1. Roads
    Highways  Speed limits  Vehicles   Public transport    Accidents    Parking  

2. Rail transport
     Railways    Trams and light rail  

3. Air transport

4. Water transport

5. See also

6. References

7. External links

The transport system of Finland is well-developed. Factors affecting traffic include the sparse population and long distance between towns and cities, and the cold climate with waterways freezing and land covered in snow for winter.

The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. {{As of|2010}}, the country's network of main roads has a total length of around {{convert|78162|km|mi}} and all public roads {{convert|104161|km|mi}}. The motorway network totals {{convert|779|km|mi}} with additional {{convert|124|km|mi}} reserved only for motor traffic.^[1]{{rp|23, 42}} Road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes that amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro.

The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport with over 17 million passengers in 2016. About 25 airports have scheduled passenger services. They are financed by competitive fees and rural airport may be subsidized. The Helsinki-Vantaa based Finnair (known for an Asia-focused strategy), Nordic Regional Airlines provide air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle routes between Western Europe and the Far East. Hence, many international travelers visit Helsinki on a stop-over between Asia and Europe.

Despite low population density, taxpayers spend annually around 350 million euro in maintaining {{convert|5865|km|mi}} railway tracks even to many rural towns. Operations are privatized and currently the only operator is the state-owned VR. It has 5 percent passenger market share (out of which 80 percent are urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25 percent cargo market share.^[2] Helsinki has an urban rail network.

Icebreakers keep the 23 ports open all year round. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Sweden and several other destinations.

Roads

Road transport in Finland is the most popular method of transportation, particularly in rural areas where the railway network does not extend to. {{As of|2011}} there are {{convert|78162|km|mi}} of public roads, of which {{convert|51016|km|mi}} are paved.^[1]{{rp|42}} The main road network comprises over {{convert|13329|km|mi}} of road.^[1]{{rp|23}}

Highways

64% of all traffic on public roads takes place on main roads,^[1]{{rp|11}} which are divided into class I ({{lang|fi|valtatie}}/{{lang|sv|riksväg}}) and class II ({{lang|fi|kantatie}}/{{lang|sv|stamväg}}) main roads. Motorways have been constructed in the country since the 1960s, but they are still reasonably rare because traffic volumes are not large enough to motivate their construction. There are {{convert|863|km|mi}} of motorways.^[1]{{rp|23}} Longest stretches are Helsinki–Turku (Main road 1/E18), Helsinki–Tampere (Main road 3/E12), Helsinki–Heinola (Main road 4/E75), and Helsinki–Hamina (Main road 7/E18). The world's northernmost motorway is also located in Finland between Keminmaa and Tornio (Main road 29/E8).

There are no toll roads in Finland.^[3]

Speed limits

Speed limits change depending on the time of the year; the maximum speed limit on motorways is {{convert|120|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in the summer and {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in the winter. The main roads usually have speed limits of either 100 km/h or {{convert|80|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. Speed limits in urban areas range between {{convert|30|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|60|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. If no other speed limit is signposted, the general speed limit in Finland is {{convert|50|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in built-up areas and {{convert|80|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} outside.^[4]

Vehicles

Public transport

Local bus services inside cities and towns have often been tightly regulated by the councils. Many councils also have their own bus operators, such as Tampere City Transit (TKL), which operates some bus lines on a commercial basis in competition with privately owned providers. Regional bus lines have been regulated by the provincial administration to protect old transit companies, leading to cartel situations like TLO in the Turku region, but strong regional regulating bodies, like the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority (HSL/HRT), whose routes are put out to tender exist as well and will become the norm after the transitional period during the 2010s.

Accidents

In 2015, number of road traffic accidents involving personal injury was 5,164. In them, 266 persons were killed.^[9] The number of road deaths per million inhabitants is just below the European average. Traffic safety has improved significantly since the early 1970s, when more than one thousand people died in road traffic every year.^[10]

Parking

Municipal law 30-31 § gives right to Referendum since year 1990. Citizens of Turku collected 15,000 names in one month for referendum against the underground car park. Politicians with in the elections unknown financing from the parking company neglected the citizens opinion.^[11] According to International Association of Public Transport UITP parking places are the among the most effective ways to promote private car use in the city. Therefore, many European cities have cancelled the expensive underground car parking after the 1990s. The EU recommended actions cover develop guidance for concrete measures for the internalisation of external costs for car traffic also in urban areas.^[12] In Finland the shops routinely offer free parking for private cars.

Rail transport

Railways

The Finnish railway network consists of a total of {{convert|5919|km|mi}}^[13] of railways built with {{RailGauge|1524mm|allk=on}}.^[14] {{convert|3072|km|abbr=on}} of track is electrified.^[13] In 2010, passengers made 13.4 million long distance voyages and 55.5 million trips in local traffic.^[13] On the same year, over {{convert|35000000|t}} of freight were transported.^[13]

Passenger trains are operated by the state-owned VR. They serve all the major cities and many rural areas, complemented by bus connections where needed. Most passenger train services originate or terminate at Helsinki Central railway station, and a large proportion of the passenger rail network radiates out of Helsinki. High-speed Pendolino services are operated from Helsinki to other major cities like Jyväskylä, Joensuu, Kuopio, Oulu, Tampere and Turku. Modern InterCity services complement the Pendolino network, and cheaper and older long and short distance trains operate in areas with fewer passengers.

The Helsinki area has three urban rail systems: a tramway, a metro, and a commuter rail system. Light rail systems are currently being planned for Helsinki and also for Turku and Tampere, two of the country's other major urban centres.

Trams and light rail

In Finland there have been three cities with trams: Helsinki, Turku and Viipuri. Only Helsinki has retained its tramway network. The trams in Viipuri, having been lost to Soviet Union in 1945, ceased operations in 1957, while the Turku tramway network shut down in 1972.

In november 2016, Tampere city council approved the construction of a new light rail system. Construction of phase 1 begun late 2016 and is scheduled to finish in 2021. Turku also has preliminary plans for new tram system, but no decision to build it has been made.

Helsinki currently operates 13 tramlines on a network of approximately {{convert|90|km}} of track in passenger service. The trams have annually 57 million passengers.^[15][16]

Air transport

There are 148 airfields, 74 of which have paved runways.^[17] 21 airports are served by scheduled passenger flights. By far the largest airport is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, and the second largest by passenger volume is Oulu Airport.^[18] The larger airports are managed by the state-owned Finavia (formerly the Finnish Civil Aviation Administration). Finnair, Nordic Regional Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle are the main carriers for domestic flights.

Helsinki-Vantaa airport is Finland's global gateway with scheduled non-stop flights to such places as Bangkok, Beijing, Guangzhou, Nagoya, New York, Osaka, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle airline traffic routes between Western Europe and the Far East.^[19] The airport is located approximately 19 kilometers north of Helsinki's downtown in the city of Vantaa, thus the name Helsinki-Vantaa.

Other airports with regular scheduled international connections are Kokkola-Pietarsaari Airport, Mariehamn Airport, Tampere-Pirkkala Airport, Turku Airport and Vaasa Airport.

Water transport

The Finnish Maritime Administration is responsible for the maintenance of Finland's waterway network. Finland's waterways includes some {{convert|7600|km|mi}} of coastal fairways and {{convert|7900|km|mi}} of Finland waterways (on rivers, canals, and lakes). Saimaa Canal connects Lake Saimaa, and thus much of the inland waterway system of Finland, with the Baltic Sea at Vyborg (Viipuri). However, the lower part of the canal is currently located in Russia. To facilitate through shipping, Finland leases the Russian section of the canal from Russia (the original agreement with the Soviet Union dates to 1963).^[20]

The largest general port is Port of Hamina-Kotka. Port of Helsinki is the busiest passenger harbour, and it also has significant cargo traffic.^[21] By cargo tons, the five busiest ports are HaminaKotka, Helsinki, Rauma, Kilpilahti and Naantali.^[22]

Frequent ferry service connects Finland with Estonia and Sweden. Baltic cruise liners regularly call on the

port of Helsinki as well. In domestic service, ferries connect Finland's islands with the mainland. Finland's cargo ports

move freight both for Finland's own needs and for transshipment to Russia.

See also

• Finnish models of public transport

References

External links

• VR (The main site of the Finnish railway company)
• Search engine for all public transit in Finland
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20021121050244/http://www.fma.fi/e/ Finnish Maritime Administration]
• Finnish Road Administration
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608121717/http://www.findicator.fi/en/70 Transport statistics] at Findicator

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