词条 | Transport in Pakistan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Transport in Pakistan ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکِستان میں نقل و حمل}}}}) is extensive and varied, and serves a population of over 191 million people. In recent years, new national highways have been built, with the addition of motorways which have improved trade and logistics within the country. Pakistan's rail network owned by Pakistan Railways is also undergoing expansion in recent years. Airports and seaports have been built with the addition of foreign and domestic funding. History{{Expand section|date=January 2019}}The history of transport in modern-day Pakistan dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization. The Grand Trunk Road was a major road commissioned by Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century and used during the Suri and Mughal periods. Trees were planted, and mosques and temples built along the road. Caravanserais were built for travelers to spend the night. Railways and Airways were developed during the British Raj. The first railway's in Pakistan were built from 1885. RoadMotorways{{Main article|Motorways of Pakistan}}The construction of motorways began in the early 1990s, with the idea of building a world-class road network and reducing the load on the heavily used national highways throughout the country. The M2 was the first motorway completed in 1998, linking the cities of Islamabad and Lahore. In the past 5 years, many new motorways have opened up, including the M1 and M4. The M4 is partially operational while half is under construction, and connects the cities of Pindi Bhatian (M2), Faislabad and Multan via Gojra, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang, Shorkot, Pir Mahal and Khanewal. The M3, which will connect Lahore with Multan through Abdul Hakeem and the existing M4 near Multan, is under construction; it will terminate at the under-construction M5, which will lead to the Sukkhur District of Sindh. There, the M6 (which is proposed with construction work to begin soon) will start; the M6 will end at Hyderabad, where it will meet the existing M9 motorway to Karachi. In addition to this, the M8 in Baluchistan province, the longest motorway of Pakistan, is half under construction, half operational. In central Punjab, the Lahore-Sialkot Motorway (M11) is under construction and will be operational by next year, and in KPK province, the Hakka-Dera Ismail Khan Motorway (M14) is also under construction. Swat Motorway and Hazara Motorway are two more expressways under construction in KPK province.
National highways{{Main article|National Highways of Pakistan}}During the 1990s, Pakistan began an ongoing project to rebuild all national highways throughout the country specifically to important financial, cargo and textile centers. The National Highway Authority or NHA is responsible for the maintenance of all national highways in Pakistan.
Provincial Highways
Buses{{See also|Buses in Pakistan|List of bus routes in Lahore|Daewoo Express}}Within cities, buses provide a significant role in commuting a large number of travellers from one city to another. Recently, large CNG buses have been put onto the streets of various cities, primarily Karachi and Lahore, and recently Islamabad, as the minivans which were originally used were beginning to cause large traffic problems. Private yellow and white minivans have services throughout cities in Pakistan and get commuters from one point of the city to the other at a low cost. Since 2000, however, the government has taken a comprehensive initiative to modernize the existing bus fleets and minimally impact the environment. This public-private enterprise would gradually introduce 8,000 CNG buses throughout the country and 800 buses in Karachi. This venture will ensure high standards of efficiency and cleanliness.[1]
Bus service in urban areas and between cities is well established with services run by both public and private sectors. Bus services like Raja Bus Service (Azeem Bhatty), AL-SYED Transport, Waraich Buses, Daewoo Express, Rehber Travel, Bilal Deawoo, Faisal Movers, Kohistan, Khan Brothers, Skyways and Niazi Express have set up a modern intercity service which connects to most cities in Pakistan and runs 24 hours a day. Intercity buses tend to be more modern and well kept.
International bus services are also well established in Pakistan and connect to various countries: {{col div|colwidth=30em}}
The corridors include:
TaxisAnother very common form of transport, seen mainly at hotels and airports, are yellow taxis. Drivers charge according to a meter located on the dashboard of the car, but fares can be negotiated if there is no meter. The cab drivers are reliable and will take passengers to any destination required. There are also numerous privately run services that use cars and minibuses of various types throughout Pakistan, providing a reliable and quick means of transport. Recently, the Radio Cab was introduced in Pakistan, which allows riders to call a toll-free number to get in touch with the closest taxi stand. This service is currently offered in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Karachi, Peshawar and Lahore. Services for Hyderabad and Faisalabad are now being set up. Another local cab service was introduced in August, 2017 with the name iCAB, claiming to be the first cab service of the country with a centralized platform for all kinds of road transportation services, providing app-based services and getting stupendous response from the people of Pakistan. Launched from the capital territory, iCAB will expand its operations to overall 13 cities of the country. CarsOver the years, the number of cars on Pakistani roads has tripled. Traffic jams are a common scene in major cities across Pakistan. The most popular cars on Pakistani roads are the Suzuki Mehran, Suzuki Cultus, Suzuki Alto, Suzuki Bolan, Daihatsu Coure, Hyundai Santro, Honda Civic, Honda City, Honda Accord, Toyota Corolla, Daihatsu Mira, Nissan Dayz, and Toyota Vitz. Luxury SUVs and cars are owned by the elite in urban cities and by many large landowners in the villages and rural areas, thus making them a fairly common sight in Pakistan. The most popular models are the Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Prado, Land Rover Range Rover, along with several Mercedes-Benzes, BMWs and Audis.
To meet future needs, students and teachers from the National University of Science and Technology developed Pakistan's first ever hybrid gasoline car, the Devrim II, inspired by the Turkish model Devrim.[5] Before that, students from Naval College Karachi and Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute also made a successful hybrid car, but Devrim II is the most effective one. The current team leader of the Pak-Wheelers said,[6]{{quote|text="Initial design was giving a mileage of around 450 kilometres to a litre but we are trying to improve that number to more than 700 km/litre after switching to a hybrid model."|sign=Faizan Zafar|source=Tribune interview}} Auto rickshawsAuto rickshaws are a popular method of travelling in cities and are found in almost every city and town in Pakistan. The fare is usually negotiable before commencing a journey; however, due to the level of pollution contributed by auto-rickshaws, the government has recently begun banning older ones and replacing them with CNG auto rickshaws, which tend to be less noisy, form less pollutants and are much bigger and more comfortable. The Punjab government decided in 2005 to replace two-stroke three-wheelers with CNG-fitted four-stroke rickshaws in Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala. Three manufacturers were ordered to produce 60,000 four-stroke vehicles, but they reportedly supplied 2,000 to the government which are now plying on city roads. Similar ordinances are now being considered in other provinces of Pakistan. A new form of transport in Pakistan is the Qing-Qi (pronounced "ching-chee"), which is a cross between a motorcycle and auto-rickshaw. It runs just like a motorcycle but has three wheels instead of two and can carry a much heavier load. It is an urban transport vehicle and is used mostly for short distances. Rail{{Main article|Pakistan Railways|Railway stations in Pakistan}}DomesticRail services in Pakistan are provided by the state-run Pakistan Railways, under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. Pakistan Railways provides an important mode of transportation in Pakistan, catering to the large-scale movement of people and freight. The railway network comprises 8,163 km[7] all of which is {{RailGauge|5ft6in|allk=on}} gauge, including 293 km of electrified track. Passenger earnings comprise 50% of the total revenue. During 1999–2000 this amounted to Rs. 4.8 billion.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Pakistan Railways carry 65 million passengers annually and daily operate 228 mail, express and passenger trains.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Pakistan Railways also operate special trains for various occasions. The Freight Business Unit with 12,000 personnel operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network. The FBU serves the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim as well as in various other stations along the network and generates revenue from the movement of agricultural, industrial and imported products such as wheat, coal, fertiliser, cement and sugar. About 39% of the revenue is generated from the transportation of petroleum, 19% from imported wheat, fertiliser and rock phosphate. The remaining 42% is earned from domestic traffic. The freight rate structure is based on market trends in road transport, which is the main competitor to rail transport. High speed railPrime Minister Nawaz Sharif said that a high-speed rail network will be built which will connect Peshawar to Karachi via all major cities of Pakistan during his visit to China in June 2016. The Government is making plans for this project. Rapid Transit{{Main article|List of rapid transit systems in Pakistan}}
The Karachi Circular Railway, which opened in the early 1940s, is the only functioning Mass Transit System in Pakistan. In 1976, Karachi was slated to begin work on an underground metro system, but plans have been put on hold since. The Lahore Metro Bus System is another rapid mass transit system which was tested by the Chief Minister of Punjab Shahbaz Sharif on December 25, 2012. It began operation on February 11, 2013. Lahore Metro would be the first mass transit system of it type in Pakistan. Peshawar Metro is also planned. On 22 May 2014,[8] Pakistan and China signed a $1.6 billion agreement for a metro train project in Lahore.[9] The Government decided to build the Orange Line of Lahore Metro. Work on the project will start in 2014 and will be completed within 27 months.The total length of the project will be 27.1 km, of which 25.4 km will be elevated and 1.7 km underground. In Lahore, Lahore Central Railway Station is the main railway station. Shahdara Bagh, Badami Bagh, Mughalpura, Shahdara Town, Lahore Cantonment, Wagah, Walton Cantonment, Kot Lakhpat, Kahna Nau, Jia Bagga and Raiwind are other busy railway stations located in Lahore. These urban railway stations of the city are served by commuter trains of Lahore. A large number of commuters use these station to get access to the city of Lahore.
The government of Pakistan has planned to build a monorail system in its federal capital, Islamabad. A monorail is also planned for New Avenue in Gulberg, Lahore
The Lahore Metro or Lahore Rapid Mass Transit System (LRMTS) ({{lang-ur|لاہور میٹرو}}) is a rapid transit metro system under construction in Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan. First proposed in 1991, funding was not secured, and in 2012 it was abandoned by the Punjab government in favour of the more cost–effective Lahore Metro Bus System which opened in February 2013. However, the Punjab Government decided to restart development on the Lahore Metro as a $1.6 billion project with Chinese assistance. The Orange Line, which will be {{convert|27.1|km|mi|adj=on}} long, ({{convert|25.4|km|mi}} of which will be elevated),[10] will be the first line of the project and is under construction.[11] Rail links with adjacent countries{{flagicon|India }} India -Thar Express to Karachi and the more famous Samjhauta Express international train from Lahore, Pakistan to Amritsar (Attari) and Delhi, India. The weekly Thar Express also runs between Karachi and Bhagat Ki Kothi (near Jodhpur, Rajasthan). {{flagicon|Iran}} Iran -A {{RailGauge|5ft6in|allk=on}} railway line runs from Zahedan to Quetta, and a {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|allk=on}} line is finished from Zahedan to Kerman in central Iran, linking with the rest of the Iranian rail network. On May 18, 2007, a MOU for rail cooperation was signed by Pakistan and Iran under which the line will be completed by December 2008. Now that the rail systems are linked up at Zahedan, there is a break-of-gauge between the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|allk=on}} tracks and Pakistan Railway's Indian gauge tracks.[12] {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} Afghanistan -Currently there is no rail link to Afghanistan since no railway network is present in that country, however Pakistan Rail has proposed to help build an Afghan Rail Network in three phases. The first phase will stretch from the Chaman to Spin Boldak in Afghanistan. The second phase will extend line to Kandahar and the third phase will eventually connect to Herat. From there, the line will be extended to Khushka, Turkmenistan. The final phase would link {{RailGauge|5ft6in|allk=on}} with Central Asian {{RailGauge|1520mm|allk=on}}. It is not clear where the break-of-gauge station will be.[13] The proposed line will also be connected the port town of Gwadar via Dalbadin and Taftan, thus connecting the port town to Central Asia. {{flagicon|China}} China -There is no link with China however, on 28 February 2007 contracts were awarded for feasibility studies on a proposed line from Havelian via the Khunjerab Pass at 4730 m above sea level, to the Chinese railhead at Kashgar, a distance of about 750 km.[14] {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} Turkmenistan -Via Afghanistan (proposed) – avoiding {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|allk=on}} intervening.[15] {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey -An Istanbul-Tehran-Islamabad passenger rail service was proposed recently.[16] Meanwhile, a container train service was launched by the former Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 containers with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} [17] and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through Tehran, Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.[18] According to the Minister for Railways Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.[19] There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.[20] HeritageIn Ghangha Pur, a {{RailGauge|2ft|lk=on}} narrow gauge horse-drawn tramway is operational.[21] It was first opened in 1898, closed in 1998, and re-opened in 2010.[22] Air{{Main article|Airlines of Pakistan}}{{Main article|List of airports in Pakistan}}Pakistan has 151 airports. The major airports are:
There are also several smaller airports which have flights to and from the Gulf because of the large Pakistani diaspora working in the region. There are 91 airports with paved runways, of which 14 have runways longer than 3,047 meters. The remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a runway longer than 3,047 meters. Pakistan also has eighteen heliports. {{clear}}WaterThe waterway network in Pakistan is in its infancy, with Karachi being the only major city situated next to the Arabian Sea. Still, plans are being proposed for the development of the waterways in the country along the Indus River and through the Punjab as it would boost employment opportunities and the economic and social development of Pakistan. See a list of dry ports and sea ports in Pakistan.
Ferries
Pipelines
The above information was calculated in 2009.[7] China-Pakistan Economic CorridorThe China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is an under-construction development program to connect Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan to China's northwestern autonomous region of Xinjiang via highways, railways[23] and pipelines to transport oil and gas. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was among the first advocates of the project; since then Chinese President Xi Jinping, formar Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif have become strong supporters of the project.[24] When the corridor is constructed, it will serve as a primary gateway for trade between China and the Middle East and Africa; in particular, oil from the Middle East could be offloaded at Gwadar, which is located just outside the mouth of the Persian Gulf, and transported to China through the Baluchistan province in Pakistan. Such a link would vastly shorten the 12,000-kilometre route that Mideast oil supplies must now take to reach Chinese ports.[25] The project received a major boost when control of Gwadar was transferred to China's state-owned China Overseas Ports Holding in February 2013. Built by Chinese workers and opened in 2007, Gwadar is undergoing a major expansion to turn it into a full-fledged, deep-water commercial port. On 19 February 2014, the South China Morning Post reported that Pakistan and China have signed agreements for constructing an international airport at Gwadar, for upgrading a section of the 1,300-kilometre Karakorum Highway connecting to Islamabad, and for a fibre-optic cable to be laid from the Chinese border to the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi.[26] [27] According to The Diplomat, with the development of the corridor, Central Asia, traditionally an economically closed region owing to its geography and lack of infrastructure, will have greater access to the sea and to the global trade network.[28] Pak-China Economic Corridor Secretariat was inaugurated in Islamabad on August 27, 2013.[29]See also{{Portal|Transport in Pakistan|Railways in Pakistan|Roads in Pakistan}}{{Commons category|Transport in Pakistan}}{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=217619 |title=Imran Khan sworn-in as PM Pakistan |publisher=PakTribune |date= |accessdate=2018-08-18}} {{Reflist|30em}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-87436-Lahore-Metro-Bus-service-inaugurated|title=Lahore Metro Bus service inaugurated|work=The News International|date=10 February 2013|accessdate=24 May 2014}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1083242/shahbaz-to-inaugurate-work-on-metro-bus-service-on-feb-28|title=Shahbaz to inaugurate work on Metro Bus Service on Feb 28|work=Dawn|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=24 May 2014}} 4. ^Stations connected by transfers are counted as one station, unless otherwise noted. 5. ^National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan Students Design Pakistan's First-ever Hybrid Car 6. ^Objectives of Pak-Wheelers {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309071848/http://pak-wheelers.com/sponsor.html |date=2011-03-09 }} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html#Trans| title=World Factbook – Pakistan| author=The Central Intelligence Agency| accessdate=2007-06-28}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=242308 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-05-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084630/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=242308 |archivedate=2014-05-29 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-30491-First-Pakistani-metro-train-to-run-in-Lahore |title=First Pakistani metro train to run in Lahore | | thenews.com.pk | Karachi |publisher=thenews.com.pk |date=2014-05-23 |accessdate=2018-08-18}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1190468/|title=City to lose 620 trees for Orange Line train}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hcs.com.pk/index.php/projects/projects-completed.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-09-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925085146/http://www.hcs.com.pk/index.php/projects/projects-completed.html |archivedate=2015-09-25 |df= }} 12. ^Railway Gazette International 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_8-5-2005_pg5_7|title=Govt considers railway links with central Asia}} 14. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4200&Itemid=2 | author=Associated Press of Pakistan| title=PR signs deal with foreign firm for pre-feasibility study of Pakistan-China rail link| accessdate=2007-06-28 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192717/http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4200&Itemid=2 |archivedate = 2007-09-27}} 15. ^{{cite news | title =Closing the gap from Bam to Zahedan | url =http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//closing-the-gap-from-bam-to-zahedan.html | work =Railway Gazette International | date =2007-01-01 | author =Dr John Stubbs | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101221232357/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/closing-the-gap-from-bam-to-zahedan.html | archivedate =2010-12-21 | df = }} 16. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.thaishipper.com/Content/Content.asp?ID=26715 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005100753/http://www.thaishipper.com/Content/Content.asp?ID=26715 |archive-date=2017-10-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343|title=First container train service from Islamabad to Turkey begins Today|date=2009-08-15|publisher=Pakistan Times|accessdate=2009-08-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719023223/http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343|archivedate=2011-07-19|df=}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\\08\\15\\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |date= |accessdate=2009-08-15}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-15}} 20. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=2009-08-16 |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-08-14}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Trams of the World 2017|url=http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf|publisher=Blickpunkt Straßenbahn|date=January 24, 2017|accessdate=February 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202427/http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf|archivedate=February 16, 2017}} 22. ^All Things Pakistan – Ghora Tram: Historic Horse Tram Returns to Gangapur, 9 March 2010 23. ^Pak-China Economic Corridor to get high-speed railway track {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019181703/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241501&Itemid=2 |date=2014-10-19 }} 24. ^China, Pakistan Flesh Out New ‘Economic Corridor’ 25. ^Pak-China ties: Gawadar port one part of a larger plan 26. ^China and Pakistan pave way for ‘economic corridor’ 27. ^China Pakistan 28. ^The Pakistan-China Corridor: A new project will give Pakistan the tools of globalization. Will it use them? 29. ^Pak-China Economic Corridor Secretariat inaugurated in Islamabad External links{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
1 : Transport in Pakistan |
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