“Univalent foundations”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Univalent foundations are an approach to the foundations of mathematics in which mathematical structures are built out of objects called types. Types in the univalent foundations do not correspond exactly to anything in set-theoretic foundations, but they may be thought of as spaces, with equal types corresponding to homotopy equivalent spaces and with equal elements of a type corresponding to points of a space connected by a path. Univalent foundations are inspired both by the old Platonic ideas of Hermann Grassmann and Georg Cantor and by the "categorical" mathematics in the style of Alexander Grothendieck. It departs from the use of predicate logic as the underlying formal deduction system, replacing it, at the moment, by a version of the Martin-Löf type theory. The development of the univalent foundations is closely related with the development of homotopy type theory.

Univalent foundations are compatible with structuralism, if an appropriate (i.e., categorical) notion of mathematical structure is adopted.^[1]

History

The main ideas of the univalent foundations were formulated by Vladimir Voevodsky in 2006/2009. The sole reference for the philosophical connections between the univalent foundations and the earlier ideas are Voevodsky's 2014 Bernays lectures.^[2] The name "univalence" is due to Voevodsky.^[3] A more detailed discussion of the history of some of the ideas that contribute to the current state of the univalent foundations can be found at the page on homotopy type theory.

A fundamental characteristic of the univalent foundations is that they, when combined with the Martin-Löf type theory, provide a practical system for formalization of modern mathematics. A considerable amount of mathematics has been formalized using this system and modern proof assistants such as Coq and Agda. The first such library called "Foundations" was created by Vladimir Voevodsky in 2010.^[4] Now Foundations is a part of a larger development with several authors called UniMath.^[5] Foundations also inspired other libraries of formalized mathematics, such as the HoTT Coq library^[6] and HoTT Agda library,^[7] that developed the univalent ideas in new directions.

An important milestone for the univalent foundations was the Bourbaki Seminar talk by Thierry Coquand^[8] in June 2014.

Main concepts

Univalent foundations originated from the attempts to create foundations of mathematics based on higher category theory. The closest to the univalent foundations were the ideas that Michael Makkai expressed in his visionary paper known as FOLDS.^[9] The main distinction between the univalent foundations and the foundations envisioned by Makkai is the recognition that the "higher dimensional analogs of sets" correspond to infinity groupoids and that categories should be considered as higher-dimensional analogs of partially ordered sets.

Originally, the univalent foundations were devised by Vladimir Voevodsky with the goal of enabling those who work in classical pure mathematics to use computers to verify their theorems and constructions. The fact that the new foundations are inherently constructive was discovered in the process of writing the Foundations library (now part of the UniMath). At present, in the univalent foundations, classical mathematics is considered to be a "retract" of the constructive mathematics, i.e., classical mathematics is both a subset of the constructive mathematics that consists of theorems and constructions that use the excluded middle as their assumption and a "quotient" of the constructive mathematics by the relation of being equivalent modulo the axiom of the excluded middle.

In the formalization system for the univalent foundations that is based on the Martin-Löf type theory and its descendants such as Calculus of Inductive Constructions, the higher dimensional analogs of sets are represented by types. The world of types stratified by the concept of h-level (or homotopy level).^[10]

Types of h-level 0 are those equal to the one point type. They are also called contractible types.

Types of h-level 1 are those in which any two elements are equal. Such types are called in the univalent foundations "propositions".^[10] The definition of propositions in terms of the h-level agrees with the definition suggested earlier by Awodey and Bauer.^[11] So while all propositions are types not all types are propositions. Being a proposition is a property of a type that requires a proof. For example, the first fundamental construction of the univalent foundations is called iscontr. It is a function from types to types. If X is a type then iscontr X is a type that has an object if and only if X is contractible. It is a theorem (which is called, in the UniMath library, isapropiscontr) that for any X the type iscontr X has h-level 1 and therefore being a contractible type is a property. This distinction between properties that are witnessed by objects of types of h-level 1 and structures that are witnessed by objects of types of higher h-levels is very important in the univalent foundations.

Types of h-level 2 are called sets.^[10] It is a theorem that the type of natural numbers has h-level 2 (isasetnat in UniMath). It is claimed by the creators of the univalent foundations that the univalent formalization of sets in the Martin-Löf type theory is the best available today environment for formal reasoning about all aspects of set-theoretical mathematics, both constructive and classical.^[12]

Categories are defined (see the RezkCompletion library in UniMath) as types of h-level 3 with an additional structure that is very similar to the structure on types of h-level 2 that defines partially ordered sets. The theory of categories in the univalent foundations is somewhat different and richer than the theory of categories in set-theoretic world with the key new distinction being between pre-categories and categories.^[13]

An account of the main ideas of the univalent foundations and their connection to constructive mathematics can be found in a tutorial by Thierry Coquand (part 1, part 2). A presentation of the main ideas from the perspective of classical mathematics can be found in the review article by Alvaro Pelayo and Michael Warren, as well as in the introduction^[14] by Daniel Grayson. See also the [https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.0053 article] about the Foundations library.

Current developments

An account of Voevodsky's construction of a univalent model of the Martin-Löf type theory with values in Kan simplicial sets can be found in a paper by Chris Kapulkin, Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine and Vladimir Voevodsky.^[15] Univalent models with values in the categories of inverse diagrams of simplicial sets were constructed by Michael Shulman.^[16] These models have shown that the univalence axiom is independent from the excluded middle axiom for propositions.

Voevodsky's model is non-constructive since it uses in a substantial way the axiom of choice.

The problem of finding a constructive way of interpreting the rules of the Martin-Löf type theory that in addition satisfies the univalence axiom and canonicity for natural numbers remains open. A partial solution is outlined in a paper by Marc Bezem, Thierry Coquand and Simon Huber^[17] with the key remaining issue being the computational property of the eliminator for the identity types. The ideas of this paper are now being developed in several directions including the development of the cubical type theory.^[18]

New directions

Most of the work on formalization of mathematics in the framework of univalent foundations is being done using various sub-systems and extensions of the Calculus of Inductive Constructions.

There are three standard problems whose solution, despite many attempts, could not be constructed using CIC:

These unsolved problems indicate that while CIC is a good system for the initial phase of the development of the univalent foundations, moving towards the use of computer proof assistants in the work on its more sophisticated aspects will require the development of a new generation of formal deduction and computation systems.

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|url = https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/awodey/preprints/siu.pdf|title = Structuralism, Invariance, and Univalence|last = Awodey|first = Steve|journal = Philosophia Mathematica|accessdate = 13 December 2014|doi = 10.1093/philmat/nkt030|authorlink = Steve Awodey|volume = 22|issue = 1|pages = 1–11|year = 2014|issn = 0031-8019|citeseerx = 10.1.1.691.8113}}
2. ^Vladimir Voevodsky, Foundations of mathematics - their past, present and future.The 2014 Paul Bernays Lectures at ETH Zurich. Sep. 9-10, 2014. See item 11 at [https://www.math.ias.edu/vladimir/lectures Voevodsky Lectures]
3. ^[https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/univalence+axiom univalence axiom in nLab]
4. ^Foundations library, see https://github.com/vladimirias/Foundations
5. ^UniMath library, see https://github.com/UniMath/UniMath
6. ^HoTT Coq library, see https://github.com/HoTT/HoTT
7. ^HoTT Agda library, see https://github.com/HoTT/HoTT-Agda
8. ^Coquand's Bourbaki Lecture Paper and Video
9. ^First Order Logic with Dependent Sorts, with Applications to Category Theory,by M. Makkai, 1995; FOLDS.pdf
10. ^¹²See p. 611 of Pelayo-Warren (2014)
11. ^Awodey, Steven and Bauer, Andrej, Propositions as [types], J. Logic Comput. 14(2004), no. 4, 447–471, https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/14.4.447 or http://repository.cmu.edu/philosophy/67/.
12. ^Voevodsky(2014), Lecture 3, slide 11
13. ^See Benedikt Ahrens, Chris Kapulkin, Michael Shulman, Univalent categories and the Rezk completion, https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.0584
14. ^An introduction to univalent foundations for mathematicians, by Daniel R. Grayson, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 2018, http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/0000-000-00/S0273-0979-2018-01616-9/home.html and https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01477 .
15. ^Chris Kapulkin, Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine and Vladimir Voevodsky, "The Simplicial Model of Univalent Foundations", see https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.2851
16. ^Michael Shulman "Univalence for inverse diagrams and homotopy canonicity", https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.3253
17. ^M. Bezem, T. Coquand and S. Huber, "A model of type theory in cubical sets", see http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~coquand/mod1.pdf
18. ^{{citation|first1=Thorsten|last1=Altenkirch|authorlink1=Thorsten Altenkirch|first2=Ambrus|last2=Kaposi|title=A syntax for cubical type theory|url=http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~txa/publ/ctt.pdf}}
19. ^V. Voevodsky, Univalent Foundations Project (a modified version of an NSF grant application), p. 9