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词条 United States–Africa Leaders Summit
释义

  1. Background

  2. Agenda

     US–Africa Business Forum  Summit Leaders Meetings 

  3. Participants

     Dignitaries  Non–attendance  Exclusions 

  4. Controversies

  5. Outcome

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox summit meeting
| summit_name = US–Africa Leaders Summit
| other_titles =
| image = US–Africa Leaders Summit Logo.png
| alt =
| caption =
| country = United States
| date = August 4–6, 2014
| motto = Investing in the Next Generation
| venues = Mandarin Oriental Hotel
White House
Harry S Truman Building
| cities = Washington, D.C.
| participants = Barack Obama
50 African leaders {{small|(incl. 37 HOS)}}
U.S. Business Executives
| chairperson =
| follows =
| precedes =
| website = {{URL|http://www.whitehouse.gov/us-africa-leaders-summit|Official website}}
| keypoints =
}}

The United States–Africa Leaders Summit was an international summit held in Washington D.C. from August 4–6, 2014. Leaders from fifty African states attended the three-day summit, which was hosted by U.S. President Barack Obama. The summit primarily focused on trade, investment and security of the continent.[1] Leaders from 50 of the 54 existing African sovereign nations were invited to attend. After the summit, the White House produced a number of Fact Sheets that summarized major outcomes.

Background

In 2013, President Obama whilst on a three-nation tour of Africa, announced his plans to host a summit of leaders from across Africa.[2] America's annual trade with the continent is about $85 billion compared to China's $200 billion.[3] President Obama in an interview with The Economist, welcomed foreign investment in the continent saying "the more the merrier" and advised African leaders to ensure that local workers benefit from the infrastructure projects and that the roads shouldn't "just lead from the mine, to the port, to Shanghai."[4]

On July 31, 2014 there was an On-the-Record-Conference Press Call released by the White House Office of the Press Secretary that included discussions and details of the conference. The participants were (1) Ben Rhodes, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communications; (2) Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs; and (3) Gayle Smith, Senior Director for Development and Democracy at the National Security Council.[5]

Agenda

The summit focused on trade and investment and underlined the United States' commitment to the continent's people, democracy and security. It facilitated the discussion on how to deepen these partnerships. US Commerce Secretary Penny Pritzker said that new deals worth about $900 million would be announced at the summit.[6]

A number of organizations have written to President Obama to draw particular attention to the rights of LGBT Africans.[7] The Human Rights Campaign and Human Rights First issued a statement urging Obama to include the discrimination against this minority in the agenda and described this summit as a 'once-in-a-generation moment' to promote equality.[8][9] Homosexuality is criminalized in 37 Africans states. It is punishable by death in four countries: Mauritania, Nigeria (states under Sharia law), Somalia and Sudan; and up to life imprisonment in Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Only South Africa grants full marriage equality and constitutional protection against discrimination.[10]

A Program of Events was released on the White House website.[11] Even though the first ever U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit was held from Monday August 4 to Wednesday August 6, there were a great number of side events around the Summit.[12] On Friday August 1 a Signature Event – Faith works: Honoring the contributions of the Faith Community to Peace and Prosperity in Africa took place. This included religious leaders, faith-based organization, African leaders and U.S. Government officials. The role the faith based community plays in promoting peace, prosperity and development all over Africa was discussed. The U.S.-Africa Leaders were given opportunities to contribute.[13]

August 4 Signature Events – (1) Civil Society Forum; (2) Investing in Women, Peace and Prosperity; (3) Investing in Health: Investing in Africa's Future; (4) Resilience and Food Security in a Changing Climate; and (5) Combating Wildlife Trafficking.[13] Other events included The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Forum which was discussed in order to pursue efforts to renew legislation.[14] A Capital Hill Reception was held by the Senate Foreign Relations and House Foreign Affairs Committees to welcome African Leaders in the afternoon.[11]

US–Africa Business Forum

On August 5 the U.S. Department of Commerce and Bloomberg Philanthropies co-hosted the first ever U.S.-Africa Business Forum.[15] The focus was on strengthening trade and financial ties between the United States and Africa. Good morning and welcome remarks were given by Penny Pritzker, United States Secretary of Commerce and Michael Bloomberg, Founder of Bloomberg Philanthropies, Bloomberg L.P. and the 108th Mayor of New York City. The Business Forum was divided into four moderated sessions.

Session 1: Expanding Opportunities: The New Era For Business in Africa. Session 1 explored the U.S.-African partnerships and identified new ways to strengthen business ties and enable greater economic progress. Ashish J. Thakkar, Founder and Managing Director of Mara Group welcomed the panel. Bill Clinton 42nd President of the United States and Founder of the Clinton Foundation was the Moderator. The five speakers were: Aliko Dangote, President and CEO Dangote Group, Jeff Immelt, CEO General Electric, Andrew N. Liveris, President, Chairman and CEO The Dow Chemical Company, Phuti Mahanyele CEO Shanduka Group and Doug McMillon President and CEO Walmart Stores Inc.[15] Prior to the second session, remarks were given by the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma.[15] Session 2: Open Markets: Financing The Africa of Tomorrow. Session 2 explored the trends guiding successful and good governance in African countries, reduction of risks, strengthening investor confidence and increasing availability of U.S. capital to African and U.S. firms intending to partner on the African continent. Jacob J. Lew, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States welcomed the panel. Donald Kaberuka, President of the African Development Bank was the Moderator. The six speakers were: Ajay Banga, President and CEO MasterCard, Tony Elumelu, Chairman Heirs Holdings Limited, James Mwangi, CEO Equity Bank Group, David Rubenstein, CEO The Carlyle Group, Sim Tshabalala, Joint CEO Standard Bank and Mo Ibrahim, Founder and Chair, Mo Ibrahim Foundation.[15] Session 3: Powering Africa: Leading Developments in Infrastructure. Session 3 explored public-private partnerships, technological innovations and financing tools that are transforming energy, transport and digital infrastructure in Africa. Dr. Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group welcomed the panel. Susan Rice, Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor was the Moderator. The five speakers were: Muhtar Kent, Chairman of the Board, CEO The Coca-Cola Company, Tshepo Mahloele CEO Harith Fund Managers, Strive Masiyiwa, Founder and Chairman Econet Wireless, Virginia Ginni Rometty, Chairman, President and CEO of IBM and Stephen Schwarzman, Chairman, CEO and Co-Founder of Blackstone. Afternoon remarks were given by Joseph Biden, Vice President of the United States.[15] Session 4: Game Plan: Shaping The Future Of A Fast-Growing Continent. Session 4 featured the African Heads of State. The assembled leaders represented the continents five regions. The discussion entailed policies that enable economic growth, intelligent infrastructure and successful private and public partnerships for the present and all the future years ahead. John Kerry, Secretary of State of the United States welcomed the panel. Charlie Rose was the Moderator. The five president speakers were: Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda, Macky Sall, President of the Republic of Senegal, Jacob Zuma, President of the Republic of South Africa, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, President of the United Republic of Tanzania and Mohamed Moncef Marzouki, President of the Republic of Tunisia.[15] Remarks were delivered by President Obama[16] and Vice President Biden [17] during the U.S.-Africa Business Forum.

Penny Pritzker and Michael Bloomberg co-wrote to a Forbes Opinion article where they stated that the inaugural U.S.-Africa Business Forum was expected to stimulate $14 Billion worth of business.[18]

In the evening, President Obama and the First Lady hosted a Dinner Reception at the White House for the African Leaders, government and select guests.[19][20][21]

Summit Leaders Meetings

On August 6 the Summit Leaders Meetings took place. President Obama and African Leaders engaged in dialogue in three action-oriented sessions that addressed issues of shared common interest and mutual concern.[22] Session 1: Investing in Africa's Future – inclusive sustainable development, economic growth and trade and investment were discussed. Session 2: Peace and Regional Stability – a working lunch centered around long-term solutions to regional conflict, peace keeping challenges and combating transnational threats. Session 3: Governing For The Next Generation – the focus was on how to enhance governance in order to deliver services to citizens and to attract and prepare for increased domestic and foreign direct trade and investment.

The Summit concluded with President Obama holding a press conference.[23] He called the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit "an extraordinary event" [24]

Other events of the final day were: (1) A Spousal Program accompanied by the tag line "Investing in Our Future at the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit" hosted by First Lady Michelle Obama in partnership with former First Lady, Laura Bush and the Bush Institute. This day-long spouses symposium which was held at the Kennedy Center focused on the impact of investments in education, health and public-private partnerships.[32][25] The 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush made an appearance, he sat with the African First Ladies and drew applause when he said "If you're worried about your husbands' political future, taking care of women is good politics." As a father and grand father he "is concerned about the future, not less" when it comes to freedom, economic empowerment and health of girls and women around the world.[26]

Dr. Jill Biden delivered remarks earlier on [27][28] and also spoke about creating opportunities for young women leaders.[27][29]

(2) A Dialogue with African CEO's hosted by Congressman Gregory W. Meeks and the Congressional Black Caucus Africa Task Force entailed panel discussions and networking with African business and political leaders, U.S. private sector representatives and members of congress.[30]

[31]

Participants

Africa consists of 54 sovereign states; all of them are members of the African Union. Invitations were extended to fifty African leaders who are "in good standing" with both the US and the African Union.[32] Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the Chairperson of the African Union Commission was also invited.[33][34] President Obama will meet the leaders "as a group", and not on an individual basis.[35][36] Of the fifty leaders, thirty-seven were Heads of State.[37]

Dignitaries

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CountryTitle Leader
{{DZA}} Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal
{{ANG}} Vice President Manuel Vicente
{{BEN}} President Yayi Boni
{{BOT}} Foreign Minister Phandu Skelemani
{{BUR}} President Blaise Compaoré
{{BDI}} President Pierre Nkurunziza
{{CPV}} President Jorge Carlos Fonseca
{{TCD}} President Idriss Déby
{{CMR}} President Paul Biya
{{COM}} President Ikililou Dhoinine
Cote d'Ivoire}} Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan
Republic of the Congo|name=Congo–Brazaville}} President Denis Sassou Nguesso
{{DJI}} President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
COD|name=DR Congo}} President Joseph Kabila
{{EGY}} Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab
{{GNQ}} President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
{{ETH}} Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn
{{GAB}} President Ali Bongo Ondimba
{{GMB}} President Yahya Jammeh
{{GHA}} President John Dramani Mahama
{{GUI}} President Alpha Condé
{{GNB}} President José Mário Vaz
{{KEN}} President Uhuru Kenyatta
{{LES}} Prime Minister Tom Thabane
{{LBR}} Vice President Joseph Boakai
{{LBY}} Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thani
{{MDG}} President Hery Rajaonarimampianina
{{MWI}} President Peter Mutharika
{{MLI}} President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
{{MRT}} President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
{{MUS}} Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam
{{MAR}} Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane
{{MOZ}} President Armando Guebuza
{{NAM}} President Hifikepunye Pohamba
{{NER}} President Mahamadou Issoufou
{{NGA}} President Goodluck Jonathan
{{RWA}} President Paul Kagame
{{STP}} Prime Minister Gabriel Costa
{{SEN}} President Macky Sall
{{SEY}} President James Michel
{{SLE}} Foreign Minister Samura Kamara
{{SOM}} President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
{{ZAF}} President Jacob Zuma
{{SSD}} President Salva Kiir Mayardit
{{SWZ}} King Mswati III
{{TZA}} President Jakaya Kikwete
{{TOG}} President Faure Gnassingbe
{{TUN}} President Moncef Marzouki
{{UGA}} President Yoweri Museveni
{{ZMB}} Acting President Guy Scott
{{End}}

Non–attendance

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Country Head of State Reason
{{ALG}} President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[38] health reasons
{{ANG}} President José Eduardo dos Santos[38]
{{BWA}} President Ian Khama[39]
{{EGY}} President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[40]
{{LBR}} President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf[41] due to an Ebola outbreak
{{MAR}} King Mohammed VI[42]
{{SLE}} President Ernest Bai Koroma[43] due to an Ebola outbreak
{{ZMB}} President Michael Sata[38] health reasons
Cote d'Ivoire}} President Alassane Ouattara
{{End}}

Exclusions

  • {{CAF}} – interim President Catherine Samba-Panza was not invited as her country is currently suspended from the African Union (AU) following the 2013 coup d'état. An election will be held in February 2015.[44][45]
  • {{ERI}} – President Isaias Afwerki was excluded and the White House cited the UN sanction on the country and its refusal to accept full diplomatic relations with the U.S.[46]
  • {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} (Western Sahara) – President Mohamed Abdelaziz was omitted as the U.S. does not recognize his country.[46][47]
  • {{SUD}} – President Omar al-Bashir was excluded as he is indicted at the International Criminal Court, which also issued an arrest warrant for him.[46] The Department of State lists Sudan as one of the state sponsors of terrorism. The Sudanese government criticized its exclusion. The Deputy Speaker disagreed with the U.S. stance on her country.[48]
  • {{ZIM}} – A U.S. official{{who|date=August 2014}} was reported to have said that President Robert Mugabe was not invited because he is currently on the list of the Specially Designated Nationals.[49] Information Minister Jonathan Moyo dismissed the summit as a "non-event" saying that the U.S. was afraid of China.[50] Mugabe's spokesman, George Charamba, was quoted to have said that they were not bothered as the "world is larger than America."[51]
Temporary

At the time of the announcement of the summit in January 2014, the following three states were suspended from the African Union due to their political situation. They have since been re-admitted following the restoration of democracy and rule of law:

  • {{EGY}} – was suspended from the AU following the 2013 coup d'état. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman stated that this decision was "wrong and short-sighted".[52] Following the successful presidential election in May 2014, the US extended a late invite.[53]
  • {{GNB}} – was suspended following the 2012 coup d'état[45] Election was held in April 2014.
  • {{MAD}} – at the time the invitations were sent out, the country was suspended because of the 2009 coup d'état. On 28 January 2014, the AU lifted its sanctions following the successful election[54]

Controversies

The list of invited leaders included the following long serving African strongmen:[55][56]

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| background color =
| width = 180
| image1 = Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with Obamas 2014.jpg
| image2 = Blaise Compaoré with Obamas 2014.jpg
| image3 = Yahya Jammeh with Obamas 2014.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer = Obama with Nguema, Compaoré and Jammeh.
}}
Country Leader In power since
{{ANG}} José Eduardo dos Santos 1979
{{BUR}} Blaise Compaoré 1987
{{CMR}} Paul Biya 1982
{{CGO}} Denis Sassou Nguesso 1997
{{GNQ}} Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1979
{{GAM}} Yahya Jammeh 1994
{{UGA}} Yoweri Museveni 1986
Human Rights Watch and EG Justice called upon the US to denounce Equatoguinean President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo's human rights abuses in his country.[57]

The Economic Freedom Fighters, a South African opposition party, objected to the exclusion of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe; it also disagreed with Morocco's inclusion as it continues to "illegally" occupy Western Sahara.[58]

Outcome

President Obama delivered a personal, six-minute toast at the U.S.-Africa Summit Dinner in which he invoked his African heritage, saying, “I stand before you as the president of the United States and a proud American. I also stand before you as the son of a man from Africa. The blood of Africa runs through our family. And so for us, the bonds between our countries, our continents, are deeply personal.”[59] He announced $20 billion of investment in energy projects in sub-Saharan Africa.[60]

Through the Office of The Press Secretary, the White House released a number of Fact Sheets pertaining to the outcome of the United States–Africa Leaders Summit. On August 4, 2014, FACTSHEET: Investing in African Trade for Our Common Future was released. It clarified strategies pertaining to the renewal and update of the African Growth Opportunities Act (AGOA), synergies through aligning assistance, improving infrastructure to enhance competitiveness, strengthen trade capacity and creation of new African markets.[61] On August 5, 2014, FACTSHEET: The Doing Business in Africa Campaign (DBIA) was released. The emphasis was on the United States' commitment to strengthen its ties and commercial relationship with Africa. The Fact Sheet clarified this new commitment to expand the Doing Business in Africa Campaign: "At today’s U.S.-Africa Business Forum, President Obama announced $7 billion in new financing to promote U.S. exports to and investments in Africa under the DBIA Campaign. U.S. companies announced new deals in clean energy, aviation, banking, and construction worth more than $14 billion, in addition to $12 billion in new commitments under the President’s Power Africa initiative from private sector partners, the World Bank, and the government of Sweden. Taken together, these new commitments amount to more than $33 billion, supporting economic growth across Africa and tens of thousands of U.S. jobs." In addition, the Fact Sheet emphasized the President's Executive Order to create a Presidential Advisory Council on DBIA and new U.S. Government resources to support U.S. exports and investments in Africa.[62]

Other Materials, Outcomes and Fact Sheets directly related to the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit were: (1) U.S.-Africa Cooperation in Advancing Gender Equality [63] (2) U.S.-African Cooperation on Global Health[64] (3) Shared Investment in Youth

[65] (4) U.S.-African Cooperation on Food Security [66] (5) U.S. Engagement on Climate Change and Resilience in Africa [67] (6) U.S. Support for Democratic Institutions, Good Governance and Human Rights in Africa [68] (7) U.S. Support for Combating Wildlife Trafficking [69] (8) Powering Africa: Increasing Access to Power in Sub-Saharan Africa [70] (9) Investments Announced at Symposium for African Spouses Hosted by First Lady Michelle Obama and Former First Lady Laura Bush. "More than $200 million committed to programs that will empower more than 1 million people in Africa." [71] (10) U.S. Support for Peacekeeping in Africa [72] (11) Security Governance Initiative [73] (12) Partnering to Counter Terrorism in Africa [74]

The White House Press Office released a Statement by the Chair of the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit. Topics covered were the Summit's Background; Investing in Africa's Future; Advancing Peace and Regional Stability; Governing for the Next Generation; Investing in Women for Peace and Prosperity; and, Providing Skills and Opportunities to the Youth. In closing, it was duly noted that President Obama announced that the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit would be a recurring event.[75]

References

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25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eh2WQDgBnPs |title=A Conversation With The First Lady and Mrs. Laura Bush |date=6 August 2014 |website= |publisher=|accessdate=16 August 2014}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2014/08/michelle-obama-and-laura-bush-banter-and-promote-african-girls-and-women.html/ |title=Michelle Obama and Laura Bush Banter. George W. Bush joins them in promoting African girls and women |last1=Gillman |first1=Todd J. |date=6 August 2014 |publisher=Dallasnews.com |accessdate=16 August 2014}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/us-africa-leaders-summit#section-program-of-events|title=Program of Events, Spousal Program|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=|publisher=White House|accessdate=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715102351/http://www.whitehouse.gov/us-africa-leaders-summit#section-program-of-events|archive-date=15 July 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gv24AZ93ns|title=Dr. Jill Biden Delivers Remarks at the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit |date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTsAUdCn4Oo |title=Dr. Jill Biden Speaks on Creating Opportunities for Young Women Leaders |date=6 August 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/us-africa-leaders-summit#section-program-of-events|title=Program of Events, A Dialogue with African CEO's|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=|publisher=White House|accessdate=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715102351/http://www.whitehouse.gov/us-africa-leaders-summit#section-program-of-events|archive-date=15 July 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.africastrictlybusiness.com/news-analysis/black-lawmakers-host-dialogue-african-ceos |title=Black Lawmakers Host Dialogue With African CEO's |last1=Staff |first1=AfSB |date= |website= africastrictlybusiness.com|publisher=|accessdate=16 August 2014}}
32. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=29 July 2014 |title=Washington Prepares to Host Meeting of African Leaders |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/us/politics/washington-prepares-to-host-meeting-of-african-leaders.html?_r=0 |newspaper=NY Times |location= |publisher= |accessdate=30 July 2014 }}
33. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= White House On U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201401220001.html |newspaper= |location= |publisher=allafrica.com |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
34. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= Obama to invite 47 leaders to US-Africa summit |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Obama-to-invite-47-leaders-to-US-Africa-summit-20140121 |newspaper= |location= |publisher=News24 |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
35. ^{{cite news |last=Wonacott |first=Peter |date=21 July 2014 |title=Obama Charts a Risky Course With Africa Heads-of-State Summit |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/frontiers/2014/07/21/obama-charts-a-risky-course-with-africa-heads-of-state-summit/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |location= |publisher= |accessdate=30 July 2014 }}
36. ^{{cite news |last=Akande |first=Laolu |date= |title=U.S-Africa Summit: Obama Rules Out Meeting With Jonathan, Others |url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/lead-story/171600-u-s-africa-summit-obama-rules-out-meeting-with-jonathan-others |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140806221937/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/lead-story/171600-u-s-africa-summit-obama-rules-out-meeting-with-jonathan-others |dead-url=yes |archive-date=6 August 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian (Nigeria) |location= |publisher= |accessdate=30 July 2014 }}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/us-africa-leaders-summit#section-program-of-events|title=Heads of Delegation|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=|publisher=White House|accessdate=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715102351/http://www.whitehouse.gov/us-africa-leaders-summit#section-program-of-events|archive-date=15 July 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
38. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/15414 |title=The First US-Africa Summit: More than a Birthday Party for President Obama |last1=Vines |first1=Alex |last2= |first2= |date=1 August 2014 |website= |publisher=Chatham House |accessdate=6 August 2014}}
39. ^{{cite news|last=|first=|date=5 August 2014|title=Botswana’s Khama misses US-Africa Leaders Summit|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/botswanas-khama-misses-us-africa-leaders-summit.html|newspaper=|location=|publisher=en.starafrica.com|accessdate=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042607/http://en.starafrica.com/news/botswanas-khama-misses-us-africa-leaders-summit.html|archive-date=8 August 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
40. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 23 July 2014|title=Why did Sisi decline Obama's invitation to Washington? |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2014/07/23/Why-did-Sisi-decline-Obama-s-invitation-to-Washington-.html |newspaper= |location= |publisher=Al Arabiya News |accessdate=6 August 2014 }}
41. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=31 July 2014 |title=Two African Leaders Skip Obama Summit to Deal With Ebola |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-07-31/two-african-leaders-skip-obama-summit-to-deal-with-ebola |newspaper= |location= |publisher=Bloomberg Business Week |accessdate=31 July 2014 }}
42. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 August 2014 |title=King Mohammed VI Absent From US-Africa Summit |url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/08/135895/king-mohammed-vi-absent-from-us-africa-summit/ |newspaper= |location= |publisher=Morocco World |accessdate=6 August 2014 }}
43. ^{{cite news |last= Boyer |first=Dave |date=31 July 2014 |title=3 African leaders cancel trip to U.S. over Ebola outbreak; Obama still plans summit |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jul/31/african-leader-cancels-trip-us-over-ebola-outbreak/ |newspaper=Washington Times |location= |publisher= |accessdate=31 July 2014 }}
44. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=28 July 2014 |title=Uninvited To U.S. -Africa Leaders Summit: CAR’s Catherine Samba-Panza |url= http://afkinsider.com/66006/uninvited-catherine-samba-panza-tries-bring-together-central-african-republic/ |newspaper= |location= |publisher=afkinsider.com |accessdate=30 July 2014 }}
45. ^1 {{youtube|91Mz6kQGQ9M|Obama administration may revise the list of African leaders invited to US summit}}
46. ^1 2 {{cite news |last=Pecquet |first=Julian |date=22 January 2014 |title=Obama excludes Egypt, six others from Africa summit |url=http://thehill.com/policy/international/196128-obama-excludes-egypt-six-others-from-africa-summit |newspaper=The Hill |location= |publisher= |accessdate=27 July 2014 }}
47. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=January 2014 |title=Obama's U.S.-Africa Summit – Who's In, Who's Out |url=http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00028610.html?aa_source=slider-cat-1-12 |newspaper= |location= |publisher=allafrica.com |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
48. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=26 January 2014 |title=Sudan criticises its exclusion from US-Africa summit |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49735 |newspaper= |location= |publisher=Sudan Tribune |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
49. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=27 January 2014 |title=US-Africa summit: Why Mugabe was snubbed |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/US-Africa-summit-Why-Mugabe-was-snubbed-20140127 |newspaper= |location= |publisher=News24 |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
50. ^{{cite news|last=|first=|date=27 January 2014|title=Zimbabwe not concerned by Washington snub: official|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2014-01/27/c_133078789.htm|newspaper=|location=|publisher=AFP|accessdate=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131080653/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2014-01/27/c_133078789.htm|archive-date=31 January 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
51. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=23 January 2014 |title=Obama shuts out Mugabe |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/01/23/obama-shuts-mugabe/ |newspaper= |location= |publisher=Newsday |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
52. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=22 January 2014 |title=Egypt Says Not Invited to US Africa Summit |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypt-invited-us-africa-summit-21622066 |newspaper= |location= |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
53. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=14 July 2014 |title=U.S. offers Egypt late invite to Africa summit |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/14/U-S-offers-Egypt-late-invite-to-Africa-summit-in-Washington-.html |newspaper= |location= |publisher=Al Arabiya |accessdate=30 July 2014 }}
54. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=28 January 2014 |title=US urges Madagascar leader to gain population 'confidence' |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5imxn4JFN0rXoJLvPpp4_ZTF6X_dQ?docId=72e55970-7eea-4f44-a711-e670bd7c8b44 |newspaper= |location= |publisher=AFP |accessdate=29 January 2014 }}
55. ^https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/where-is-human-rights-in-the-africa-summit/2014/08/02/858d7eae-18ee-11e4-9e3b-7f2f110c6265_story.html
56. ^{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Jeffrey |date=3 July 2014 |title=Obama should embrace Africa’s democratic standard-bearers |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/7/us-africa-summitbarackobamaforeignpolicydemocracytradeinvestment.html |newspaper= |location= |publisher= Aljazeera|accessdate=1 August 2014 }}
57. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/30/equatorial-guinea-halt-prisoner-torture |title=Equatorial Guinea: Halt Prisoner Torture |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=30 July 2014 |website= |publisher=Human Rights Watch |accessdate=31 July 2014}}
58. ^{{cite web |url= http://effighters.org.za/eff-rejects-the-us-africa-leadership-summit/ |title=EFF rejects the US-AFRICA leadership summit |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=30 July 2014 |website= |publisher=Economic Freedom Fighters |accessdate=31 July 2014}}
59. ^{{cite news|last1=Topaz|first1=Jonathan|title=Obama's Africa toast gets 'personal'|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/obama-toast-slavery-africa-leaders-summit-109754.html|accessdate=6 August 2014|publisher=Politico|date=6 August 2014}}
60. ^{{cite news|title=Africa: USAID Announcements At the African Leaders' Summit for Tuesday, August 5th|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201408061563.html|accessdate=6 August 2014|publisher=AllAfrica|date=5 August 2014}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-investing-african-trade-our-common-future |title=FACTSHEET: Investing in African Trade for our Common Future |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/05/fact-sheet-doing-business-africa-campaign |title=FACTSHEET: Doing Business in Africa Campaign |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=5 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
63. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-us-african-cooperation-advancing-gender-equality |title=FACTSHEET: U.S.-Africa Cooperation Advancing Gender Equality |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-us-african-cooperation-global-health |title=FACTSHEET: U.S.-African Cooperation on Global Health |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
65. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-shared-investment-youth |title=FACTSHEET: Shared Investment in Youth |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-us-african-cooperation-food-security |title=FACTSHEET: U.S.-African Cooperation on Food Security |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-us-engagement-climate-change-and-resilience-africa |title=FACTSHEET: U.S. Engagement on Climate Change and Resilience in Africa |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-us-support-democratic-institutions-good-governance-and-human- |title=FACTSHEET: U.S. Support for Democratic Institutions, Good Governance and Human Rights in Africa |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/04/fact-sheet-us-support-combating-wildlife-trafficking |title=FACTSHEET: U.S. Support for Combating Wildlife Trafficking |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=4 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/05/fact-sheet-powering-africa-increasing-access-power-sub-saharan-africa |title=FACTSHEET: Powering Africa: Increasing Access to Power in Sub-Saharan Africa |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=5 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
71. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/06/investments-announced-symposium-african-spouses-hosted-first-lady-michel |title=Investments Announced at Symposium for African Spouses Hosted by First Lady Michelle Obama and Former First Lady Laura Bush |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=6 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
72. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/06/fact-sheet-us-support-peacekeeping-africa |title=FACTSHEET: U.S. Support for Peacekeeping in Africa |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=6 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
73. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/06/fact-sheet-security-governance-initiative |title=FACTSHEET: Security Governance Initiative |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=6 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
74. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/06/fact-sheet-partnering-counter-terrorism-africa |title=FACTSHEET: Partnering Counter Terrorism in Africa |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=6 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/06/statement-chair-us-africa-leaders-summit|title=Statement by the Chair of the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=6 August 2014 |website= |publisher=White House |accessdate=31 August 2014}}

External links

{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons= Category:U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit | b=no |q=no | n=no |s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q17149480| display=US-Africa Leaders Summit}}
  • United States-Africa Leaders’ Summit: Seizing the Opportunity to Reposition Africa-U.S. Relations
  • [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-28/obama-bids-to-forge-african-ties-as-china-becomes-first-choice.html Obama Seeks Closer Africa Ties as China Is First Choice]
  • Human Rights Low on U.S-Africa Policy Summit
Images
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  • {{Flickr-inline2|photos/statephotos/sets/72157645873058602/|Second Day}}
{{International fora on Africa}}{{DEFAULTSORT:United States-Africa Leaders Summit}}

3 : United States–African relations|Politics of Africa|Diplomatic conferences in the United States
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