| 词条 | Transnational Radical Party |
| 释义 |
| name = Nonviolent Radical Party Transnational and Transparty | logo = Radical Party logo.svg | logo_size = 160px | abbreviation = TRP or NRPTT | predecessor = Radical Party (Italy) | formation = 1 January 1989 | founder = Marco Pannella | founding_location = Rome | type = Nonprofit NGO | status = Active | purpose = Defense of personal and collective freedoms, human, civil and political rights | headquarters = Via di Torre Argentina 76, 00186 Rome | region = worldwide | methods = Nonviolence, lobbying | fields = Politics | membership = 3,112 | membership_year = 2017 | language = Esperanto | leader_title = Secretary | leader_name = vacant | leader_title2 = President | leader_name2 = vacant | leader_title3 = Coordinator and legal representative | leader_name3 = Maurizio Turco | key_people = {{hlist|Rita Bernardini|Marino Busdachin|Saad Eddin Ibrahim|Rebiya Kadeer|Kok Ksor|Fernando Maura|Cesare P.R. Romano|Antonio Stango|Vo Van Ai}} | subsidiaries = {{bulleted list|Radio Radicale FM (Italy)}} | affiliations = {{bulleted list|Pannella List (Italy)|Certi Diritti (Italy)|Hands Off Cain (Italy)|Charter 97 (Belarus)|[https://www.internacialingvo.org/it/ Esperanto Radikala Asocio] (Belgium)|¡Basta Ya! (Spain)|Montagnard Foundation (Vietnam)|Quê Me (Vietnam)|Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (UK)|[https://stopthedrugwar.org/ DRCNet Foundation / StoptheDrugWar.org] (USA)}} | website = {{URL|https://www.partitoradicale.it}} {{URL|http://www.radicalparty.org}} {{URL|https://www.nrptt.org}} }} The Transnational Radical Party (TRP), whose official name is Nonviolent Radical Party, Transnational and Transparty (NRPTT), is a political association of citizens, members of parliament and members of government of various national and political backgrounds who intend to adopt nonviolent means to create an effective body of international law with respect for individuals, human, civil and political rights, as well as the affirmation of democracy and political freedom in the world. The TRP does not participate in elections, and despite being named "party", is a non-governmental organization (NGO), adept in building synergies among political forces aimed at achieving the goals of its congressional motions. The TRP is the direct evolution of the Italian Radical Party (1955–1989) and is separate from the once-connected Italian Radicals party (founded in 2001), has been an NGO at the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations (UN) since 1995, listed in the general consultative status' category.[1] The TRP often advocates the international use of Esperanto in its literature.[2] History{{further|Italian Radicals (disambiguation)|Pannella List|Bonino List|Italian Radicals}}The TRP's forerunner, the Radical Party (PR), was established in 1955 by a left-wing splinter group from the centre-right Italian Liberal Party (PLI). In 1989 the PR was transformed into the TRP. In 1992 a majority of the Radicals formed, at the national-level in Italian politics, the Pannella List, as its most senior figure was Marco Pannella. Since 1999 the List ran in elections under the banner of Bonino List, named after Emma Bonino. In 2001 the Radicals in Italy formed the Italian Radicals (RI). Background and foundationIn the first European Parliament election in 1979 the PR obtained its best result ever countrywide (3.7% of the vote, resulting in the election of three MEPs, including Pannella). Following the election, the PR was involved with the Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties (CEGRP) and its unsuccessful efforts to create a single pan-European platform for green and radical politics.[3] More importantly, since then, the party projected itself into international politics. In 1988, after a decade during which transnational issues and values were emphasised, the PR's congress decided that the party would be transformed during 1989 into the TRP and that the latter would not present itself in elections (in order to avoid competition with the other parties and stimulate cooperation instead), while permitting "dual membership" with other parties.[4] The new symbol featuring the stylised face of Mahatma Gandhi[5] was the point of no return in the transformation of the PR into an instrument of political fight completely at disposal of issue-oriented campaigns.[6][7] All this provoked great controversy among Radicals. Some long-time members left in order to continue their own activity in other parties or retire from public life. However, also most TRP Radicals continued to be actively engaged in politics, sometimes supported by the TRP itself, sometimes seeking hospitality in traditional parties or creating entirely new electoral lists.[8][9] In the 1989 European Parliament election Pannella stood as a successful candidate of the joint list between the PLI (his former party) and the Italian Republican Party, some Radicals formed the "Anti-prohibition List on Drugs" (1 MEP), while others joined the Rainbow Greens (2 MEPs). In the run-up of the 1992 general election the Pannella List was formed. Sergio Stanzani and Emma Bonino were the first secretary and president of the party, respectively. In 1993 Bonino, who would be appointed to the European Commission in 1995, replaced Stanzani, and Pannella became president. International activities and ECOSOC recognitionThe TRP was soon involved in comparing the conditions of the rule of law among different democracies throughout the world.[10] While its members and economic resources continued to come primarily from Italy, the party strengthened its activities worldwide, especially in the countries of post-communist Eastern Europe.[11][12] In this respect, the TRP launched the Multilingual Telematics System,[13][14] one of the first bulletin board systems in Italy to allow multiple connections at the same time with the many countries where the party had influence and membership. In 1995, after an intense institutional work, the TRP became a non-governmental organization for the promotion of human rights' legislation and the affirmation of democracy and freedom worldwide. As such, it was granted the general consultative status at the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations (UN).[15] Also in 1995 Olivier Dupuis, a long-time Radical from Belgium and founding member of the TRP who had moved to Budapest, Hungary in 1988 and from there had coordinated TRP's activities in Eastern Europe, was elected secretary of the party, while Jean-François Hory, a French MEP of the Radical Party of the Left within the TRP-sponsored European Radical Alliance group, was president. In 1996 Dupuis took Pannella's seat in the European Parliament. Within the UN, the party has carried out high-profile battles on several issues: the moratorium on the death penalty and the proposal of his complete abolition,[16] anti-prohibition against global mafias,[17] fair justice,[18] freedom of scientific research and the ban on female genital mutilation.[19] Additionally, the TRP has allowed access to UN meetings to some stateless people, including Tibetans,[20] Uyghurs[21] and Montagnards.,[22] and led active monitoring of the conflicts against despotic regimes, such as the case of Ukraine versus Russia,[23] or gave voice to dissidents opposed to authoritarian regimes like Cuba[24] and Turkey.[21] For its proposal of a peace plan in the Chechen–Russian conflict,[25] the party has collided with Russia and its members risked expulsion from the country.[26] "Italian plague", decline and internal crisisDespite its successes worldwide, the TRP and its initiaves mostly failed to find space on the local press in Italy, which has often focused merely on the internal conflicts within the Radical world.[27][28][29] The inadequate information on Radical initiatives by the Italian media has been meticulously verified by the TRP-sponsored Centro d'Ascolto dell'Informazione Radiotelevisiva[30] and produced several sentences featuring compensations to be paid by RAI, the Italian public broadcaster, and commercial TV as well. Some confusion came from the fact that since the 2000s, rather than highlighting its expansion abroad, the TRP has preferred to focus on the "Case Italy", emblematic of the decadence of a constitutional political system into a "real democracy", that is to say a formal democracy in which its very institutions substantially act in contrast with the constitution.[31][32] According to the TRP, Italy has become a "partycratic regime" and, as such, has started to spread the "plague" of "real democracy" around the democratic world. That was denounced by Radicals within international organisations and though the publication of a "yellow book" on the "Italian plague".[33] However, the TRP effectively suffered internal problems too. In 2003 Dupuis resigned from secretary because of serious political differences with Pannella. In 2011–14 Demba Traoré, a politician from Mali, served briefly as secretary: he left the party without officially resigning, after being returned to the government of his own country. The TRP was later provisionally run by a committee, known as the "Senate" (Senato), led by Pannella and composed of the party's leading members. Re-organisation and split of the Italian RadicalsAfter the death of Pannella in May 2016, an extraordinary congress was convened in September to overcome the long inactivity due to the absence of the secretary, as well as the economic problems undermining the party's viability. The congress adopted with 178 votes in favour, 79 against and 13 abstentions on the final resolution:
The minority faction, led by Bonino and Marco Cappato, in turn, controlled the RI,[36][37] as confirmed in their November 2016 congress.[38][39] In February 2017 the TRP severed its ties with the RI (accused of boycotting the TRP, using its assets without paying for them and pursuing an Italian-only electoral agenda), and the latter could no longer use the Radical headquarters.[40][41][42][43][44] However, the RI's congress invited its members to adhere to the TRP.[45] The 3,000-member target for 2017 was achieved by the TRP in December,[46] while the RI had launched a pro-Europeanist electoral list named More Europe for the 2018 Italian general election.[47][48] Leadership
The 2016 congress elected a collective Presidency, composed of the following members: Matteo Angioli, Angiolo Bandinelli, Marco Beltrandi, Rita Bernardini (coordinator), Maurizio Bolognetti, Antonella Casu (coordinator), Antonio Cerrone, Deborah Cianfanelli, Maria Antonietta Coscioni, Sergio D'Elia (coordinator), Mariano Giustino, Giuseppe Rippa, Giuseppe Rossodivita, Irene Testa, Maurizio Turco (coordinator and legal representative), Valter Vecellio, and Elisabetta Zamparutti.[49] MembersCurrent prominent members (as of December 2017):[50]
Former prominent members:[51]
See also
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Partito Radicale|access-date=26 February 2017|language=IT}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/giustizia-lappello-del-comitato-per-una-giustizia-giusta|title=Giustizia: l'appello del "comitato per una giustizia giusta"|date= 25 February 1985|author=Leonardo Sciascia|author2=Alessandro Galante Garrone|access-date=26 February 2017}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Quando la religione diventa barbarie|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/quando-la-religione-diventa-barbarie|journal=IL QUOTIDIANO RADICALE|date=28 October 1993|access-date=26 February 2017|language=IT}} 20. ^{{cite web|author=Dalai Lama|date=25 March 1989|title=Tibet: E' il tempo dell'interdipendenza|journal=Notizie Radicali|volume=|issue=66|access-date=20 March 2017|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/tibet-e-il-tempo-dellinterdipendenza-0|language=IT}} 21. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/radio-radicale-turkestan-orientale|title= Colloquio con Erkin Alptekin, leader degli Ujguri del Turkestan orientale |author=Radio radicale turkestan orientale|date=24 July 1997|language=IT}} 22. ^{{cite web|title= I montagnard: una persecuzione nell'indifferenza|url=http://www.radicalparty.org/it/content/i-montagnard-una-persecuzione-nellindifferenza|author=Gerolamo Fazzini|journal=Avvenire|date=13 April 2005|access-date=26 February 2017|language=IT}} 23. ^{{cite web|author=Eugenij Pashchenko|date=12-18 August 1993|title=Radical voices of rome tribune|journal=Visti z Ukraini|issue=33(1790)|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/radical-voices-of-rome-tribune|language=EN}} 24. ^{{cite web|author=Luca Frassineti|date=20 August 1992|title=DEMOCRATIE POUR CUBA|quote=D’importantes adhésions à l’appel, promu par le Parti radical à travers le septième numéro du “Parti Nouveau” et “Lettre Radicale 23” et adressé aux autorités cubaines, continuent à parvenir. Ci-après le texte de l’appel et les signatures des députés et des personnalités recueillies à ce jour. »Nous soussignés, membres des Gouvernements et des Parlements démocratiques, demandons aux autorités cubaines la libération des citoyens cubains Luis Alberto Pita Santos et Daniel Azpillaga, emprisonnés pour avoir organisé des manifestations populaires non violentes en faveur des réformes démocratiques à Cuba. Nous demandons aussi qu’il soit permis à Mario Chanes de Armas, prisonnier politique pendant trente ans et remis en liberté récemment, de quitter Cuba et de se réunir à sa famille en exil|language=FR}} 25. ^{{cite web|author=|date=4 May 1995|title=MOSCA: L’ADOZIONE DEL MEMORANDUM COLLETTIVO SULLA CECENIA; IL PARTITO RADICALE ADERISCE A QUESTO MEMORANDUM|access-date=20 March 2017|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/mosca-ladozione-del-memorandum-collettivo-sulla-0|language=IT}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/espulsione-del-prt-dallonu-articolo-di-le-monde|title= LA RUSSIA VUOLE SOFFOCARE OGNI VOCE CECENA ALL’ONU|date=21 July 2000|journal=Le Monde|pages=4|access-date=26 February 2017|language=IT}} 27. ^{{cite news|author=Luca Gelmini|url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Politica/2006/10_Ottobre/31/radicali.shtml|title=Radicali, scontro Pannella-Capezzone|journal=Corriere della Sera|date=1 November 2006|access-date=20 March 2017|language=IT}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://formiche.net/2013/10/29/pannella-staderini-ecco-quanto-si-amano-si-odiano-i-radicali-italiani/|title=Pannella e Staderini, quanto si amano (e si odiano) i Radicali italiani|author=Paolo Falliro|date=2013-10-29|access-date=2017-03-20|language=IT}} 29. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Pannella-caccia-la-Bonino-lei-replica-Siete-scemi-38bd6015-d105-4a47-b58d-2cc150dc6b14.html|title=Pannella caccia la Bonino, lei replica: "Siete scemi?"|access-date=5 December 2017|date=28 July 2015}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.centrodiascolto.it/content/la-storia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621073456/http://www.centrodiascolto.it/content/la-storia|dead-url=yes|archive-date=21 June 2008|title=Centro d’Ascolto dell’Informazione Radiotelevisiva|quote=|access-date=20 March 2017|language=IT}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/il-caso-italia-1-introduzione-lo-stato-della-giustizia-in-europa-i-convegno|title=IL CASO ITALIA: (1) Introduzione - LO STATO DELLA GIUSTIZIA IN EUROPA - I· CONVEGNO|access-date=2017-03-20|language=IT}} 32. ^{{cite web|author=Marco Pannella|date=10 October 1989|title=Diritti democratici nella "Democrazia reale"|journal=IL GIORNALE D’ITALIA|access-date=20 March 2017|quote=|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/diritti-democratici-nella-democrazia-reale|language=IT}} 33. ^{{cite web|author=Gruppo di Iniziativa di Satyagraha 2009 per lo Stato di diritto e la Democrazia cancellati in Italia|title=La Peste Italiana|url=http://www.radicali.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/peste_italiana.pdf|access-date=26 February 2017}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radicalparty.org/it/content/mozione-generale-del-40esimo-congresso-straordinario-del-partito-radicale-nonviolento-transn|title=MOZIONE GENERALE DEL 40ESIMO CONGRESSO STRAORDINARIO DEL PARTITO RADICALE NONVIOLENTO, TRANSNAZIONALE E TRANSPARTITO|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radicalparty.org/it/content/i-furbetti-del-partitino-consulenza-i-compagni-espulsi-o-di-espulsione|title=I furbetti del partitino (consulenza per i compagni espulsi o in via di espulsione)|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/09/03/news/radicali_al_congresso_vince_la_mozione_ortodossa_-147121871/?refresh_ce|title=Radicali, al congresso vincono gli 'ortodossi'. 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Contesa economica dietro le divergenze|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2017/02/11/news/radicali_ultima_faida_pannelliani_boniniani-158050074/|title=I radicali sfrattano Bonino, l'ultima faida del dopo Pannella|date=11 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2017/02/11/partito-radicale-bonino_n_14687640.html|title=Il Partito radicale sfratta l'associazione di Emma Bonino: via dalla sede del partito|date=11 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radicali.it/20171101/mozione-generale-approvata-dal-xvi-congresso-radicali-italiani|title=Mozione generale approvata dal XVI Congresso di Radicali Italiani - Radicali Italiani|date=1 November 2017|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://radicalparty.org/it/content/raggiunti-i-3000-iscritti-al-partito-radicale|title=Raggiunti i 3.000 iscritti al Partito Radicale|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2017/11/23/italia/politica/i-radicali-alle-elezioni-da-soli-la-nuova-lista-si-chiamer-europa-9vVPiGh2xoYXqExCOow4cP/pagina.html|title=I radicali alle elezioni da soli: la nuova lista si chiamerà “+ Europa”|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2017/11/13/pd-radicali-incontro-al-nazareno-in-vista-delle-elezioni_a_23275409|title=Pd-Radicali, aperta la trattativa per un'intesa elettorale. Il segretario Magi: "Percorso avviato"|date=13 November 2017|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radicalparty.org/it/content/organi-statutari|title=Organi statutari|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2018}} 50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nrptt.org/|website=servizi.radicalparty.org|access-date=2017-12-03}} 51. ^{{Cite web|url=http://servizi.radicalparty.org/members/index_cg.php|title=I 50 membri del Consiglio Generale del Partito Radicale Nonviolento, Transnazionale e Transpartito|website=servizi.radicalparty.org|access-date=2017-12-03|language=IT|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120718100930/http://servizi.radicalparty.org/members/index_cg.php|archivedate=2012-07-18|df=}} External links
5 : Radical parties|Transnational political parties|Nonviolence|Organizations with general consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council|Cosmopolitanism |
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