| 词条 | Urea-containing cream |
| 释义 |
| drug_name = | INN = | type = | IUPAC_name = | image = Urea 2D & Urea 3D.png | alt = | caption = 2D and 3D image of urea molecule | synonyms = | pronounce = | tradename = Decubal, Carmol 40, Keralac, others | Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|mtm|urea-topical}} | MedlinePlus = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_US = C | pregnancy_category= | routes_of_administration = Topical | legal_AU = | legal_AU_comment = | legal_CA = | legal_DE = | legal_NZ = | legal_UK = | legal_US = OTC | legal_UN = | legal_status = | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | metabolites = | onset = | elimination_half-life = | duration_of_action = | excretion = | CAS_number = | class = | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = D02 | ATC_suffix = AE01 | PubChem = | DrugBank = | ChemSpiderID = none | chemical_formula = | molecular_weight = }}Urea, also known as carbamide-containing cream, is used as a medication and applied to the skin to treat dryness and itching such as may occur in psoriasis, dermatitis, or ichthyosis.[1][2][1] It may also be used to soften nails.[1] In adults side effects are generally few.[2] It may occasionally cause skin irritation.[3] Urea works in part by loosening dried skin.[4] Preparations generally contain 5 to 50% urea.[2][1] Urea containing creams have been used since the 1940s.[5] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[6] It is available over the counter.[1] In the United Kingdom 100 g of 10% cream costs the NHS about 4.37 pounds.[7] Medical usesUrea cream is indicated for debridement and promotion of normal healing of skin areas with hyperkeratosis, particularly where healing is inhibited by local skin infection, skin necrosis, fibrinous or itching debris or eschar.[4] Specific condition with hyperkeratosis where urea cream is useful include:
Side effectsCommon side effects of urea cream are:
In severe cases, there can be an allergic reaction with symptoms such as skin rash, urticaria, difficulty breathing and swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue.[8] Mechanism of actionUrea dissolves the intercellular matrix of the cells of the stratum corneum, promoting desquamation of scaly skin, eventually resulting in softening of hyperkeratotic areas.[4] In nails, urea causes softening and eventually debridement of the nail plate.[4] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Urea topical medical facts from Drugs.com|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/urea-topical.html|website=www.drugs.com|accessdate=15 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118043117/https://www.drugs.com/mtm/urea-topical.html|archivedate=18 January 2017|df=}} {{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}}2. ^{{cite book|last1=Katsambas|first1=Andreas|last2=Lotti|first2=Torello|last3=Dessinioti|first3=Clio|last4=D'Erme|first4=Angelo Massimiliano|title=European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783662451397|page=439|edition=3|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=fHi6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA439|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172421/https://books.google.ca/books?id=fHi6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA439|archivedate=2017-01-16|df=}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|date=2009|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9789241547659|page=310|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|accessdate=8 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213060118/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|title=Urea Cream - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/urea-cream.html|website=www.drugs.com|accessdate=15 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118043309/https://www.drugs.com/pro/urea-cream.html|archivedate=18 January 2017|df=}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Loden|first1=Marie|last2=Maibach|first2=Howard I.|title=Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function|date=1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780849375200|page=235|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=JpfgVgb62nsC&pg=PA235|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172650/https://books.google.ca/books?id=JpfgVgb62nsC&pg=PA235|archivedate=2017-01-16|df=}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|pages=796–798|edition=69}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 [https://www.drugs.com/cdi/urea-cream.html drugs.com > Urea Cream (Consumer Information)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226112501/http://www.drugs.com/cdi/urea-cream.html |date=2011-02-26 }} Issue Date: May 4, 2011 4 : Dermatologic drugs|Ureas|World Health Organization essential medicines|RTT |
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