellwvu | West Virginia University |publisher=Well.wvu.edu |date=2013-09-24 |accessdate=2014-02-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420122045/http://well.wvu.edu/articles/rape_myths_and_facts |archivedate=2017-04-20 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/without-consent-20061231.pdf |title=15642_Report |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
6. ^{{cite web|author=John Esterbrook |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/millions-of-crimes-go-unreported/ |title=Millions Of Crimes Go Unreported |publisher=CBS News |date=2002-09-09 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
7. ^http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/docs/news_20131206_ecc-report-cross-border-e-commerce_en.pdf
8. ^{{cite web|author=Manish Kakkar |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8574 |title=Dengue fever is massively under-reported in India, hampering our response |publisher=BMJ |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/694038.shtml |title=Polio unreported |publisher=Globaltimes.cn |date=2012-02-01 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
10. ^{{cite web|last=Khattak |first=Jehangir |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/534215/why-pakistan-is-losing-war-against-polio/ |title=Why Pakistan is losing the war against polio – The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
11. ^{{cite web|author=ian mcintyre |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2013/09/16/The-number-of-disabled-people-underreported-says-don.aspx/ |title=The number of disabled people under-reported, says don - Community | The Star Online |publisher=Thestar.com.my |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
12. ^{{cite news|author=AP |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/28/science/40-of-aids-cases-go-unreported-in-carolina.html |title=40% of AIDS Cases Go Unreported in Carolina - New York Times |location=South Carolina |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=1989-11-28 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.poz.com/articles/aids_deaths_washington_1_14759.shtml |title=Newsfeed : AIDS Deaths Go Unreported in Washington, DC |publisher=Poz.com |date=2008-06-16 |accessdate=2014-02-04}}
14. ^[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/655953?uid=3738256&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103453308473 Underreporting of Births and Infant Deaths in Rural China]: Evidence from Field Research in One County of Northern China, No. 155 (Sep., 1998), pp. 637-655

Crime

Disease

Population

See also

References

External links